Refactor database tables and query wrappers

[tulir]

• Change most columns to NOT NULL, including primary keys (because SQLite).
• Change columns only storing signal user IDs (portal receiver, message sender, user uuid) to use the uuid type instead of TEXT.
• Drop chat ID from message table primary key.
• Add part index to message table to replace timestamp hack for storing multiple parts of the same message.
• Change query wrappers to use new QureyHelper struct in dbutil, and pass contexts and errors everywhere.

As a part of changing the portal receiver from phone number to uuid, old portals whose receiver isn't logged in anymore may be discarded. The discarded portals will be stored in the lost_portals table for cleanup or recovery.