diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/base/error/def.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/base/error/def.ts
index 87b620f0b3651..79345ef300d0e 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/base/error/def.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/base/error/def.ts
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ function generateErrorArgs(name: string, args: ErrorArgs) {
 
 export function generateUserFriendlyErrors() {
   const output = [
-    '/* eslint-disable */',
+    '/* oxlint-disable */',
     '// AUTO GENERATED FILE',
     `import { createUnionType, Field, ObjectType, registerEnumType } from '@nestjs/graphql';`,
     '',
@@ -374,10 +374,6 @@ export const USER_FRIENDLY_ERRORS = {
     args: { spaceId: 'string' },
     message: ({ spaceId }) => `Owner of Space ${spaceId} not found.`,
   },
-  cant_change_space_owner: {
-    type: 'action_forbidden',
-    message: 'You are not allowed to change the owner of a Space.',
-  },
   doc_not_found: {
     type: 'resource_not_found',
     args: { spaceId: 'string', docId: 'string' },
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/base/error/errors.gen.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/base/error/errors.gen.ts
index 01273cb870505..a17feb5b84ac5 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/base/error/errors.gen.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/base/error/errors.gen.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* eslint-disable */
+/* oxlint-disable */
 // AUTO GENERATED FILE
 import { createUnionType, Field, ObjectType, registerEnumType } from '@nestjs/graphql';
 
@@ -240,12 +240,6 @@ export class SpaceOwnerNotFound extends UserFriendlyError {
     super('internal_server_error', 'space_owner_not_found', message, args);
   }
 }
-
-export class CantChangeSpaceOwner extends UserFriendlyError {
-  constructor(message?: string) {
-    super('action_forbidden', 'cant_change_space_owner', message);
-  }
-}
 @ObjectType()
 class DocNotFoundDataType {
   @Field() spaceId!: string
@@ -630,7 +624,6 @@ export enum ErrorNames {
   ALREADY_IN_SPACE,
   SPACE_ACCESS_DENIED,
   SPACE_OWNER_NOT_FOUND,
-  CANT_CHANGE_SPACE_OWNER,
   DOC_NOT_FOUND,
   DOC_ACCESS_DENIED,
   VERSION_REJECTED,
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/base/event/def.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/base/event/def.ts
index 910443480e767..7f253d9343a59 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/base/event/def.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/base/event/def.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,12 @@ export interface WorkspaceEvents {
       workspaceId: Workspace['id'];
     }>;
     requestApproved: Payload<{ inviteId: string }>;
+    roleChanged: Payload<{
+      userId: User['id'];
+      workspaceId: Workspace['id'];
+      permission: number;
+    }>;
+    ownerTransferred: Payload<{ email: string; workspaceId: Workspace['id'] }>;
     updated: Payload<{ workspaceId: Workspace['id']; count: number }>;
   };
   deleted: Payload<Workspace['id']>;
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/base/mailer/mail.service.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/base/mailer/mail.service.ts
index cf1f1cde21613..f078851fe6b62 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/base/mailer/mail.service.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/base/mailer/mail.service.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,12 @@ import { URLHelper } from '../helpers';
 import { metrics } from '../metrics';
 import type { MailerService, Options } from './mailer';
 import { MAILER_SERVICE } from './mailer';
-import { emailTemplate } from './template';
+import {
+  emailTemplate,
+  getRoleChangedTemplate,
+  type RoleChangedMailParams,
+} from './template';
+
 @Injectable()
 export class MailService {
   constructor(
@@ -311,4 +316,22 @@ export class MailService {
     });
     return this.sendMail({ to, subject: title, html });
   }
+
+  async sendRoleChangedEmail(to: string, ws: RoleChangedMailParams) {
+    const { subject, title, content } = getRoleChangedTemplate(ws);
+    const html = emailTemplate({ title, content });
+    console.log({ subject, title, content, to });
+    return this.sendMail({ to, subject, html });
+  }
+
+  async sendOwnerTransferred(to: string, ws: { name: string }) {
+    const { name: workspaceName } = ws;
+    const title = `Your ownership of ${workspaceName} has been transferred`;
+
+    const html = emailTemplate({
+      title: 'Ownership transferred',
+      content: `You have transferred ownership of ${workspaceName}. You are now a admin in this workspace.`,
+    });
+    return this.sendMail({ to, subject: title, html });
+  }
 }
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/base/mailer/template.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/base/mailer/template.ts
index 3e50a317187e7..d790adfcc92a9 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/base/mailer/template.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/base/mailer/template.ts
@@ -219,3 +219,38 @@ export const emailTemplate = ({
       </table>
     </body>`;
 };
+
+type RoleChangedMail = {
+  subject: string;
+  title: string;
+  content: string;
+};
+
+export type RoleChangedMailParams = {
+  name: string;
+  role: 'owner' | 'admin' | 'member' | 'readonly';
+};
+
+export const getRoleChangedTemplate = (
+  ws: RoleChangedMailParams
+): RoleChangedMail => {
+  const { name, role } = ws;
+  let subject = `You are now an ${role} of ${name}`;
+  let title = 'Role update in workspace';
+  let content = `Your role in ${name} has been changed to ${role}. You can continue to collaborate in this workspace.`;
+
+  switch (role) {
+    case 'owner':
+      title = 'Welcome, new workspace owner!';
+      content = `You have been assigned as the owner of ${name}. As a workspace owner, you have full control over this team workspace.`;
+      break;
+    case 'admin':
+      title = `You've been promoted to admin.`;
+      content = `You have been promoted to admin of ${name}. As an admin, you can help the workspace owner manage members in this workspace.`;
+      break;
+    default:
+      subject = `Your role has been changed in ${name}`;
+      break;
+  }
+  return { subject, title, content };
+};
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/permission/service.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/permission/service.ts
index 2ff219545dd41..717be512ebeb9 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/permission/service.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/permission/service.ts
@@ -322,10 +322,6 @@ export class PermissionService {
             this.prisma.workspaceUserPermission.update({
               where: {
                 workspaceId_userId: { workspaceId: ws, userId: user },
-                // only update permission:
-                // 1. if the new permission is owner and original permission is admin
-                // 2. if the original permission is not owner
-                type: toBeOwner ? Permission.Admin : { not: Permission.Owner },
               },
               data: { type: permission },
             }),
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/service.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/service.ts
index 3743608be32c1..14cf1bb64a636 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/service.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/service.ts
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ import { Injectable, Logger } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
 import { getStreamAsBuffer } from 'get-stream';
 
-import { Cache, MailService } from '../../../base';
+import { Cache, MailService, UserNotFound } from '../../../base';
 import { DocContentService } from '../../doc-renderer';
-import { PermissionService } from '../../permission';
+import { Permission, PermissionService } from '../../permission';
 import { WorkspaceBlobStorage } from '../../storage';
 import { UserService } from '../../user';
 
@@ -17,6 +17,13 @@ export type InviteInfo = {
   inviteeUserId?: string;
 };
 
+const PermissionToRole = {
+  [Permission.Read]: 'readonly' as const,
+  [Permission.Write]: 'member' as const,
+  [Permission.Admin]: 'admin' as const,
+  [Permission.Owner]: 'owner' as const,
+};
+
 @Injectable()
 export class WorkspaceService {
   private readonly logger = new Logger(WorkspaceService.name);
@@ -78,6 +85,27 @@ export class WorkspaceService {
     };
   }
 
+  private async getInviteeEmailTarget(inviteId: string) {
+    const { workspaceId, inviteeUserId } = await this.getInviteInfo(inviteId);
+    if (!inviteeUserId) {
+      this.logger.error(`Invitee user not found for inviteId: ${inviteId}`);
+      return;
+    }
+    const workspace = await this.getWorkspaceInfo(workspaceId);
+    const invitee = await this.user.findUserById(inviteeUserId);
+    if (!invitee) {
+      this.logger.error(
+        `Invitee user not found in workspace: ${workspaceId}, userId: ${inviteeUserId}`
+      );
+      return;
+    }
+
+    return {
+      email: invitee.email,
+      workspace,
+    };
+  }
+
   async sendAcceptedEmail(inviteId: string) {
     const { workspaceId, inviterUserId, inviteeUserId } =
       await this.getInviteInfo(inviteId);
@@ -167,24 +195,21 @@ export class WorkspaceService {
     await this.mailer.sendReviewDeclinedEmail(email, { name: workspaceName });
   }
 
-  private async getInviteeEmailTarget(inviteId: string) {
-    const { workspaceId, inviteeUserId } = await this.getInviteInfo(inviteId);
-    if (!inviteeUserId) {
-      this.logger.error(`Invitee user not found for inviteId: ${inviteId}`);
-      return;
-    }
-    const workspace = await this.getWorkspaceInfo(workspaceId);
-    const invitee = await this.user.findUserById(inviteeUserId);
-    if (!invitee) {
-      this.logger.error(
-        `Invitee user not found in workspace: ${workspaceId}, userId: ${inviteeUserId}`
-      );
-      return;
-    }
+  async sendRoleChangedEmail(
+    userId: string,
+    ws: { id: string; role: Permission }
+  ) {
+    const user = await this.user.findUserById(userId);
+    if (!user) throw new UserNotFound();
+    const workspace = await this.getWorkspaceInfo(ws.id);
+    await this.mailer.sendRoleChangedEmail(user?.email, {
+      name: workspace.name,
+      role: PermissionToRole[ws.role],
+    });
+  }
 
-    return {
-      email: invitee.email,
-      workspace,
-    };
+  async sendOwnerTransferred(email: string, ws: { id: string }) {
+    const workspace = await this.getWorkspaceInfo(ws.id);
+    await this.mailer.sendOwnerTransferred(email, { name: workspace.name });
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/team.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/team.ts
index ab0f1d5069654..17b1605b9387e 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/team.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/team.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import {
   RequestMutex,
   TooManyRequest,
   URLHelper,
+  UserFriendlyError,
 } from '../../../base';
 import { CurrentUser } from '../../auth';
 import { Permission, PermissionService } from '../../permission';
@@ -311,7 +312,17 @@ export class TeamWorkspaceResolver {
         );
 
         if (result) {
-          // TODO(@darkskygit): send team role changed mail
+          this.event.emit('workspace.members.roleChanged', {
+            userId,
+            workspaceId,
+            permission,
+          });
+          if (permission === Permission.Owner) {
+            this.event.emit('workspace.members.ownerTransferred', {
+              email: user.email,
+              workspaceId,
+            });
+          }
         }
 
         return result;
@@ -320,6 +331,10 @@ export class TeamWorkspaceResolver {
       }
     } catch (e) {
       this.logger.error('failed to invite user', e);
+      // pass through user friendly error
+      if (e instanceof UserFriendlyError) {
+        return e;
+      }
       return new TooManyRequest();
     }
   }
@@ -353,4 +368,28 @@ export class TeamWorkspaceResolver {
     // send approve mail
     await this.workspaceService.sendReviewApproveEmail(inviteId);
   }
+
+  @OnEvent('workspace.members.roleChanged')
+  async onRoleChanged({
+    userId,
+    workspaceId,
+    permission,
+  }: EventPayload<'workspace.members.roleChanged'>) {
+    // send role changed mail
+    await this.workspaceService.sendRoleChangedEmail(userId, {
+      id: workspaceId,
+      role: permission,
+    });
+  }
+
+  @OnEvent('workspace.members.ownerTransferred')
+  async onOwnerTransferred({
+    email,
+    workspaceId,
+  }: EventPayload<'workspace.members.ownerTransferred'>) {
+    // send role changed mail
+    await this.workspaceService.sendOwnerTransferred(email, {
+      id: workspaceId,
+    });
+  }
 }
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/workspace.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/workspace.ts
index eeaae23df0a89..8036ae24e7659 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/workspace.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/workspace.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import type { FileUpload } from '../../../base';
 import {
   AlreadyInSpace,
   Cache,
-  CantChangeSpaceOwner,
   DocNotFound,
   EventEmitter,
   InternalServerError,
@@ -383,8 +382,13 @@ export class WorkspaceResolver {
     @CurrentUser() user: CurrentUser,
     @Args('workspaceId') workspaceId: string,
     @Args('email') email: string,
-    @Args('permission', { type: () => Permission }) permission: Permission,
-    @Args('sendInviteMail', { nullable: true }) sendInviteMail: boolean
+    @Args('sendInviteMail', { nullable: true }) sendInviteMail: boolean,
+    @Args('permission', {
+      type: () => Permission,
+      nullable: true,
+      deprecationReason: 'never used',
+    })
+    _permission?: Permission
   ) {
     await this.permissions.checkWorkspace(
       workspaceId,
@@ -392,10 +396,6 @@ export class WorkspaceResolver {
       Permission.Admin
     );
 
-    if (permission === Permission.Owner) {
-      throw new CantChangeSpaceOwner();
-    }
-
     try {
       // lock to prevent concurrent invite and grant
       const lockFlag = `invite:${workspaceId}`;
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ export class WorkspaceResolver {
       const inviteId = await this.permissions.grant(
         workspaceId,
         target.id,
-        permission
+        Permission.Write
       );
       if (sendInviteMail) {
         try {
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/schema.gql b/packages/backend/server/src/schema.gql
index aa59d72efc53f..3ec9dee256c99 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/schema.gql
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/schema.gql
@@ -220,7 +220,6 @@ enum ErrorNames {
   BLOB_QUOTA_EXCEEDED
   CANNOT_DELETE_ALL_ADMIN_ACCOUNT
   CANNOT_DELETE_OWN_ACCOUNT
-  CANT_CHANGE_SPACE_OWNER
   CANT_UPDATE_ONETIME_PAYMENT_SUBSCRIPTION
   CAPTCHA_VERIFICATION_FAILED
   COPILOT_ACTION_TAKEN
@@ -526,7 +525,7 @@ type Mutation {
   """Create a chat session"""
   forkCopilotSession(options: ForkChatSessionInput!): String!
   grantMember(permission: Permission!, userId: String!, workspaceId: String!): String!
-  invite(email: String!, permission: Permission!, sendInviteMail: Boolean, workspaceId: String!): String!
+  invite(email: String!, permission: Permission @deprecated(reason: "never used"), sendInviteMail: Boolean, workspaceId: String!): String!
   inviteBatch(emails: [String!]!, sendInviteMail: Boolean, workspaceId: String!): [InviteResult!]!
   leaveWorkspace(sendLeaveMail: Boolean, workspaceId: String!, workspaceName: String @deprecated(reason: "no longer used")): Boolean!
   publishPage(mode: PublicPageMode = Page, pageId: String!, workspaceId: String!): WorkspacePage!
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/tests/copilot.e2e.ts b/packages/backend/server/tests/copilot.e2e.ts
index 1cb8b95f757d1..49262127d9a98 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/tests/copilot.e2e.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/tests/copilot.e2e.ts
@@ -147,13 +147,7 @@ test('should create session correctly', async t => {
       );
     });
 
-    const inviteId = await inviteUser(
-      app,
-      token,
-      id,
-      'darksky@affine.pro',
-      'Admin'
-    );
+    const inviteId = await inviteUser(app, token, id, 'darksky@affine.pro');
     await acceptInviteById(app, id, inviteId, false);
     await assertCreateSession(
       id,
@@ -240,13 +234,7 @@ test('should fork session correctly', async t => {
       }
     );
 
-    const inviteId = await inviteUser(
-      app,
-      token,
-      id,
-      'test@affine.pro',
-      'Admin'
-    );
+    const inviteId = await inviteUser(app, token, id, 'test@affine.pro');
     await acceptInviteById(app, id, inviteId, false);
     await assertForkSession(
       newToken,
@@ -609,8 +597,7 @@ test('should reject request that user have not permission', async t => {
       app,
       anotherToken,
       workspaceId,
-      'darksky@affine.pro',
-      'Admin'
+      'darksky@affine.pro'
     );
     await acceptInviteById(app, workspaceId, inviteId, false);
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/tests/mailer.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/tests/mailer.spec.ts
index df7a63ebe8e40..ec2451d1de030 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/tests/mailer.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/tests/mailer.spec.ts
@@ -44,14 +44,7 @@ test('should send invite email', async t => {
 
     const stub = Sinon.stub(mail, 'sendMail');
 
-    await inviteUser(
-      app,
-      u1.token.token,
-      workspace.id,
-      u2.email,
-      'Admin',
-      true
-    );
+    await inviteUser(app, u1.token.token, workspace.id, u2.email, true);
 
     t.true(stub.calledOnce);
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/tests/team.e2e.ts b/packages/backend/server/tests/team.e2e.ts
index bd208c6824f08..b770d5c2d379e 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/tests/team.e2e.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/tests/team.e2e.ts
@@ -120,7 +120,6 @@ const init = async (
         owner.token.token,
         workspace.id,
         member.email,
-        permission,
         shouldSendEmail
       );
       await acceptInviteById(app, workspace.id, inviteId, shouldSendEmail);
@@ -133,10 +132,16 @@ const init = async (
         owner.token.token,
         teamWorkspace.id,
         member.email,
-        permission,
         shouldSendEmail
       );
       await acceptInviteById(app, teamWorkspace.id, inviteId, shouldSendEmail);
+      await grantMember(
+        app,
+        owner.token.token,
+        teamWorkspace.id,
+        member.id,
+        permission
+      );
     }
 
     return member;
@@ -437,8 +442,11 @@ test('should be able to manage invite link', async t => {
     read,
   } = await init(app, 4);
 
-  for (const workspace of [ws, tws]) {
-    for (const manager of [owner, admin]) {
+  for (const [workspace, managers] of [
+    [ws, [owner]],
+    [tws, [owner, admin]],
+  ] as const) {
+    for (const manager of managers) {
       const { link } = await createInviteLink(
         app,
         manager.token.token,
@@ -646,16 +654,21 @@ test('should be able to emit events', async t => {
     const { teamWorkspace: tws, inviteBatch } = await init(app, 4);
 
     await inviteBatch(['m1@affine.pro', 'm2@affine.pro']);
-    t.true(
-      event.emit.calledOnceWith('workspace.members.updated', {
+    const [membersUpdated] = event.emit
+      .getCalls()
+      .map(call => call.args)
+      .toReversed();
+    t.deepEqual(membersUpdated, [
+      'workspace.members.updated',
+      {
         workspaceId: tws.id,
         count: 6,
-      })
-    );
+      },
+    ]);
   }
 
   {
-    const { teamWorkspace: tws, owner, createInviteLink } = await init(app, 10);
+    const { teamWorkspace: tws, owner, createInviteLink } = await init(app);
     const [, invite] = await createInviteLink(tws);
     const user = await invite('m3@affine.pro');
     const { members } = await getWorkspace(app, owner.token.token, tws.id);
@@ -679,4 +692,39 @@ test('should be able to emit events', async t => {
       'should emit review requested event'
     );
   }
+
+  {
+    const { teamWorkspace: tws, owner, read } = await init(app);
+    await grantMember(app, owner.token.token, tws.id, read.id, 'Admin');
+    t.deepEqual(
+      event.emit.lastCall.args,
+      [
+        'workspace.members.roleChanged',
+        { userId: read.id, workspaceId: tws.id, permission: Permission.Admin },
+      ],
+      'should emit role changed event'
+    );
+
+    await grantMember(app, owner.token.token, tws.id, read.id, 'Owner');
+    const [ownerTransferred, roleChanged] = event.emit
+      .getCalls()
+      .map(call => call.args)
+      .toReversed();
+    t.deepEqual(
+      roleChanged,
+      [
+        'workspace.members.roleChanged',
+        { userId: read.id, workspaceId: tws.id, permission: Permission.Owner },
+      ],
+      'should emit role changed event'
+    );
+    t.deepEqual(
+      ownerTransferred,
+      [
+        'workspace.members.ownerTransferred',
+        { email: owner.email, workspaceId: tws.id },
+      ],
+      'should emit owner transferred event'
+    );
+  }
 });
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/tests/utils/invite.ts b/packages/backend/server/tests/utils/invite.ts
index 218ddad371709..4d99d1fc90bf1 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/tests/utils/invite.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/tests/utils/invite.ts
@@ -3,14 +3,12 @@ import request from 'supertest';
 
 import type { InvitationType } from '../../src/core/workspaces';
 import { gql } from './common';
-import { PermissionEnum } from './utils';
 
 export async function inviteUser(
   app: INestApplication,
   token: string,
   workspaceId: string,
   email: string,
-  permission: PermissionEnum,
   sendInviteMail = false
 ): Promise<string> {
   const res = await request(app.getHttpServer())
@@ -20,7 +18,7 @@ export async function inviteUser(
     .send({
       query: `
             mutation {
-              invite(workspaceId: "${workspaceId}", email: "${email}", permission: ${permission}, sendInviteMail: ${sendInviteMail})
+              invite(workspaceId: "${workspaceId}", email: "${email}", sendInviteMail: ${sendInviteMail})
             }
           `,
     })
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/tests/workspace-invite.e2e.ts b/packages/backend/server/tests/workspace-invite.e2e.ts
index a69930eb0f08e..5274e26e49acc 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/tests/workspace-invite.e2e.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/tests/workspace-invite.e2e.ts
@@ -52,13 +52,7 @@ test('should invite a user', async t => {
 
   const workspace = await createWorkspace(app, u1.token.token);
 
-  const invite = await inviteUser(
-    app,
-    u1.token.token,
-    workspace.id,
-    u2.email,
-    'Admin'
-  );
+  const invite = await inviteUser(app, u1.token.token, workspace.id, u2.email);
   t.truthy(invite, 'failed to invite user');
 });
 
@@ -68,13 +62,7 @@ test('should leave a workspace', async t => {
   const u2 = await signUp(app, 'u2', 'u2@affine.pro', '1');
 
   const workspace = await createWorkspace(app, u1.token.token);
-  const id = await inviteUser(
-    app,
-    u1.token.token,
-    workspace.id,
-    u2.email,
-    'Admin'
-  );
+  const id = await inviteUser(app, u1.token.token, workspace.id, u2.email);
   await acceptInviteById(app, workspace.id, id, false);
 
   const leave = await leaveWorkspace(app, u2.token.token, workspace.id);
@@ -89,7 +77,7 @@ test('should revoke a user', async t => {
   const u2 = await signUp(app, 'u2', 'u2@affine.pro', '1');
 
   const workspace = await createWorkspace(app, u1.token.token);
-  await inviteUser(app, u1.token.token, workspace.id, u2.email, 'Admin');
+  await inviteUser(app, u1.token.token, workspace.id, u2.email);
 
   const currWorkspace = await getWorkspace(app, u1.token.token, workspace.id);
   t.is(currWorkspace.members.length, 2, 'failed to invite user');
@@ -104,7 +92,7 @@ test('should create user if not exist', async t => {
 
   const workspace = await createWorkspace(app, u1.token.token);
 
-  await inviteUser(app, u1.token.token, workspace.id, 'u2@affine.pro', 'Admin');
+  await inviteUser(app, u1.token.token, workspace.id, 'u2@affine.pro');
 
   const u2 = await user.findUserByEmail('u2@affine.pro');
   t.not(u2, undefined, 'failed to create user');
@@ -118,24 +106,12 @@ test('should invite a user by link', async t => {
 
   const workspace = await createWorkspace(app, u1.token.token);
 
-  const invite = await inviteUser(
-    app,
-    u1.token.token,
-    workspace.id,
-    u2.email,
-    'Admin'
-  );
+  const invite = await inviteUser(app, u1.token.token, workspace.id, u2.email);
 
   const accept = await acceptInviteById(app, workspace.id, invite);
   t.true(accept, 'failed to accept invite');
 
-  const invite1 = await inviteUser(
-    app,
-    u1.token.token,
-    workspace.id,
-    u2.email,
-    'Admin'
-  );
+  const invite1 = await inviteUser(app, u1.token.token, workspace.id, u2.email);
 
   t.is(invite, invite1, 'repeat the invitation must return same id');
 
@@ -159,7 +135,6 @@ test('should send email', async t => {
       u1.token.token,
       workspace.id,
       u2.email,
-      'Admin',
       true
     );
 
@@ -224,20 +199,8 @@ test('should support pagination for member', async t => {
   const u3 = await signUp(app, 'u3', 'u3@affine.pro', '1');
 
   const workspace = await createWorkspace(app, u1.token.token);
-  const invite1 = await inviteUser(
-    app,
-    u1.token.token,
-    workspace.id,
-    u2.email,
-    'Admin'
-  );
-  const invite2 = await inviteUser(
-    app,
-    u1.token.token,
-    workspace.id,
-    u3.email,
-    'Admin'
-  );
+  const invite1 = await inviteUser(app, u1.token.token, workspace.id, u2.email);
+  const invite2 = await inviteUser(app, u1.token.token, workspace.id, u3.email);
 
   await acceptInviteById(app, workspace.id, invite1, false);
   await acceptInviteById(app, workspace.id, invite2, false);
@@ -267,13 +230,7 @@ test('should limit member count correctly', async t => {
     const workspace = await createWorkspace(app, u1.token.token);
     await Promise.allSettled(
       Array.from({ length: 10 }).map(async (_, i) =>
-        inviteUser(
-          app,
-          u1.token.token,
-          workspace.id,
-          `u${i}@affine.pro`,
-          'Admin'
-        )
+        inviteUser(app, u1.token.token, workspace.id, `u${i}@affine.pro`)
       )
     );
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/tests/workspace.e2e.ts b/packages/backend/server/tests/workspace.e2e.ts
index 59d6b170d03d8..9738509d50937 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/tests/workspace.e2e.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/tests/workspace.e2e.ts
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ test('should share a page', async t => {
   await acceptInviteById(
     app,
     workspace.id,
-    await inviteUser(app, u1.token.token, workspace.id, u2.email, 'Admin')
+    await inviteUser(app, u1.token.token, workspace.id, u2.email)
   );
   const invited = await publishPage(app, u2.token.token, workspace.id, 'page2');
   t.is(invited.id, 'page2', 'failed to share page');
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ test('should can get workspace doc', async t => {
   await acceptInviteById(
     app,
     workspace.id,
-    await inviteUser(app, u1.token.token, workspace.id, u2.email, 'Admin')
+    await inviteUser(app, u1.token.token, workspace.id, u2.email)
   );
 
   const res2 = await request(app.getHttpServer())
diff --git a/packages/frontend/core/src/modules/permissions/entities/permission.ts b/packages/frontend/core/src/modules/permissions/entities/permission.ts
index e9e4eb761efba..58855a1aab553 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/core/src/modules/permissions/entities/permission.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/core/src/modules/permissions/entities/permission.ts
@@ -75,15 +75,10 @@ export class WorkspacePermission extends Entity {
     })
   );
 
-  async inviteMember(
-    email: string,
-    permission: Permission,
-    sendInviteMail?: boolean
-  ) {
+  async inviteMember(email: string, sendInviteMail?: boolean) {
     return await this.store.inviteMember(
       this.workspaceService.workspace.id,
       email,
-      permission,
       sendInviteMail
     );
   }
diff --git a/packages/frontend/core/src/modules/permissions/stores/permission.ts b/packages/frontend/core/src/modules/permissions/stores/permission.ts
index 34d128e4d034c..b7f61d56da312 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/core/src/modules/permissions/stores/permission.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/core/src/modules/permissions/stores/permission.ts
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ export class WorkspacePermissionStore extends Store {
   async inviteMember(
     workspaceId: string,
     email: string,
-    permission: Permission,
     sendInviteMail = false
   ) {
     if (!this.workspaceServerService.server) {
@@ -49,7 +48,6 @@ export class WorkspacePermissionStore extends Store {
       variables: {
         workspaceId,
         email,
-        permission,
         sendInviteMail,
       },
     });
diff --git a/packages/frontend/graphql/src/graphql/index.ts b/packages/frontend/graphql/src/graphql/index.ts
index cada1672ad8ec..744491dae4629 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/graphql/src/graphql/index.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/graphql/src/graphql/index.ts
@@ -1367,11 +1367,10 @@ export const inviteByEmailMutation = {
   definitionName: 'invite',
   containsFile: false,
   query: `
-mutation inviteByEmail($workspaceId: String!, $email: String!, $permission: Permission!, $sendInviteMail: Boolean) {
+mutation inviteByEmail($workspaceId: String!, $email: String!, $sendInviteMail: Boolean) {
   invite(
     workspaceId: $workspaceId
     email: $email
-    permission: $permission
     sendInviteMail: $sendInviteMail
   )
 }`,
diff --git a/packages/frontend/graphql/src/graphql/workspace-intive-by-email.gql b/packages/frontend/graphql/src/graphql/workspace-intive-by-email.gql
index fbe94cb2340c2..27032351ff8f5 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/graphql/src/graphql/workspace-intive-by-email.gql
+++ b/packages/frontend/graphql/src/graphql/workspace-intive-by-email.gql
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 mutation inviteByEmail(
   $workspaceId: String!
   $email: String!
-  $permission: Permission!
   $sendInviteMail: Boolean
 ) {
   invite(
     workspaceId: $workspaceId
     email: $email
-    permission: $permission
     sendInviteMail: $sendInviteMail
   )
 }
diff --git a/packages/frontend/graphql/src/schema.ts b/packages/frontend/graphql/src/schema.ts
index a48adf3315d8b..cc2b381f7ddee 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/graphql/src/schema.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/graphql/src/schema.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* eslint-disable */
+ 
 export type Maybe<T> = T | null;
 export type InputMaybe<T> = T | null;
 export type Exact<T extends { [key: string]: unknown }> = {
@@ -298,7 +298,6 @@ export enum ErrorNames {
   BLOB_QUOTA_EXCEEDED = 'BLOB_QUOTA_EXCEEDED',
   CANNOT_DELETE_ALL_ADMIN_ACCOUNT = 'CANNOT_DELETE_ALL_ADMIN_ACCOUNT',
   CANNOT_DELETE_OWN_ACCOUNT = 'CANNOT_DELETE_OWN_ACCOUNT',
-  CANT_CHANGE_SPACE_OWNER = 'CANT_CHANGE_SPACE_OWNER',
   CANT_UPDATE_ONETIME_PAYMENT_SUBSCRIPTION = 'CANT_UPDATE_ONETIME_PAYMENT_SUBSCRIPTION',
   CAPTCHA_VERIFICATION_FAILED = 'CAPTCHA_VERIFICATION_FAILED',
   COPILOT_ACTION_TAKEN = 'COPILOT_ACTION_TAKEN',
@@ -729,7 +728,7 @@ export interface MutationGrantMemberArgs {
 
 export interface MutationInviteArgs {
   email: Scalars['String']['input'];
-  permission: Permission;
+  permission?: InputMaybe<Permission>;
   sendInviteMail?: InputMaybe<Scalars['Boolean']['input']>;
   workspaceId: Scalars['String']['input'];
 }
@@ -2647,7 +2646,6 @@ export type RemoveWorkspaceFeatureMutation = {
 export type InviteByEmailMutationVariables = Exact<{
   workspaceId: Scalars['String']['input'];
   email: Scalars['String']['input'];
-  permission: Permission;
   sendInviteMail?: InputMaybe<Scalars['Boolean']['input']>;
 }>;