{{pkg.description}}
This toolkit (started as experiment in 2016) and the overall design approach and workflows proposed by it are heavily building atop the concept of CSS utility classes (as known from Tachyons, Turret or the newer Tailwind projects). How and where those CSS classes are defined and later applied is however a major defining point of difference to these other existing approaches and will be explained in this document. To remove the need for any complex & bloated CSS-related dependencies (parsers etc.) and to simplify building secondary tooling (e.g. part of this readme is an auto-generated report of the included base framework specs), we're using JSON — rather than CSS — as data format to:
- express the generative rules to define all the CSS classes, class templates, declarations, and media query criteria, all of which are forming a framework
- as intermediate data format for generated CSS frameworks themselves
The entire toolkit (incl. all bundled dependencies) is currently only 36KB (unzipped)!
This readme aims to provide a thorough overview of this toolchain, its possibilities and some concrete usage examples...
Note: In all cases, final CSS generation itself is handled by thi.ng/hiccup-css. Please see its readme for further useful information.
👷🏻 This is all WIP! See included & linked examples for concrete usage...
The generate
command is used to generate custom CSS frameworks with (likely)
hundreds of utility classes, all derived from a number of extremely compact,
parametric JSON rule specs. This process generates all desired, combinatorial
versions of various rules/declarations and exports them to a framework JSON file
used as intermediary stage for the other commands provided by this toolchain.
The syntax/format of the generator rules
is explained further on. These framework specs can be split up into multiple
files for better handling and organization, can define CSS base
declarations (e.g. for normalization purposes),
arbitrary media query criteria (all later
combinable), shared lookup tables for colors, margins, sizes, timings etc.
The package includes dozens of generator specs for a basic, fully customizable, Tachyons-derived CSS framework. These specs and resulting framework are still being worked on and are used for some example projects in this repo, but are mostly intended as basic starting points for creating other custom frameworks (in the hope some useful specs will be shared back similarly)...
metacss generate --help
Usage: metacss generate [opts] inputs...
Flags:
-p, --pretty Pretty print output
-v, --verbose Display extra process information
Main:
-o STR, --out STR Output file (or stdout)
--prec INT Number of fractional digits (default: 3)
This section gives an overview of the JSON format used to generate CSS frameworks of dozens (usually hundreds or thousands) of utility classes, including many possible variations (per spec).
Generation specs use a simple JSON structure as shown below. The specs can be
split over multiple files and will all be merged by the generate
command of
the toolchain.
{
// optional meta data (later used for comment injection in generated CSS)
"info": {
"name": "Framework name",
"version": "0.0.0",
},
// optional media queries and their criteria, will be merged from multiple spec files
"media": {
"large": { "min-width": "60rem" },
"dark": { "prefers-color-scheme": "dark" },
"anim": { "prefers-reduced-motion": false }
},
// optional shared values/LUTs (arrays or objects)
// (local to the current file only)
"tables": {
"margins": [0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4]
},
// optional shared variations (local to current file only)
"vars": {
"size": ["width", "height"]
},
// optional thi.ng/hiccup-css declarations which will be part of the framework
// (e.g. for CSS reset purposes), will be merged from multiple spec files
"decls": [
["html", { "box-sizing": "border-box" }]
],
// array of class generation specs
"specs": [
//...
],
// array of templated class generation specs
"tpls": [
//...
]
}
The following generator document uses a single small generative rule spec to create altogether 21 utility classes for various possible margins (where 21 = 3 margin sizes provided × 7 variations).
For each additional value added to the margins
table, 7 more CSS classes will be
generated. The name
(class) and props
(CSS property name) are parametric and
will be explained in more detail further below.
{
"tables": {
"margins": [0, 0.5, 1]
},
"specs": [
{
"name": "m<vid><k>",
"props": "margin<var>",
"values": "margins",
"unit": "rem",
"vars": ["a", "t", "r", "b", "l", "h", "v"]
}
]
}
Assuming the above spec has been saved to file margins.mcss.json
...
# the generate cmd can merge specs from multiple input files
# if no `--out` file is given, the result will go to stdout
metacss generate --pretty margins.mcss.json
...this command (with the above spec) will generate the following output (here
we're only interested in the entries under classes
):
{
"info": {
"name": "TODO",
"version": "0.0.0"
},
"media": {},
"classes": {
"ma0": { "margin": "0rem" },
"ma1": { "margin": ".5rem" },
"ma2": { "margin": "1rem" },
"mh0": { "margin-left": "0rem", "margin-right": "0rem" },
"mh1": { "margin-left": ".5rem", "margin-right": ".5rem" },
"mh2": { "margin-left": "1rem", "margin-right": "1rem" },
"mv0": { "margin-top": "0rem", "margin-bottom": "0rem" },
"mv1": { "margin-top": ".5rem", "margin-bottom": ".5rem" },
"mv2": { "margin-top": "1rem", "margin-bottom": "1rem" },
"mt0": { "margin-top": "0rem" },
"mt1": { "margin-top": ".5rem" },
"mt2": { "margin-top": "1rem" },
"mr0": { "margin-right": "0rem" },
"mr1": { "margin-right": ".5rem" },
"mr2": { "margin-right": "1rem" },
"mb0": { "margin-bottom": "0rem" },
"mb1": { "margin-bottom": ".5rem" },
"mb2": { "margin-bottom": "1rem" },
"ml0": { "margin-left": "0rem" },
"ml1": { "margin-left": ".5rem" },
"ml2": { "margin-left": "1rem" }
}
}
When later used in stylesheets, we can then refer to each of these classes by
their generated names, e.g. ma0
to disable all margins or mh2
to set both
left & right margins to 1rem
(in this case)...
An individual generator spec JSON object can contain the following keys:
ID | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
doc |
object, optional | Documentation metadata, see section |
key |
string, optional | Method for deriving keys from current value |
name |
string | Parametric name for the generated CSS class(es) |
props |
string or object | CSS property name(s), possibly parametric |
unit |
string, optional | CSS unit to use for values |
user |
any, optional | Custom, arbitrary user data etc. |
values |
string, array or object | Values to be assigned to CSS properties, possibly parametric |
vars |
string[], optional | Array of variation IDs (see section below) |
The number of generated CSS classes per spec is the number of items in values
multiplied by the number of variations in var
(if any).
Any user
data will be stored (as is) with each generated CSS class, but
currently has no direct use in the toolchain and is purely intended for
additional user-defined custom tooling.
Variations can be requested by providing an array of valid variation IDs. If
used, <vid>
or <var>
parameters must be used in the name
or else
naming conflicts will occur.
The following variation presets are available:
ID | Expanded values |
---|---|
"" |
[""] |
"a" |
[""] |
"b" |
["-bottom"] |
"bottom" |
["bottom"] |
"h" |
["-left", "-right"] |
"l" |
["-left"] |
"left" |
["left"] |
"r" |
["-right"] |
"right" |
["right"] |
"t" |
["-top"] |
"top" |
["top"] |
"v" |
["-top", "-bottom"] |
"x" |
["-x"] |
"y" |
["-y"] |
Custom, file-local variations can also be used (parameters in name
and props
will be explained next), e.g.:
{
"vars": {
"svg": ["fill", "stroke"]
},
"specs": [
{
"name": "<var>-<k>",
"props": { "<var>": "<v>" },
"values": { "black": "#000", "white": "#fff", "current": "currentColor" },
"vars": ["svg"]
}
]
}
This spec will generate the following classes:
{
"fill-black": { "fill": "#000" },
"fill-white": { "fill": "#fff" },
"fill-current": { "fill": "currentColor" },
"stroke-black": { "stroke": "#000" },
"stroke-white": { "stroke": "#fff" },
"stroke-current": { "stroke": "currentColor" }
}
The following parameters can (and should) be used in a spec's name
and props
to generate multiple pattern-based values (more examples below).
<vid>
is the ID of the currently processed variation (e.g. a value from the ID column in the above table). If no variations are requested, this value will be an empty string.<var>
is one of the expanded values for the current variation (e.g. 2nd column of variations table). If no variations are defined, this too will be an empty string.<v>
is the currently processed value of a spec'svalues
.<k>
is the (possibly derived) key for the currently processed value of a spec'svalues
collection and will depend on the type ofvalues
(see key value generation)
The values
are used to populate the props
(CSS properties). If values
is a
string it will be used as table-name to look up in the current spec file's
tables
, an object storing value collections which should be shared among specs
(only in the same file).
Other allowed types of values
: string array, numeric array or object of
key-value pairs (where values are strings or numbers too). The following
examples will all produce the same outcome:
Using a named tables
entry:
{
"tables": {
"test": ["red", "green", "blue"]
},
"specs": [
{
"name": "test-<v>",
"props": "color",
"values": "test"
}
]
}
Using an array directly (here only showing the spec itself for brevity):
{
"name": "test-<v>",
"props": "color",
"values": ["red", "green", "blue"]
}
Using an object (ignoring the keys, only using the values here):
{
"name": "test-<v>",
"props": "color",
"values": { "r": "red", "g": "green", "b": "blue"}
}
All 3 versions will result in these utility classes:
{
"test-red": { "color": "red" },
"test-green": { "color": "green" },
"test-blue": { "color": "blue" }
}
The props
field is used to define one or more CSS property names and
optionally their intended values (both can be parametric). If props
is a
string, the values assigned to the property will be those given in values
(optionally with assigned unit
, if provided)
{
"name": "bg<k>",
"props": {
"background-image": "url(<v>)",
"background-size": "cover",
},
"values": ["abc.jpg", "def.jpg", "xyz.jpg"]
}
Will result in these definitions:
{
"bg0": { "background-image": "url(abc.jpg)", "background-size": "cover" },
"bg1": { "background-image": "url(def.jpg)", "background-size": "cover" },
"bg2": { "background-image": "url(xyz.jpg)", "background-size": "cover" }
}
The key
field is only used when values
is resolving to an array. In this
case this field determines how a "key" value (aka the <k>
param for string
interpolation) will be derived for each value in values
:
key |
values |
Description | Examples |
---|---|---|---|
v |
[10, 20, ...] |
Actual array item value | 10, 20, ... |
i |
[10, 20, ...] |
Array item index | 0, 1,... |
i+1 |
[10, 20, ...] |
Array item index + 1 | 1, 2,... |
If values
resolves to an object, the <k>
param will always be the key of the
currently processed value.
{
"name": "test-<k>",
"props": "test-prop",
"values": { "abc": 23, "xyz": 42 }
}
The above spec will generate the following (some parts omitted):
{
"test-abc": { "test-prop": 23 },
"test-xyz": { "test-prop": 42 },
}
As a special case of "normal" generator specs described above, the toolchain also supports the generation of so-called templated classes, which are very much like callable functions and will later accept zero or more arguments when used in a MetaCSS stylesheet.
These template specs are almost identical to the normal spec format, with the
exception of not using the key
and values
fields, since values will only
be provided by the user at a later stage, via template arguments.
A simple generator spec for a templated animation, including keyframe definitions and documentation metadata:
{
"decls": [
["@keyframes" ,"shrink", { "height": "var(--shrink-size)" }, { "height": 0 }]
],
"tpls": [
{
"name": "shrink",
"props": {
"--shrink-size": "{0}",
"animation": "shrink {1}s ease-out forward"
},
"doc": {
"group": "animation",
"desc": "Animation which shrinks the height from given value down to zero",
"args": [
"height: initial height (incl. units)",
"duration: in seconds"
]
}
}
]
}
In a MetaCSS stylesheet, the template can then be used like a function call, like so:
shrink(4rem, 1)
Here, two arguments are supplied as comma-separated list between the (
..)
parens. In the template definition the {0}
/{1}
patterns are indicating where
these numbered args will be inserted. Templates support any number of
params/arguments and each one can be used multiple times in multiple locations,
incl. property names, values, and in documentation (group
, desc
and args
fields).
When templates are compiled, the number of expected args is computed automatically and later checked against the actually given args when the template is used. An error will be thrown if the given number of args differs.
Any commas inside an argument must be escaped using \,
, e.g.
// wrong (the comma inside `repeat()` MUST be escaped...)
#test { grid grid-cols(repeat(3, 1fr), 16rem) }
// correct
#test { grid grid-cols(repeat(3\, 1fr), 16rem) }
If a template's props
is a string, the optional unit
field can be used to
auto-assign a CSS unit to provided args. If props
is an object, the unit
option will be ignored.
Using the example template defined above, the MetaCSS stylesheet
#test { shrink(4rem, 0.5) }
will then be expanded to:
#test {
--shrink-size: 4rem;
animation: shrink 0.5s ease-out forward;
}
Media queries can be defined via the top-level media
object in a spec file.
Each query has an ID and an object of one or more query criteria.
The key-value pairs of the conditional object are interpreted as follows and
ALWAYS combined using and
:
Key/Value pair | Result |
---|---|
"min-width": "10rem" |
(min-width: 10rem) |
"prefers-color-scheme": "dark" |
(prefers-color-scheme: dark) |
print: true |
print |
print: false |
not print |
print: "only" |
only print |
See media queries in the bundled base specs
Each of the JSON spec files can provide fixed CSS declarations via the decls
key. These declarations are to be given in
thi.ng/hiccup-css
format and are passed as is to the CSS serializer used by the convert
and
export
commands. Please see
/specs/normalize.mcss.json
for examples and the thi.ng/hiccup-css
readme
for detailed reference.
{
"decls": [
[":root", { "font-size": "16px" }],
["*", { "margin": 0 }]
]
}
The convert
command is used to compile & bundle actual CSS from user-provided
MetaCSS stylesheets (.mcss
files) and the JSON framework specs created by the
generate
command. The meta-stylesheets support any CSS selectors, are nestable
and compose full CSS declarations from lists of the utility classes in the
generated framework.
Each item (aka utility class name) can be prefixed with an arbitrary number of
media query IDs (also custom defined in the framework): e.g. dark:bg-color-black
might refer to a CSS class to set a black ground, with the dark:
prefix
referring to a defined media query which only applies this class when dark mode
is enabled...
Selectors, declarations and media query criteria will be deduplicated and merged
from multiple input files. The resulting CSS will only contain referenced
rules and can be generated in minified or pretty printed formats (it's also
possible to force include CSS classes which are otherwise
unreferenced). Additionally, multiple
.mcss
stylesheets can be watched for changes (their definitions getting
merged), and existing CSS files can be included (prepended) in the output(s) too.
metacss convert --help
Usage: metacss convert [opts] input [...]
Flags:
-b, --bundle Bundle inputs (see `out` option)
-d, --no-decls Don't emit framework decls
--no-header Don't emit generated header comment
--no-write Don't write files, use stdout only
-p, --pretty Pretty print output
-v, --verbose Display extra process information
-w, --watch Watch input files for changes
Main:
-e STR, --eval STR eval meta stylesheet in given string (ignores other
inputs & includes)
-f STR, --force STR [multiple] CSS classes to force include (wildcards are
supported, @-prefix will read from file)
-I STR, --include STR [multiple] Include CSS files (prepend)
-o STR, --out STR Output file (or stdout)
--scope STR Suffix for CSS class names
-s STR, --specs STR [required] Path to generated JSON defs
Notes:
- The
--no-write
flag is only used if--bundle
is disabled - The
--out
file arg is only used if--bundle
is enabled - The
--scope
option can be used to specify a suffix for all CSS classes.
If bundling is disabled (default), each input .mcss
file is converted
individually and results are written to the same directory, but using .css
as
file extension (and unless --no-write
is enabled). This behavior is intended
for local style definitions of web components.
As mentioned earlier, the convert
command transpiles meta-stylesheets into
actual CSS. These stylesheets support any CSS selector, support selector
nesting and have the following basic syntax:
// line comment
selector {
class-id1 class-id2 ...
{
nested-selector {
class-id3 ...
{
...
}
}
}
}
As indicated by the above file structure, .mcss
stylesheets purely consist of
CSS selectors and the names of the utility classes defined in a generated framework.
For example, using the bundled framework specs,
this simple meta-stylesheet body { ma0 monospace blue }
creates a CSS rule for
body
with the definitions of the generated ma0
, monospace
and blue
classes inline-expanded:
body {
margin: 0rem;
font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace;
color: #357edd;
}
This toolchain doesn't pre-generate media-query-specific versions of any CSS
class, and any utility class ID/token can be prefixed with any number of media
query IDs (separated by :
). These media queries are defined as part of the
framework generation specs and when used as a prefix,
multiple query IDs can be combined freely. For example, the meta-stylesheet
a:hover { dark:bg-color-blue dark:anim:bg-anim2 }
will auto-create two separate CSS
@media
-query blocks for the query IDs dark
and (dark AND anim)
:
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
a:hover {
background-color: #357edd;
}
}
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) and (not (prefers-reduced-motion)) {
a:hover {
transition: 0.25s background-color ease-in-out;
}
}
A more detailed example, split over two files (for merging & bundling):
readme.mcss:
body {
// no margins
ma0
// default colors
bg-color-white color-black
// colors for dark mode
dark:bg-color-black dark:color-white
}
#app { ma3 }
.bt-group-v > a {
db w-100 l:w-50 ph3 pv2 bwb1
dark:bg-color-purple dark:color-white dark:b--color-black
light:bg-color-light-blue light:color-black light:b--color-white
// nested selectors
{
:hover { bg-color-gold color-black anim:bg-anim2 }
:first-child { brt3 }
:last-child { brb3 bwb0 }
}
}
readme2.mcss:
We will merge the definitions in this file with the ones above (i.e. adding & overriding some of the declarations, here: a larger border radius):
#app { pa2 }
.bt-group-v > a {
{
// override border radii
:first-child { brt4 }
:last-child { brb4 }
}
}
# if no --out dir is specified, writes result to stdout...
# use previously generated framework for resolving all identifiers & media queries
metacss convert --pretty --specs framework.json readme.mcss readme2.mcss
Resulting merged CSS bundle output:
/*! MetaCSS base v0.0.1 - generated by thi.ng/meta-css @ 2023-12-18T12:22:36.548Z */
body {
margin: 0rem;
background-color: #fff;
color: #000;
}
#app {
margin: 1rem;
padding: .5rem;
}
.bt-group-v > a {
display: block;
width: 100%;
padding-left: 1rem;
padding-right: 1rem;
padding-top: .5rem;
padding-bottom: .5rem;
border-bottom-style: solid;
border-bottom-width: .125rem;
}
.bt-group-v > a:hover {
background-color: #ffb700;
color: #000;
}
.bt-group-v > a:first-child {
border-top-left-radius: 1rem;
border-top-right-radius: 1rem;
}
.bt-group-v > a:last-child {
border-bottom-left-radius: 1rem;
border-bottom-right-radius: 1rem;
border-bottom-style: solid;
border-bottom-width: 0rem;
}
@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark) {
body {
background-color: #000;
color: #fff;
}
.bt-group-v > a {
background-color: #5e2ca5;
color: #fff;
border-color: #000;
}
}
@media (min-width:60rem) {
.bt-group-v > a {
width: 50%;
}
}
@media (prefers-color-scheme:light) {
.bt-group-v > a {
background-color: #96ccff;
color: #000;
border-color: #fff;
}
}
@media not (prefers-reduced-motion) {
.bt-group-v > a:hover {
transition: 0.2s background-color ease-in-out;
}
}
One or more existing CSS files can be included & prepended to the output via the
--include
/-I
arg (which can be given multiple times). These files are used
verbatim and will not be transformed or reformatted in any way.
Only the CSS classes (and their optionally associated media queries) referenced
in a .mcss
stylesheet will appear in the export CSS bundle. This ensures that
the resulting CSS will only contain what's actually used (same effect as
tree-shaking, only vastly more efficient). However, this also means any CSS
classes (and optionally, their media query qualifiers) which are otherwise
referenced (e.g. from JS/TS source code or HTML docs) will not be included
by default and they will need to be listed manually for forced inclusion.
This can be achieved via the --force
/-f
arg (also can be given multiple
times). This option also supports basic *
-wildcard patterns, e.g. bg-*
to
include all classes with prefix bg-
. Furthermore, for larger projects it's
useful to store these names/patterns in a separate file. For that purpose, use
the @
prefix (e.g. -f @includes.txt
) to indicate reading from file (only
reading from a single file is supported at current)... See the meta-css-basics
example
project
for concrete usage...
The export
command is intended for those who're mainly interested in the CSS
framework generation aspects of this toolchain. This command merely takes an
existing generated framework JSON file and serializes it to a single CSS file,
e.g. to be then used with other CSS tooling (e.g. postcss
).
As with the convert
command, additional CSS files can also be included
(prepended) in the output file.
If the --only-decls
option is used, only the framework
declarations but none of the generated utility classes
will be exported.
The --scope
option can be used to specify a suffix for all CSS classes.
metacss export --help
Usage: metacss export [opts] input
Flags:
-d, --no-decls Don't emit framework decls
--no-header Don't emit generated header comment
--only-decls Only emit framework decls
-p, --pretty Pretty print output
-v, --verbose Display extra process information
Main:
-I STR, --include STR [multiple] Include CSS files (prepend)
-m ID, --media ID [multiple] Media query IDs (use 'ALL' for all)
-o STR, --out STR Output file (or stdout)
--scope STR Suffix for CSS class names
Users can choose to generate variations of all defined utility classes for any of the framework-defined media query IDs. This will create additional suffixed versions of all classes (with their appropriate media query wrappers) and cause a potentially massive output (depending on the overall number/complexity of the generated classes). Again, the idea is that the resulting CSS file will be post-processed with 3rd party CSS tooling...
For example, if the framework contains a CSS class w-50
(e.g. to set the width
to 50%) and media queries for different screen sizes (e.g. named ns
, l
),
then the export with said media queries will also generate classes w-50-ns
and w-50-l
(incl. their corresponding @media
wrappers).
The develop
command is a combination of the generate
and convert
commands.
It creates file watchers for all input files (both for generator specs and
MCSS stylesheets) and then auto-generates/compiles/updates results. Together
with Vite this command enables a seamless hot-reloading
workflow. Using a multi-process runner like
mprocs further simplifies this.
For example, using one of the bundled example projects in this repo (more examples):
cd examples/meta-css-basics
# launch both metacss in dev mode and vite's dev server
mprocs 'yarn css:watch' 'yarn start:only'
See that example's package.json for concrete usage/reference.
metacss develop --help
Usage: metacss develop [opts] input [...]
Flags:
-b, --bundle Bundle inputs (see `out` option)
-d, --no-decls Don't emit framework decls
--no-header Don't emit generated header comment
-p, --pretty Pretty print output
-v, --verbose Display extra process information
-w, --watch Watch input files for changes
Main:
-e STR, --eval STR eval meta stylesheet in given string (ignores other
inputs & includes)
-f STR, --force STR [multiple] CSS classes to force include (wildcards are
supported, @-prefix will read from file)
-I STR, --include STR [multiple] Include CSS files (prepend)
--out-css STR [required] Output file for CSS bundle
--out-specs STR [required] Output file for framework
--prec INT Number of fractional digits (default: 3)
--scope STR Suffix for CSS class names
Generator specs and templates can include documentation metadata, which can then
be utilized to produce Markdown documentation via the metacss doc
command:
metacss doc --help
Usage: metacss doc [opts] input [...]
Flags:
-v, --verbose Display extra process information
Main:
-l INT, --level INT Initial heading level (default: 1)
-o STR, --out STR Output file (or stdout)
-t STR, --title STR Main title, set to 'none' to disable (default: "meta")
The command allows for customization of the initial heading level and title.
All generator specs and
templates can include a doc
object with this
structure:
"doc": {
"group": "Section name for the group this spec belongs to",
"desc": "Description of this spec/class/template",
"args": [
"argName1: description",
"argName2: description...",
]
}
Note: The args
field is only used for documenting
templates.
All values in this doc
object can contain parameters which
will be interpolated when the framework specs are expanded (via the generate
command). For example, the following spec:
{
"doc": { "group": "box sizing", "desc": "<v>" },
"name": "<v>",
"props": "box-sizing",
"values": ["border-box", "content-box"]
}
...will be expanded to produce these CSS classes:
{
"border-box": {
"__doc": { "group": "box sizing", "desc": "border-box" },
"box-sizing": "border-box"
},
"content-box": {
"__doc": { "group": "box sizing", "desc": "content-box" },
"box-sizing": "content-box"
}
}
The command is also used to produce the following documentation of the included base framework specs.
The package includes a large number of useful generator specs in /specs. These are readily usable (and used by a growing number of example projects in this repo), but also are provided as starting point to define your own custom framework(s)...
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npx @thi.ng/meta-css --help
Bun is required instead of Node JS. The toolchain itself is distributed as CLI bundle with no runtime dependencies. The following dependencies are only shown for informational purposes and are (partially) included in the bundle.
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