ZON

[MasonRemaley]

ZON

This PR implements ZON, or Zig Object Notation (think JSON, but with Zig syntax instead of Javascript.)

In particular, it implements:

• Runtime parsing of ZON data
• Runtime stringification of ZON data
• Compile time importing of ZON data

A lot of files are added since I added a lot of test cases, the bulk of the work is in src/zon.zig and lib/std/zon. If there's anything I can do to make this easier to review, let me know.

Tests cover all new features.

Runtime

The runtime code can be found at lib/std/zon.

Parsing

lib/std/zon/parse.zig

Detailed doc comments are provided in the source. At a high level, this module provides the following functions and some configuration options:

• parseFromSlice
• parseFromAst
• parseFromAstNoAlloc
• parseFromAstNode
• parseFromAstNodeNoAlloc
• parseFree

Most people will just want parseFromSlice and maybe parseFree, but the more fine grained functions are available for those who need them.

Stringify

lib/std/zon/stringify.zig

Detailed doc comments are provided in the source. At a high level, this module provides the following functions and some configuration options:

• stringify
• stringifyMaxDepth
• stringifyArbitraryDepth
• stringifier

Most users will just need stringify, or one of its variants.

However, stringifier returns a much more fine grained interface that is used in the implementation of the other functions. It may be used directly if you need to serialize something piece by piece--perhaps to apply different configuration to different parts of the value, or because the value does not actually exist laid out in memory in the same form in which you want to stringify it.

Compile Time

Almost all of the logic for this is in src/zon.zig.

This PR also implements importing ZON at compile time:

const Foo = @import("foo.zon");

Things that may change later...

& In ZON syntax

Right now, ZON slices need to be prefixed with & to distinguish them from tuples. This is necessary because we don't know the result type when importing. In the future I think ZON should not distinguish between tuples and slices, it should just coerce to whatever the destination type is.

Update: & is not allowed in ZON, ZON will automatically coerce tuples to arrays or slices when given a destination type.

Untagged nonexhaustive enum values not yet supported

Zig does not currently have a way to represent an untagged enum value as a literal, and as such there's no way to represent one in ZON.

We could resolve this by adding a syntax for untagged enum literals to Zig, or by allowing ZON to coerce integers to untagged enum literals (provided the destination type is known.) Personally I prefer the former solution.

• After this PR is merged I'll file an issue to track this if still relevant.

Type mismatches do not always point at helpful location

This is an existing issue, but it can make type errors in ZON imports annoying.

Consider this incorrect code:

    const Struct = struct {
        outer: struct { inner: u8 },
    };
    const some_value = .{ .outer = .{ .inner = 1.5 } };
    const casted: Struct = some_value;

It produces the following error:

src/main.zig:22:28: error: fractional component prevents float value '1.5' from coercion to type 'u8'
    const casted: Struct = some_value;

This isn't super helpful. The location information should be pointed to the struct literal, or a note should be added that points to the struct literal.

This comes up all the time with ZON, e.g. any time you do something like this and make a mistake:

    const Struct = struct {
        outer: struct { inner: u8 },
    };
    const casted: Struct = @import("foo.zon");

• After this PR is merged I'll file an issue to track this.

Allowing eliding outer braces may make sense

There's case to be made to allow eliding braces on an outer struct in ZON, like this:

.x = 10,
.y = 20,

• I'll file an issue with some motivating use cases after this is merged, easy change if we decide to make it

Divergences from Zig

Zig has no NaN or inf literals right now. Zon does, since otherwise it would have no way to represent these values.

IMO we should add the same literals to Zig.

• After this PR is merged I'll file an issue to track this.

See Also

• Documentation on ZON files #15552
• WIP: zon #17731
• ability to @import .zon files #14531
• implement syntax errors inside zig parser code in ZON mode when illegal syntax is used #14532
• allow \x00 (null bytes) and empty string in @"" identifier syntax in the language specification #14534
• get rid of the . in tuples & anonymous struct literal syntax #5039
• implement syntax errors inside zig parser code in ZON mode when illegal syntax is used #14532
• Possible float parsing bug #20275 (fixed, can probably parse directly as dest types now)
• Tuples with default fields allowed by mistake, crash in self hosted #20277
• "call to undeclared function 'zig_lo_big'" when formatting very large integers with -ofmt=c #20880
• Returning an error from an error union with a 0 length array fails with -ofmt=c #20881

[MasonRemaley]

I added support for importing files into test cases so I could test importing ZON. I'm sure there's a better way, but this seems to work fine as a stop gap. IIUC there are plans to rework this eventually anyway.

[MasonRemaley]

I also noticed that the existing compiler error tests pass if there is no error when one was expected. It's possible this has been resolved since I noticed it I have not checked recently.

[mlugg]

I also noticed that the existing compiler error tests pass if there is no error when one was expected.

Oh, that sounds like a problem! Any chance you could check if that's been fixed, and if not try to fix it up?

[MasonRemaley]

I phrased this poorly--I meant that it was a preexisting bug, not an issue with my changes to the test runner.

I'll check if it's still an issue before merging and file an issue to track it if it is (I don't want to fix it in this PR because it'll likely result in updates to a bunch of unrelated tests.)

[mlugg]

Regarding & in ZON...

You're correct that ZON definitely shouldn't include this. Our main use of ZON today (build.zig.zon) already creates variable-length structures without this syntax. To avoid a divergence between ZON you can @import and build.zig.zon, I would consider this a merge blocker, but that's Andrew's call of course.

Implementation-wise, the ZIR instruction corresponding to @import should be modified to provide a result type if one is present (you can use .none to represent the case where there isn't one). Then, the ZON analysis logic should traverse into this result type as needed. This has the additional advantage of providing better source locations if the structure of an imported file doesn't match what's expected, since the type error will occur whilst parsing the relevant ZON expression.

[MasonRemaley]

Regarding & in ZON...

You're correct that ZON definitely shouldn't include this. Our main use of ZON today (build.zig.zon) already creates variable-length structures without this syntax. To avoid a divergence between ZON you can @import and build.zig.zon, I would consider this a merge blocker, but that's Andrew's call of course.

Implementation-wise, the ZIR instruction corresponding to @import should be modified to provide a result type if one is present (you can use .none to represent the case where there isn't one). Then, the ZON analysis logic should traverse into this result type as needed. This has the additional advantage of providing better source locations if the structure of an imported file doesn't match what's expected, since the type error will occur whilst parsing the relevant ZON expression.

Hmm I think I agree, better to knock it out now than to release it as is then immediately change the syntax. I would've done this up front but incorrectly thought it required major changes to the compiler.

I'll take a look at making this change. If no result type is specified, I'll have it default to a tuple rather than a slice unless there are any objections to that default.

[mlugg]

Yup. I agree that it makes sense to use a tuple when there's no result type.

By the way, in case you're unfamiliar with the AstGen code, you'll just want try rl.ri.resultType(gz, node) orelse .none in the corresponding case in AstGen.builtinCall.

[andrewrk]

+ echo Looking for non-conforming code formatting...
+ stage3-debug/bin/zig fmt --check .. --exclude ../test/cases/ --exclude ../doc/ --exclude ../build-debug
Looking for non-conforming code formatting...
../test/behavior/zon/a_neg.zon:1:1: error: expected type expression, found '-'
../test/behavior/zon/slice-1.zon:1:1: error: expected type expression, found '&'
../test/behavior/zon/void.zon:1:1: error: expected type expression, found '{'
../test/behavior/zon/slice-empty.zon:1:1: error: expected type expression, found '&'
../test/behavior/zon/false.zon
../test/behavior/zon/slice-abc.zon:1:1: error: expected type expression, found '&'

In case you haven't found why this is happening, it's here:

zig/ci/x86_64-linux-release.sh

Lines 60 to 66 in 17f14e1

	# TODO: move this to a build.zig step (check-fmt)
	echo "Looking for non-conforming code formatting..."
	stage3-release/bin/zig fmt --check .. \
	--exclude ../test/cases/ \
	--exclude ../doc/ \
	--exclude ../build-debug \
	--exclude ../build-release

Edit: I'll address this in a PR shortly. Sit tight for a bit.

[andrewrk]

After #20321 you should see the same failures locally when running zig build test, and you can check only code formatting conformance with zig build test-fmt.

Edit: I think if you rebase and resolve that build.zig conflict, those CI failures will disappear.

[MasonRemaley]

Nice thanks! I'll do the rebase and get started on removing & from the syntax when I'm back in town next week.

[MasonRemaley]

By the way, in case you're unfamiliar with the AstGen code, you'll just want try rl.ri.resultType(gz, node) orelse .none in the corresponding case in AstGen.builtinCall.

Thanks, I'm not familiar with this code so this is helpful!

I started implementing storing the result type on imports, but got a bit stuck.

AstGen used to use addStrTok(...) to store the import path. Since we now want to store both the import path and a result type, I store a Zir.Inst.Bin Heres's what AstGen does now:

// AstGen.builtinCall
const operand_node = params[0];
const rhs = try expr(gz, scope, .{ .rl = .none }, operand_node);
try gz.addPlNode(.import, node, Zir.Inst.Bin{
    .lhs = result_type,
    .rhs = rhs,
});

Zir used to use .str_tok to get the import path, that's also been updated:

// Zir.zirImport
const inst_data = sema.code.instructions.items(.data)[@intFromEnum(inst)].pl_node;
const extra = sema.code.extraData(Zir.Inst.Bin, inst_data.payload_index).data;
const src = block.nodeOffset(inst_data.src_node);
const operand = try sema.resolveConstString(
    block,
    src,
    extra.rhs,
    .{ .needed_comptime_reason = "import path must be comptime-known" },
);

When this code runs, resolveConstString fails:

thread 7410 panic: index out of bounds: index 123056708, len 16
Analyzing lib/std/std.zig
    > %344 = import(%3306982439, %123057044)
      %345 = break_inline(%343, %344)
    For full context, use the command
      zig ast-check -t lib/std/std.zig

  in lib/std/std.zig
    > %436 = decl_val("start")

/home/mason/Documents/zon/zig/src/Sema.zig:299:25: 0x6884afc in contains (zig)
        return map.items[@intFromEnum(key) - @intFromEnum(map.start)] != .none;
                        ^
/home/mason/Documents/zon/zig/src/Sema.zig:255:26: 0x649170c in get (zig)
        if (!map.contains(key)) return null;
                         ^
/home/mason/Documents/zon/zig/src/Sema.zig:1857:39: 0x6491605 in resolveInst (zig)
        const inst = sema.inst_map.get(i).?;
                                      ^
/home/mason/Documents/zon/zig/src/Sema.zig:1887:42: 0x6d84bcf in resolveConstString (zig)
    const air_inst = try sema.resolveInst(zir_ref);
                                         ^
/home/mason/Documents/zon/zig/src/Sema.zig:13928:48: 0x68ae4b4 in zirImport (zig)
    const operand = try sema.resolveConstString(

It appears that the value I get back in Sema for extra.rhs is garbage, instead of the one that I put in during AstGen.

Any pointers would be much appreciated--I can also push the WIP commit if that would be helpful, but I imagine that I'm probably missing something that will be obvious to people more familiar with this part of the codebase.

[mlugg]

You probably just need to clear your cache directory -- ZIR is cached based on zig version, so if you haven't created a commit with your changes, the compiler will use the old cached ZIR!

However, your lowering strategy for import isn't really suitable. Since the operand must be a string literal, it's just a waste of bytes and time to use expr to actually create a str instruction. So, you shouldn't use Zir.Inst.Bin as the payload here -- instead, create a new payload type which stores result_ty: Ref, name: NullTerminatedString, and use that as the payload. (For the union field, pl_node is fine; pl_tok would also be fine.)

[MasonRemaley]

You probably just need to clear your cache directory -- ZIR is cached based on zig version, so if you haven't created a commit with your changes, the compiler will use the old cached ZIR!

Ha that was it, thanks! I made the same mistake yesterday and didn't quite understand how I fixed it--that had been bugging me glad to have it resolved.

However, your lowering strategy for import isn't really suitable. Since the operand must be a string literal, it's just a waste of bytes and time to use expr to actually create a str instruction. So, you shouldn't use Zir.Inst.Bin as the payload here -- instead, create a new payload type which stores result_ty: Ref, name: NullTerminatedString, and use that as the payload. (For the union field, pl_node is fine; pl_tok would also be fine.)

Makes sense, will do!

[MasonRemaley]

Thanks for the explanation! I don't expect the CI to succeed right now as I'm partway through refactoring to parse imports to a known result type.

(Locally, the tests that I expect to pass at this point are all passing, and I expect all of them will on CI too once I'm done--if not I'll try this.)

[EDIT] Totally missed that you said compile error. You explained in person, my last commit likely fixes the issue, if it doesn't I'll test it locally to sort it out.

[MasonRemaley]

All the ZON related tests now pass locally without reliance on anon struct types! Will see whether CI passes or not.

Major todos: improve error messages in the compile time parser, address existing code review feedback.

[andrewrk]

Needs a rebase to kick off the CI