Copter: run rate loop at full filter rate in its own thread

[andyp1per]

This is a redo of #26189

I have squashed the commits, rebased and started fixing the underlying problems. There were some fundamental problems with how the original PR was handling attitude control changes so I thought it was better to just open a new PR.

Support is enabled by setting:

FLIGHT_OPTIONS = 8

which gives a variable attitude rate depending on load, and:

FLIGHT_OPTIONS = 16

which gives an attitude rate locked to the gyro rate

[andyp1per]

Flow today on top of 4.5 - working well.

[andyp1per]

@rmackay9 this is close to being ready and I could use your input on what the configuration should look like. The basic premise is that we run the rate controller at the same rate as the gyros which is controlled by INS_GYRO_RATE (0=1Khz,1=2Khz,2=4Khz,3=8Khz). However, this is quite expensive and will not be possible on some hardware setups. In addition we need to be able to log the rate outputs at a faster rate than the main loop rate, but its unlikely that we could successfully log at the gyro rate. Finally we need to update the filters (notch filter in particular) at a faster rate than the main loop, but it does not make sense to do this any faster than at half the gyro rate.

Currently we have the following:
FLIGHT_OPTIONS=8 - enables the rate thread and dynamically schedules the relationship to the gyro rate based on load
FLIGHT_OPTIONS=16 - fixes the rate thread at the same rate as the gyro rate
ATT_FILTER_RATE - update rate of the filters in Hz or fixed at half the gyro rate if set to 0
ATT_LOG_RATE - update rate of the rate logs in Hz or set at the main loop rate if set to 0
The last two are not exact numbers - they are just the closest we can get to the required frequency by counting gyro samples so need to be an integer divisor or the gyro rate.

I'm not currently convinced about the naming or the configuration. I think this is an important enough feature that it needs its own enable flag. I also think it would be worth having a rate parameter that allows you to fix the rate. I also think that ATT is a little bit misleading. Maybe FAST_RATE_ or RATET_ or something. So an alternative might be:

FRATE_ENABLE - set to 1 to enable the rate thread
FRATE_RATE - set to 0 to dynamically throttle, fixed Hz otherwise
FRATE_LOG_RATE - as above
FRATE_FILT_RATE - as above

or something. It would also be possible to not use Hz at all but simply pick the divisor. So 2 would be gyro rate / 2 etc.
Your thoughts appreciated on this important topic!