aaaaaaaaaaaaa      ssssssssss     aaaaaaaaaaaaa
  a::::::::::::a   ss::::::::::s    a::::::::::::a
  aaaaaaaaa:::::ass:::::::::::::s   aaaaaaaaa:::::a
           a::::as::::::ssss:::::s           a::::a
    aaaaaaa:::::a s:::::s  ssssss     aaaaaaa:::::a
  aa::::::::::::a   s::::::s        aa::::::::::::a
 a::::aaaa::::::a      s::::::s    a::::aaaa::::::a
a::::a    a:::::assssss   s:::::s a::::a    a:::::a
a::::a    a:::::as:::::ssss::::::sa::::a    a:::::a
a:::::aaaa::::::as::::::::::::::s a:::::aaaa::::::a
 a::::::::::aa:::as:::::::::::ss   a::::::::::aa:::a
  aaaaaaaaaa  aaaa sssssssssss      aaaaaaaaaa  aaaa

g++ version used: 13.2.0

annotation

This is a toy project and should not be taken seriously, which means it is NOT for production at all. The goal of this project is to have fun! I am not a C++ developer so keep that in mind but I will definitely clean up and refactor a lot :D

fyi: I have written a tree-sitter grammar for asa to support syntax highlighting for a better experience as I previously used a pascal mode in my editor to have some sort of highlighting. :)

Stack:
    Value: 55, Type: Integer
    Value: 13, Type: Integer
    Value: 1, Type: Integer
    Value: 0, Type: Integer

As we can see we successfully calculated fib(0), fib(1), fib(7) and fib(10).

Instructions / Keywords

The simplest and first function everyone writes when learning a new language is the classic "Hello World" example:

def main:
  push "Hello World!"; println;
end

We define the entry point of the program by defining a main function. We then push the string "Hello World" to the stack and call the instruction println. println prints the top of the stack to the terminal appending a new line at the end. However if you don't want to append a newline you can just use the print instruction.

Functions / Blocks

In asa you can define functions by using def and end. These functions are then called by using the call instruction. Here is a quick example:

def do_something:
  push "doing something...";
end

def main:
  call do_something;
  show;
end

The main function is the entrypoint of the program if we try to run it.

Variables

In order to store something in a variable we usually push a value onto the stack and then pop it into a variable:

def main:
  push 1; pop x; // x = 1
  push 2; pop x; // variables are mutable, therefore x = 2 now
  push x;        // we can also push the value of the variable to the stack
end

Incrementing / Decrementing numbers

Instead of always needing to do push x; push 1; add; pop x to increment you can just use incr (increment) and decr (decrement)!

Comparing data

Asa has a cmp instruction which takes the two top values of the stack and compares them:

def main:
  push 1; push 2; cmp; // pushes -1 to stack because 1  < 2
  push 2; push 2; cmp; // pushes  0 to stack because 2 == 2
  push 3; push 2; cmp; // pushes  1 to stack because 3  > 2
end

Labels + Goto (and Ifgoto) + Halt

Labels are used to mark a position in the program and Gotos are used to jump to the position. The following program pushes 1 to the stack until we get a stack overflow:

def main:
  label loop;
  push 1;
  goto loop;
end

Loops can also be used to skip a portion of code.

def main:
  push 21; pop age;
  push 18; push age; cmp; pop 18_to_age;  // 18 < 21 <=> 18_to_age = -1

  // if 18 <= age then goto over_18
  push 18_to_age; ifgoto -1 over_18;
  push 18_to_age; ifgoto 0 over_18;

  // otherwise do this and goto return:
  push "not allowed to drink"; pop verdict;
  goto return; // skips the over_18 body

  label over_18;
    push "allowed to drink"; pop verdict;
    goto return; // not really needed here since it is the next instruction anyways...

  label return;
    push verdict;

  show;
end

Math Operations

In asa there are add, sub, mul, div, lshift and rshift. The

def main:
  // evaluate (3*5 + 1)/4 - 3 = 1
  push 3; push 5; mul;   // 3 * 5  = 15
  push 1; add;           // 15 + 1 = 16
  push 4; div;           // 16 / 4 =  4
  push 3; sub;           // 4 - 3  =  1
  println;
  push 8; push 2; lshift; println; // 8 << 2
  push 8; push 2; rshift; println; // 8 >> 2
end

1
32
2

Types

Asa has a few types:

• Double
• BigDouble
• Integer
• BigInteger
• Float
• String
• Char

You can get the type of the element on top of the stack by using the type instruction :

def main:
  push 1;              type; println; // Integer
  push 2147483650bi;   type; println; // BigInteger
  push .078f;          type; println; // Float
  push 3.14f;          type; println; // Double
  push 2.71828bd;      type; println; // BigDouble
  push "Hello World!"; type; println; // String
  push true;           type; println; // Boolean
  push false;          type; println; // Boolean
  push 'a';            type; println; // Char
end

Integer
BigInteger
Float
Float
BigDouble
String
Bool
Bool
Char

Importing

asa also allows us to modularize our code because it supports import statements. Let's say that we have the following file (in the same directory):

stringlib.asa:

def concat:
  pop b; pop a;
  push a; push b; add;
end

We can import stringlib.asa into our code by using import:

import "stringlib.asa";

def main:
  push "Hi"; push " ruby!";
  call stringlib/concat; // adds namespace "stringlib"
  show;
end

The result of this code correctly shows "Hi ruby!" in the stack. As we can see, asa also has namespaces. Let's assume we want to write a greet function. We can import stringlib.asa and define the greet as follows:

greeting.asa:

import "stringlib.asa";

def greet:
  pop name;
  push "Hello "; push name; call stringlib/concat;
end

We can then import the greeting.asa and use the greeting/greet function and the stringlib/concat function:

main.asa

import "greeting.asa";

def main:
  push "ruby"; call greeting/greet;
  push "a"; push b; call stringlib/concat;
  show;
end

Stack:
    Value: "ab", Type: String
    Value: "Hello ruby", Type: String

If you are developing libraries and your functions depend on functions inside the own namespace you still must use the namespace infront of the identifier. One example would be the even? function in the math.asa. It uses the modulo function from the same namespace but it still has to use the full identifier math/modulo instead of just modulo.

stdlib

The stdlib is work in progress and can be found here

Contributing

If you are interested in expanding asa you can find some useful information here.