tutocpp20:

            ( My Tutorial's Journey On C++ 20 ) || ( Modern C++ ) = starts at 1 June 2023
Notes:
- I Like To Document Every Steps I Have Been Done. Therefore, I Wrote A Heavy Commentaries On Each File.
- I Kept All The Source Code Files Naked To Your Eyes As '.hpp' Header Files, You Do NOT Need To Compile It.
- This Code Repository Is Available As A Free To Use For Everyone, Permission Granted.

Hints:

This is not my first attempt to start this journey.
I think there are 10 or more attempts.
By the way I completed many courses before, but I keep doing that since 2003. 
Finally I decided to note down and keep logging my progress. 
May I hope it will help me and some people too.

For Future Me:

- I Really, Did A Great Job Here 💪.
- I Should Know When I Must Stop! 🫷.
- I Love Classic Programming At The Most 😍.
- I Love C-Style Syntax Programming Forever 🥰.
- Keep It Up, HALAL Way! 😉.
- ChatGPT Is Your Friend, Not Your Enemy 😉.
- AI Keeps Its Eyes On You, But It Will Never Ever Beats You 😜.
- Python For Smart People. Let's Face The Truth "I Am Not!", But I Am Seeking Professionalism 😂.
- Love Myself Before Seeking Someone Loves Me 🤪.
- CTRL+S: Saves Lives After Every One Line Of The Code, But It Keeps Destroying The Keyboards 💸.

Usage:

01)    Using Your Favorit Editor, or IDE.
02)    Open file "main.cpp".
03)    Include any file has extension ".hpp" -> (e.g: #include "functions.hpp").
04)    Call any function inside the file you included in step 3.
05)    Use any Command from utilities section below depends on your OS (Windows, Linux, macOS, ...).

Utilities:

bash 'UNIX-Like':

clear && g++ -std=c++2a *.cpp -o main && ./main

pwsh 'Windows':

cls && g++.exe -std=c++2a *.cpp -o main.exe && main.exe

Files Index:

These are the files I coded ordered by LIFO (The recent one is the last one on the below list):

00001)    main.cpp
00002)    std_ios.hpp
00003)    data_types.hpp
00004)    std_math.hpp
00005)    rock_paper_scissor_game.hpp
00006)    data_conversion.hpp
00007)    bitwise_ops.hpp
00008)    variables_lifetime_scopes.hpp
00009)    control_flow.hpp
00010)    loops.hpp 
00011)    arrays.hpp
00012)    pointers.hpp
00013)    dyn_mem_alloc.hpp
00014)    references.hpp
00015)    strings.hpp
00016)    functions.hpp
00017)    compilation.hpp
00018)    enums.hpp
00019)    aliases.hpp
00020)    functions_advance_001.hpp
00021)    functions_advance_002.hpp
00022)    functions_advance_003.hpp
00023)    functions_advance_004.hpp
00024)    templates.hpp
00025)    templates_by_value.hpp
00026)    templates_by_reference.hpp
00027)    templates_by_pointer.hpp
00028)    ascii.hpp
00029)    template_function_with_overloading.hpp
00030)    template_function_with_multiple_params.hpp
00031)    template_return_type_deduction_with_auto.hpp
00032)    template_decltype_and_trailing_return_types.hpp
00033)    template_non_type_params_and_default_args.hpp
00034)    template_auto_function.hpp

The Contents & The Logs:

---------------------------------------------------------------------
00001)    main.cpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Include Any File Here
    // Call Any Function Here
        
---------------------------------------------------------------------
00002)    std_ios.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------
    #define STR_HELPER(x) #x
    #define STR(x) STR_HELPER(x)
    auto sum(auto x = 0.0, auto y = 0.0)
    void std_ios()
    void std_ioformat()
    void std_numeric_limits()
 
---------------------------------------------------------------------
00003)    data_types.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Literals and Constants:
         // const
         // Constant Expressions
             // constexpr
             // constinit
    void literals_and_constants()
    Weired Integral Types:
    void weried_integral_types()
    void integers_types()
    void floats_types()
    void booleans_types()
    void chars_types()
    void auto_types()

---------------------------------------------------------------------
00004)    std_math.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------
        void std_math()
    
---------------------------------------------------------------------
00005)    rock_paper_scissor_game.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------
        // Rock-Paper-Scissor Game
        std::string rps_game_get_input()
        Chois rps_game_check(int uc)
        void rps_game_check_message(Chois ch)
        void rps_game_apply_the_rules_and_get_the_winner
        void rps_game_play()
    
---------------------------------------------------------------------
00006)    data_conversion.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Data Conversion:
    // Real World:
    // Conversion Guidline:
    // Narrwing Conversion
    // Explicit Conversion
    // Overflow && Underflow
    void data_conversion()
        
---------------------------------------------------------------------
00007)    bitwise_ops.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Bitwise operators:
    void bitwise_ops()
    // Bitwise shift operators:
    void shift_ops()
    // Logical Bitwise operators:
    void logical_bitwise_ops()
    // Compound Bitwith operators:
    void compound_bitwise_ops()
    // Bit Masks (Shadow):
    void bitwise_mask()
    // Masks Demo 01
    void fun_opts_v0    // Uses many parameters & waste of memory
    // Masks 8-bit = 1-byte 
    void fun_opts_v1    // Uses 1 parameter & no waste of memory
    void bitwise_mask_demo_1()
    // Masks Demo 02
    void bitwise_mask_demo_02()
    
---------------------------------------------------------------------    
00008)    variables_lifetime_scopes.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Storage Duration: 
    
---------------------------------------------------------------------
00009)    control_flow.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Short Circuit Evaluation:
    void short_circuit_evaluation()
    // Itegral Logic Conditions
    void itegral_logic_conditions()
    // Ternary Operators:
    void ternary_ops()
    void ternary_init()
    // if constexpr
    void if_constexpr()
    // if with initializer:
    void if_with_initializer()
    // switch with initializer:
    void switch_with_initializer()
            
---------------------------------------------------------------------
00010)    loops.hpp 
---------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Traditional For Loop Statement:
    void for_trad_loop()
    // Range Based For Loop Statement:
    void for_range_loop()
    // Traditional While Loop Statement:
    void while_trad_loop()
    // Traditional Do While Loop Statement:
    void do_while_trad_loop()
    // Infinite Loops:
    void infinite_loops()
    // Nesting Loops
    void nesting_loops()
    // Range based for loop with Initializer
    void range_based_for_loop_with_initializer()
    
---------------------------------------------------------------------
00011)    arrays.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------    
    void arrays()
    // Arrays of Chars
    void arrays_of_chars()
    // Random Numbers:
    void arrays_rands()
    void arrays_rands_ranges_range_0_to_10_starts_from_0_without_seeding()
    void arrays_rands_ranges_range_1_to_10_starts_from_1_without_seeding()
    void arrays_rands_ranges_range_1_to_10_starts_from_1_with_seeding()
    // Multi-Dimessional Array
    void multi_dim_2d_array()
    void multi_dim_3d_array()
            
---------------------------------------------------------------------
00012)    pointers.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------    
    void pointers()
    // Pointer to char
    void pointer_to_array_of_chars()
    // Arrays of pointer to chars (Array of Pointers to Strings):
    void arrays_of_pointer_to_chars()
    // Const Pointer and Pointer to Const:
        // 01) Non 'const' pointer:
        // 02) Pointer to 'const'
        // 03) Const Pointer (Opposite to case (02)):
        // 04) Const Pointer to Pointer to Const (Opposite to Case (01)):
    void const_pointer_and_pointer_to_const()
    // Array of const pointer to const char:
    void array_of_const_pointer_to_const_char()
    // Pointer and Array
    void arrays_and_pointers()
    // Demo [Swapping Arrays' Data]:
    void demo_swapping_arrays_data()
    // Pointer Arithmetic:
    void pointer_arithm()
    // Distance between elements (Subtarcting Pointers):
    void dist_pointers()
    // Comparing Pointers
    void compr_ptrs()
            
---------------------------------------------------------------------
00013)    dyn_mem_alloc.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------    
    // Difference Between Stack and Heap:
    // Difference Between Static and Dynamic Memory Allocation in C:
    // Allocating the dynamic memory by using 'new' keyword:
    // Releasing And Resetting the dynamic memory by using 'delete' && 'nullptr' keyword:
    // Intializing at the same time declaring the pointer:
    // IMPORTANT Guidelines:
    void dyn_mem()
    // Dangling Pointers (Wild pointers ):
    void dangling_ptrs()
    // Handling a memory allocation failure:
    void dyn_mem_alloc_fails()
    //  Null Pointer Safety:
    void nullptr_safety()
    // Memory Leaks
    void mem_leaks()
    // Dynamic Arrays:
    void dyn_arr_alloc()
    
---------------------------------------------------------------------
00014)    references.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------    
    // References are Just Aliases:
    // Comparison of references and pointers in C++:
    void references()
    
---------------------------------------------------------------------    
00015)    strings.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------    
    // Using String & Chars manipulation with C/C++ Standard Library:
    void chr_str_manip()
    // Using 'cstring' standard library:
    void std_cstring()
    //  Using some useful functions of strings
    void std_cstring_02()
    // C++ String (<string>) (std::string):
    // You can initialize an std::string object in C++ using various methods.
    // Here is a list of functions provided by the <string> header in C++:
    void cpp_string_01()
    // Using some useful functions of strings
        // 01) Accessing and Modifying:
        // 02) String Manipulation:
        // 03) String Information and Properties:
        // 04) String Conversion and I/O:
    bool startsWith(const std::string& str, const std::string& prefix)
    bool endsWith(const std::string& str, const std::string& suffix)
    void cpp_string_02()
    // String Literals (#include <string_literals>):
    void cpp_string_literals()
    // std::to_string():
    void cpp_string_to_sting()
    // Accessing & Modification & Looping Through std::string:
    void cpp_string_access_modif_loop()
    // Size & The Capacity of std::string:
    void cpp_string_size_n_capacity()
    // Modifying std::strings:
    void cpp_string_modif_funcs()
    // C++ Compare Strings:
    void cpp_string_comparison()
    // C++ String Resizeing
    void cpp_string_resizing()
    // C++ String Copying
    void cpp_string_copying()
    // C++ String Searching & Finding
    void cpp_string_searching()
    // C++ String To Numbers
    void cpp_string_to_num()
    // C++ String Escape Sequence:
    void cpp_string_esc_seq()
    // C++ String / Raw String Literals:
    void cpp_string_raw_str_literals()
    // C++ String / Copied Strings:
    void cpp_string_copied_strings()
    // C++ String View:
    void processStringView(std::string_view strView)
    void cpp_string_view()
    
---------------------------------------------------------------------
00016)    functions.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Functions In C/C++:
        // Function Declaration/Prototype:
        // Function Definition:
        // Function Call:
        // Function Parameters:
        // Return Type:
        // Void Functions:
        // Function arguments:
        // Differences between parameters and arguments:
        // The scope of an argument :
        // A simple diagram illustrating the input, processing, and output of a function:
        // Passing Methods:
    // The different parameter passing methods in C++:
        // Pass by Value: 
        // Pass by Const Value: 
        // Pass by Pointer: 
        // Pass by Pointer to Const: 
        // Pass by Reference: 
        // Pass by Const Reference: 
    // The Call Stack:
        // Stack Frames (Activation Record): 
        // Stack Operations: 
        // Call Stack Management:
        // Recursion: 
        // Recursion and the Call Stack:
        // Stack Overflow:
        // Exception Handling: 
        // Diagram:
    // Passed By Value:
    void func_passed_by_value(int num) 
    void cpp_func_params_passed_by()
    // Pass by const value:
    void func_passed_by_const_value(const std::string message) 
    void cpp_func_params_passed_by_const_value()
    // Pass by pointer:
    void func_passed_by_pointer(int* numPtr) 
    void cpp_func_params_passed_by_pointer()
    // Passing by pointer to const:
    void func_passed_by_pointer_to_const(const char* message) 
    void cpp_func_params_passed_by_pointer_to_const()
    // Passing by reference:
    void func_passed_by_reference(int& numRef)
    void cpp_func_params_passed_by_reference()
    // Array function parameters:
        // Pass by Pointer:
        // Pass by Reference:
        // Pass by Pointer to const:
        // Pass by Array:
    // Use the ARRAY_SIZE macro to get the size of the array
    #define ARRAY_SIZE(arr) (sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]))
    void array_parameters_pass_by_pointer(int* arr, int size) 
    void array_function_parameters_pass_by_pointer() 
    void array_function_parameters_pass_by_reference(int (&arr)[], int size)
    void array_parameters_pass_by_reference()
    void array_function_parameters_pass_by_pointer_to_const(const int* arr, int size)
    void array_parameters_pass_by_pointer_to_const()
    void array_function_parameters_pass_by_array(int arr[], int size)
    void array_parameters_pass_by_array()
    // Sized array function parameters:
    void print_with_sized_array(int arr[5])
    void func_with_sized_array()
    // Passing sized arrays by reference
    void print_with_sized_array_passed_by_ref(int (&arr)[5])
    void func_with_sized_array_passed_by_ref()
    // Multi dimensional array function parameter:
    void print_with_multi_dim_passed_as_params(int matrix[][3], int rows)
    void func_with_multi_dim_passed_as_params()
    // Default function arguments:
    void print_message_with_default_argument(const std::string& message = "Hello, World!")
    void print_numbers_with_default_argument(int start, int end = 10, int step = 1)
    void func_print_message_and_numbers_with_default_argument()
    // String View as a Parameter:
    void process_substring_string_view_passed_as_a_param(std::string_view str)
    void func_string_view_passed_as_a_param() 
    // constexpr function:
    constexpr int fibonacci_by_constexpr_function(int n)
    void func_fibonacci_by_constexpr_function()
    // consteval function:
    consteval int fibonacci_by_consteval_function(int n)
    void func_fibonacci_by_consteval_function()

---------------------------------------------------------------------
00017)    compilation.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------    
    // Compilation In C/C++:
    // ODR stands for "One Definition Rule:
    // Detailed diagram illustrating the compilation process in C++:

---------------------------------------------------------------------    
00018)    enums.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------    
    // Enumeration in C++:
    void enum_c_style()
    // Enumeration Class In C++:
    void enum_class_cpp_style()
    // Enumeration Features in C++20:
    enum class Permissions : unsigned int
    Permissions operator|(Permissions lhs, Permissions rhs)
    Permissions operator&(Permissions lhs, Permissions rhs)
    void PrintPermissions(Permissions permissions)
    void enum_cpp20()
    void enum_cpp20_using_no_repeat()

---------------------------------------------------------------------
00019)    aliases.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Aliases in C++:
    void aliases_c_cpp()

---------------------------------------------------------------------    
00020)    functions_advance_001.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------    
    // Inputs & Outputs Parameters In C++:
    void compute_sum_and_product(int a, int b, int& sum, int& product)
    void func_compute_sum_and_product()
    // Returning from functions (by value):
    int calculate_sum(int a, int b)
    void func_calculate_sum()
    // Returning by reference:
    int& increment_by_reference(int& num)
    void func_increment_by_reference()
    // Returning by pointer:
    int* create_dynamic_integer()
    void func_create_dynamic_integer()
    //Returning array element pointer:
    const int* get_array_element(const int arr[], size_t size, size_t index)
    void func_get_array_element()
    // Bare auto type deduction:
    void func_bare_auto_type_deduction()
    // typeid Operator:
    void func_typeid_typeinfo()
    // Bare auto reference deduction:
    void func_bare_auto_ref_deduct()
    // Proper Reference Deduction:
    void func_proper_reference_deduct()
    // Const Qualifiers:
    void func_const_qualifiers()
    // Function return type deduction:
    auto calculate_average(const std::vector<int>& numbers)
    void func_calculate_average()
    // Return type deduction with references:
    auto& get_larger(int& value1, int& value2)
    void func_get_larger()
    //  Optional output from functions:
    bool calculate_square_root(double number, double* result)
    void func_calculate_square_root()
    // std::optional
    std::optional<Student> find_student(int studentId, const std::vector<Student>& students) 
    void func_find_student() 
    // std::nulopt
    std::optional<int> get_even_number(int number) 
    void func_get_even_number() 
    // Reading method of  a value from std::optional
    std::optional<int> get_value(bool hasValue) 
    void func_get_value() 
    // Optional output with stdoptional from function
    std::optional<double> calculate_square_root_02(double number)
    void func_calculate_square_root_02()

---------------------------------------------------------------------
00021)    functions_advance_002.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Function Overload:
    int fn_add(int a, int b)
    double fn_add(double a, double b)
    void func_add_overloaded()
    // Overloading with different parameters:
    int fn_calculate(int a, int b)
    int fn_calculate(int a, int b, int c)
    int fn_calculate(int a, int b, int c, int d)
    double fn_calculate(double a, double b)
    void func_calculate_overloaded()
    // Overloading with pointer parameters:
    void fn_print_int_value(int* ptr)
    void fn_print_double_value(double* ptr)
    void fn_swap_int_values(int* ptr1, int* ptr2)
    void func_print_overloaded_values()
    // Overloading with reference parameters:
    double fn_calculate_area_with_ref(const double& radius)
    double fn_calculate_area_with_ref(const double& length, const double& width)
    double fn_calculate_area_with_ref(const long double& base, const double& height)
    void func_calculate_overloaded_area()
    int fn_calculate_sum(const int arr[], const int& size)
    double fn_calculate_sum(const double arr[], const int& size)
    void func_calc_overloaded_sum()
    // Overloading with const parameters by value:
    int fn_find_min(const int a, const int b)
    double fn_find_min(const double a, const double b)
    void func_find_min_overloaded()
    // Overloading with const pointer and pointer to const parameters:
    void fn_swap_values(int* const ptr1, int* const ptr2)
    void fn_swap_values(const double* ptr1, const double* ptr2)
    void func_swap_values_with_overloaded_ptr_to_const_const_ptr()
    // Overloading with default parameters:
    double fn_calculate_volume(const long double& radius, const double& pi = PI)
    double fn_calculate_volume(const double& side)
    double fn_calculate_volume(const double& length, const double& width, const double& height)
    void func_calculate_volume_with_default_parameter_overloaded()

---------------------------------------------------------------------    
00022)    functions_advance_003.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Declaring and using lambda functions:
    void func_various_lambda_funs()
    void func_lambdas_captures_types() 
    // Capture all in context:
    void func_capture_all_in_context_01()
    void func_capture_all_in_context_02()

---------------------------------------------------------------------    
00023)    functions_advance_004.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------
    // static variable within the function:
    void fn_static_variable()
    void func_static_variable_calls()
    // Inline functions:
    inline int fun_inline_add(int a, int b)
    void func_inline_add_call()
    // Recursive Function:
    int fn_rec_factorial(int n)
    void func_rec_fact()
    // Analyze the output of the Fibonacci number calculation for n
    int fn_rec_fibonacci(int n)
    void func_rec_fibonacci()

---------------------------------------------------------------------
00024)    templates.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Templates:
    // Here's a list of benefits and drawbacks of using C++ function templates:
    // Syntax:
    // void cpp_func_template_print(T value)
    void cpp_func_template_print<std::string>(std::string value)
    T cpp_func_template_power(T base)
    void cpp_func_template_process(T value)
    void cpp_func_template_log(Args... args)
    void cpp_func_template_print_proc_log()
    //  Let's consider a real-world example of a function template that performs element-wise addition for different types of arrays 
    std::vector<T> cpp_func_template_array_add(const std::vector<T>& arr1, const std::vector<T>& arr2)
    void cpp_func_template_array_add_call()
    // Let's consider another real-world example of a function template. In this case, we'll create a function template that finds the maximum element in a container.
    typename Container::value_type cpp_func_template_find_max(const Container& container)
    void cpp_func_template_find_max_call()
    // Let's explore another real-world example of a function template. This time, we'll create a template for a mathematical function that calculates the average of a collection of values.
    T cpp_func_template_calculate_average(const std::vector<T>& values)
    void cpp_func_template_calculate_average_call()
    // Let's explore another real-world example of a function template. In this scenario, we'll create a template for a sorting function that sorts elements of different types in ascending order.
    void cpp_func_template_sort(std::vector<T>& elements)
    void cpp_func_template_sort_call()
    // Let's explore another real-world example of a function template. In this case, we'll create a template for a function that finds the first occurrence of a given value in a collection.
    typename Container::const_iterator cpp_func_template_find(const Container& container, const T& value) {
    size_t calculate_index(const Container& container, Iterator it)
    void cpp_func_template_find_call()
    // Let's explore another example, this time focusing on a function template that finds the minimum and maximum elements in a collection.
    std::pair<T, T> cpp_func_template_find_min_max(const Container& container)
    void cpp_func_template_find_min_max_call()
    // Let's explore another example of a function template. This time, we'll create a template for a function that performs element-wise multiplication of two vectors and returns a new vector containing the result.
    std::vector<T> cpp_func_template_vector_multiply(const std::vector<T>& vec1, const std::vector<T>& vec2)
    void cpp_func_template_vector_multiply_call()
    // In this example, we'll create a function template for a generic calculator that supports basic arithmetic operations.
    T cpp_func_template_calculator(T a, T b, char operation)
    void cpp_func_template_calculator_call()
    // In this example, let's create a function template for a generic converter that converts temperature values between Fahrenheit and Celsius.
    T cpp_func_template_convert_temperature(T temperature, char fromUnit, char toUnit)
    void cpp_func_template_convert_temperature_call()
    //  In this example, let's create a function template for a generic swap function that swaps the values of two variables.
    void cpp_func_template_swap(T& a, T& b)
    void cpp_func_template_swap_call()  

---------------------------------------------------------------------    
00025)    templates_by_value.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Templates By Value:
    T cpp_func_average(const T arr[], size_t size)
    T cpp_func_findMax(const T arr[], size_t size)
    void cpp_func_elementWiseMultiply(const T arr1[], const T arr2[], T result[], size_t size) 
    int cpp_func_findIndex(const T arr[], size_t size, const T& value)
    void cpp_func_bubbleSort(T arr[], size_t size)
    T cpp_func_dotProduct(const T arr1[], const T arr2[], size_t size)
    T cpp_func_sumAbsoluteDifferences(const T arr1[], const T arr2[], size_t size) 
    void cpp_func_templates_call() 

---------------------------------------------------------------------    
00026)    templates_by_reference.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Templates By Reference:
    double cpp_func_modifyAndCalculateAverage(Container& container)
    void cpp_func_elementWiseAdd(const Container& container1, const Container& container2, Container& result)
    void cpp_func_findCommonElements(const Container& container1, const Container& container2, Container& result)
    void processData(Container& data, Transformation transform)
    void customSort(Container& container, Comparator comp)
    void traverseLinkedList(Node* head)
    void printContainer(const Container& container)
    void matrixAddition(const std::vector<std::vector<T>>& matrix1, const std::vector<std::vector<T>>& matrix2, std::vector<std::vector<T>>& result)
    void serializeData(const T& data, std::ofstream& outputFile)
    void deserializeData(T& data, std::ifstream& inputFile)
    struct ListNode
    void cpp_func_templates_call()

---------------------------------------------------------------------    
00027)    templates_by_pointer.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Templates By Pointer:
    struct CustomData
    struct ListNode 
    void processCustomDataByPointer(CustomData<T>* data)
    void matrixMultiplication(const T* matrix1, size_t rows1, size_t cols1, const T* matrix2, size_t rows2, size_t cols2, T* result)
    std::unique_ptr<T[]> readFileData(const std::string& filename, size_t& dataSize)
    void appendToLinkedList(Node*& head, typename Node::ValueType value)
    void processDataByPointer(T* data, size_t size, Transformation transform)
    void sortContainer(Container* container)
    T* allocateArray(size_t size)
    void cpp_func_templates_call()

---------------------------------------------------------------------    
00028)    ascii.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------
    ASCII:
    ASCII Table:
    ASCII Code (Code Point):
        NUL (null)
        SOH (start of header)
        STX (start of text)
        ETX (end of text)
        EOT (end of transmission)
        ENQ (enquiry)
        ACK (acknowledge)
        BEL (bell)
        BS (backspace)
        HT (horizontal tab)
        LF (line feed/new line)
        VT (vertical tab)
        FF (form feed / new page)
        CR (carriage return)
        SO (shift out)
        SI (shift in)
        DLE (data link escape)
        DC1 (data control 1)
        DC2 (data control 2)
        DC3 (data control 3)
        DC4 (data control 4)
        NAK (negative acknowledge)
        SYN (synchronous idle)
        ETB (end of transmission block)
        CAN (cancel)
        EM (end of medium)
        SUB (substitute)
        ESC (escape)
        FS (file separator)
        GS (group separator)
        RS (record separator)
        US (unit separator)

---------------------------------------------------------------------    
00029)    template_function_with_overloading.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------            
    // Function Template Overloading:
    cpp_func_max
    typename Container::value_type cpp_func_median
    bool cpp_func_median(const std::vector<bool>& container)

---------------------------------------------------------------------    
00030)    template_function_with_multiple_params.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------            
    // Function Templates with Multiple Parameters:
    void cpp_func_swap(T& a, U& b) 
    PriceType cpp_func_total_cost(const PriceType& price, const QuantityType& quantity) 
    std::vector<typename Container1::value_type> cpp_func_elementwise_add(const Container1& a, const Container2& b)
    void cpp_func_templates_call()

---------------------------------------------------------------------    
00031)    template_return_type_deduction_with_auto.hpp
--------------------------------------------------------------------- 
    // Function Templates with Multiple Parameters:
    auto cpp_func_sum(const Container &container)
    auto cpp_func_find_min_max(const Container& container)
    cpp_func_templates_call()

---------------------------------------------------------------------    
00032)    template_decltype_and_trailing_return_types.hpp
--------------------------------------------------------------------- 
    // Decltype and trailing return types:
    // Combining decltype and Trailing Return Types:
    std::pair<typename Container::value_type, typename Container::value_type> cpp_func_sum_and_product(const Container& container) 
    auto cpp_func_average(const Container& container) -> std::decay_t<decltype(container.front())> 
    auto cpp_func_dot_product(const std::vector<T>& vec1, const std::vector<T>& vec2) -> std::decay_t<decltype(vec1[0] * vec2[0])>
    auto cpp_func_find_index(const Container& container, const Value& value) -> decltype(std::distance(container.begin(), std::find(container.begin(), container.end(), value))) 
    auto getMax(T& a, U& b) -> decltype((a > b) ? a : b)
    decltype(auto) getMin(T& a, U& b)
    void cpp_func_templates_call() 

---------------------------------------------------------------------    
00033)    template_non_type_params_and_default_args.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Non type template parameters:
    // Template with default arguments:
    void matrix_multiply(const T (&A)[RowsA][ColsA], const T (&B)[ColsA][ColsB], T (&result)[RowsA][ColsB]) 
    struct Fibonacci
    void print_fibonacci()
    struct Factorial
    void check_const()
    struct Sum
    void cpp_func_templates_call()

---------------------------------------------------------------------    
00034)    template_auto_function.hpp
---------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Template Auto Function:
    auto add(T a, U b) -> decltype(a + b)
    T calculate_average(const T* values, size_t size) 
    auto concatenate_strings(const Container& strings) -> decltype(strings[0])
    auto find_max_element(ForwardIt first, ForwardIt last) -> decltype(*first)
    void swap_values(T& a, T& b)

Tools:

1. Fedora 38 GNU/LINUX, KDE
2. Mozilla FireFox 114
3. www.repl.it
4. www.onlinegdb.com
5. KDE Kate Code Editor
6. KDE KDevelop
7. g++ (GCC) 13.1.1 20230511 (Red Hat 13.1.1-2)
8. clang version 16.0.4 (Fedora 16.0.4-1.fc38)
9. Microsoft Visual Studio Code
10. Microsoft Visual Studio 2022 / Windows Only
11. Windows 11
12. Notepad++ / Windows Only
13. Eclipse IDE
14. Code::Blocks
15. www.cppinsights.io
16. cppcheck
17. clazy
18. clang-tidy
19. valgrind

References:

Websites:

1. www.cppreference.com
2. www.cplusplus.com
3. www.stackoverflow.com
4. www.geeksforgeeks.org
5. www.programiz.com
6. www.tutorialspoint.com
7. www.cppsecrets.com
8. www.leetcode.com
9. www.gcc.gnu.org
10. www.clang.llvm.org
11. www.overiq.com
12. https://www.educative.io
13. www.cprogramming.com
14. www.wikipedia.org
15. www.w3schools.com
16. https://chat.openai.com
17. www.learncpp.com

Videos, Online Courses:

1. Udemy - The C++20 Masterclass - From Fundamentals to Advanced / Daniel Gakwaya
2. Udemy - Complete Modern C++ (C++11/14/17) / Umar Lone
3. LinkedIn - Master C Language Pointers / Dan Gookin
4. LinkedIn - C: Data Structures, Pointers, and File Systems / Dan Gookin
5. Linkedin - Programming Foundations: Memory, Pointers, and Garbage Collection / Maaike van Putten
6. InfiniteSkills - C++ Programming Bundle Training Video / Brook Monroe
7. Udemy - Garbage Collection Algorithms 2020 / Dmitry Soshnikov

Books, PDF's:

1. Beginning C++20: From Novice to Professional / Ivor Horton and Peter Van Weert
2. Programming: Principles and Practice Using C++ / Bjarne Stroustrup
3. C++ Programming Language / Bjarne Stroustrup
4. C: A Reference Manual, 5th Edition 5th Edition / Samuel Harbison, Guy Steele Jr.
5. C Programming: A Modern Approach 2nd Edition / K. N King
6. C: The Complete Reference, 4th Edition / Herbert Schildt
7. C++: A Beginner's Guide, Second Edition / Herbert Schildt
8. C++: The Complete Reference, Fourth Edition / Herbert Schildt
9. C++ from the Ground Up (From the Ground Up) 3rd Edition / Herbert Schildt
10. Professional C++ / Marc Gregoire
11. C++ How to Program / Paul Deitel and Harvey Deitel
12. Understanding the linux kernel 3rd Edition / Daniel P. Bovet and Marco Cesati
13. Linux Kernel Development 3rd Edition / Robert Love
14. Deep understanding of Linux kernel / Jim Green
15. Linux Kernel Programming A Comprehensive Guide To Kernel Internals, Writing Kernel Modules, and Kernel Synchronization / Kaiwan N Billimoria
16. Linux Internals Simplified: A beginners guide to Linux Internals / Haris Kundan Prasad
17. Windows Internals Seventh Edition / Pavel Yosifovich, Alex Ionescu, Mark E. Russinovich, and David A. Solomon

Blogs, Articles:

1. https://www.educative.io/blog/cpp-memory-management
2. https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html
3. https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/import_export/overview-of-memory-mapping.html
4. https://byjus.com/gate/cache-mapping-notes/
5. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1401359/understanding-linux-proc-pid-maps-or-proc-self-maps/1401595#1401595
6. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/standard/io/memory-mapped-files
7. https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/ask-the-performance-team/memory-management-x86-virtual-address-space/ba-p/372536
8. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/stack-vs-heap-memory-allocation/
9. https://www.guru99.com/stack-vs-heap.html
10. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-static-and-dynamic-memory-allocation-in-c/
11. https://www.cprogramming.com/tutorial/function-pointers.html
12. https://www.scaler.com/topics/c/dangling-pointer-in-c/
13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangling_pointer
14. https://interviewsansar.com/what-if-memory-allocation-using-new-fails-in-cpp-how-to-handle/
15. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/if-memory-allocation-using-new-is-failed-in-c-then-how-it-should-be-handled/
16. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_exceptions_handling.htm
17. https://www.w3schools.com/cpp/cpp_exceptions.asp