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@thi.ng/color

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Note

This is one of 199 standalone projects, maintained as part of the @thi.ng/umbrella monorepo and anti-framework.

🚀 Please help me to work full-time on these projects by sponsoring me on GitHub. Thank you! ❤️

For the Clojure version, please visit: thi.ng/color-clj

About

Array-based color types, CSS parsing, conversions, transformations, declarative theme generation, gradients, presets.

Supported color spaces / modes

Fast color model/space conversions (any direction) between (in alphabetical order). All types support an alpha channel, which defaults to 100% opaque (apart from the integer types).

  • ABGR (uint32, 0xaabbggrr, aka sRGB(A) as packed int)
  • ARGB (uint32, 0xaarrggbb, aka sRGB(A) as packed int)
  • CSS (string, hex3/4/6/8, named colors, system colors, rgba(), hsla(), lch(), lab(), etc.)
  • HCY (float4, similar to LCH)
  • HSI (float4)
  • HSL (float4)
  • HSV (float4)
  • Lab (float4, D50/D65 versions)
  • LCH (float4)
  • Oklab (float4)
  • Oklch (float4) (polar version of oklab)
  • RGB (float4, linear)
  • sRGB (float4, gamma corrected)
  • XYY (float4)
  • XYZ (float4, aka CIE 1931, D50/D65 versions)
  • YCC (float4, aka YCbCr)
From/To CSS HCY HSI HSL HSV Int Lab LCH Oklab Oklch RGB sRGB XYY XYZ YCC
CSS 🆎 🆎 🆎 (1) (4) 🆎 🆎 🆎
HCY 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 (2) (2) 🆎 🆎 🆎
HSI 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 (2) (2) 🆎 🆎 🆎
HSL 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 (2) (2) 🆎 🆎 🆎
HSV 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 (2) (2) 🆎 🆎 🆎
Int 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎
Lab (5) 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 (3) 🆎 🆎 (3) 🆎 🆎 (3) 🆎
LCH (5) 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎
Oklab (5) 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎
Oklch (5) 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎
RGB 🆎 (2) (2) (2) (2) (3) 🆎 🆎 (3) (2)
sRGB (2) (2) (2) (2) 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎
XYY 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎
XYZ 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 (3) 🆎
YCC 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 🆎 (2) 🆎 🆎 🆎
  • ✅ - direct conversion
  • 🆎 - indirect conversion (mostly via RGB/sRGB)
  • (1) - only via parseHex()
  • (2) - no consideration for linear/gamma encoded RGB/sRGB (see Wikipedia)
  • (3) - including D50/D65 illuminant options
  • (4) - parsed as Lab w/ D50 illuminant as per CSS Color Module Level 4
  • (5) - only if targeting CSS Color Module Level 4 or newer

Color creation / conversion

Each color type provides a factory function to create & convert color instances from other models/spaces. These functions can take the following arguments:

  • CSS string
  • number (interpreted as packed ARGB int32)
  • array of color channel values (used as is)
  • scalars (one per channel, alpha optional, always defaults to 1.0)
  • color instance (might trigger conversion if needed)

Additionally, an optional target backing buffer, start index and stride can be given. See next section.

Some examples:

import { css, labD50, rgb, srgb } from "@thi.ng/color";

srgb("#ff0")
// $Color { offset: 0, stride: 1, buf: [ 1, 1, 0, 1 ] }

srgb(0x44ffff00)
// $Color { offset: 0, stride: 1, buf: [ 1, 1, 0, 0.26666666666666666 ] }

srgb(1,1,0)
// $Color { offset: 0, stride: 1, buf: [ 1, 1, 0, 1 ] }

srgb([0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4])
// $Color { offset: 0, stride: 1, buf: [ 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 ] }

// convert RGB CSS into Lab (D50)
labD50("#ff0")
// $Color {
//   offset: 0,
//   stride: 1,
//   buf: [ 0.9760712516622824, -0.1575287517691254, 0.9338847788323792, 1 ]
// }

// convert RGB CSS into Lab CSS (CSS Level 4 only)
css(labD50("#ff0"))
// 'lab(97.607% -15.753 93.388)'

// round trip:
// CSS -> sRGB -> lin RGB -> Lab -> lin RGB -> sRGB -> CSS
css(rgb(labD50("#ff0")))
// '#ffff00'

Additionally, colors can be created from black body temperatures (kelvinRgb()) or wavelengths (wavelengthXyz()).

kelvinRgb() result swatches

wavelengthXyz() result swatches

Storage & memory mapping

All color types store their channel values in plain arrays, typed arrays of (mostly) normalized values ([0,1] interval). Where applicable, the hue too is stored in that range (similar to CSS turn units), NOT in degrees. Likewise, luminance is always stored in the [0,1] too, even for Lab, LCH where often the [0,100] range is used instead.

As a fairly unique feature, all color types can be used to provided views of a backing memory buffer (e.g. for WASM/WebGL/WebGPU interop, pixel buffers etc.), incl. support for arbitrary component strides.

The lightweight class wrappers act similarly to the Vec2/3/4 wrappers in @thi.ng/vectors, support striding (for mapped memory views), named channel accessor aliases (in addition to array indexing) and are fully compatible with all vector functions.

Memory diagram of densely packed buffer

import { Hue, css, namedHueRgb, rgb, srgb } from "@thi.ng/color";

const memory = new Float32Array(16);

// create RGBA color views of buffer: num, start index, strides
// here the colors are tightly packed w/o gaps in between
// (by default entire buffer is mapped, last 4 args are optional)
const colors = rgb.mapBuffer(memory, 4, 0, 1, 4);

// manipulating the colors, will directly manipulate the underlying buffer
namedHueRgb(colors[0], Hue.ORANGE);
namedHueRgb(colors[1], Hue.CHARTREUSE);
namedHueRgb(colors[2], Hue.SPRING_GREEN);
namedHueRgb(colors[3], Hue.AZURE);

memory
// Float32Array(16) [ 1, 0.5, 0, 1, 0.5, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0.5, 1, 0, 0.5, 1, 1 ]

css(colors[0])
// '#ff8000'
css(colors[1])
// '#80ff00'
css(colors[2])
// '#00ff80'
css(colors[3])
// '#0080ff'

// use deref() to obtain a packed copy
colors[0].deref()
// [ 1, 0.5, 0, 1 ]

Memory diagram of strided & interleaved buffer

// here we create a *strided* WebGL attrib buffer for 3 points
// each point defines a: 3D position, UV coords and RGB(A) color
const attribs = new Float32Array([
  // pos     uv   color
  0,0,0,     0,0, 0.25,0.5,0,1,
  100,0,0,   1,0, 0.5,0.5,0.25,1,
  100,100,0, 1,1, 0,1,0.5,1,
]);

// create strided view of colors
// 3 items, start index 5, component stride 1, element stride 9
const colors2 = srgb.mapBuffer(attribs, 3, 5, 1, 9);

css(colors2[0])
// '#408000'
css(colors2[1])
// '#808040'
css(colors2[2])
// '#00ff80'

Color theme generation

The package provides several methods for declarative & probabilistic color theme generation. The latter relies on the concept of LCH color ranges, which can be sampled directly and/or mixed with a base color (of any type) to produce randomized variations. Furthermore, multiple such ranges can be combined into a weighted set to define probabilistic color themes.

import {
    COLOR_RANGES,
    colorFromRange,
    colorsFromRange,
    colorsFromTheme,
    hsv,
    lch,
} from "@thi.ng/color";

// single random color drawn from the "bright" color range preset
colorFromRange("bright");
// [ 0.7302125322518669, 0.8519945301256682, 0.8134374983367859, 1 ]

// single random color based on given raw HSV base color and preset
colorFromRange("warm", { base: hsv(0.33, 1, 1) });
// $Color {
//   offset: 0,
//   stride: 1,
//   buf: [ 0.774977122048776, 0.7432832945738063, 0.3186095419992927, 1 ]
// }

// infinite iterator of colors sampled from the preset
// (see table below)
const colors = colorsFromRange("bright");
colors.next();
// {
//   value: [ 0.006959075656347791, 0.8760165887192115, 0.912149937028727, 1 ],
//   done: false
// }

// 10 cool reds, w/ ±10% hue variance
[...colorsFromRange("cool", { num: 10, base: lch(1, 0.8, 0), variance: 0.1 })];

// generate colors based on given (weighted) textual description(s)
// here using named CSS colors, but could also be or typed colors or raw LCH tuples
[
    ...colorsFromTheme(
        [
            ["warm", "goldenrod"],
            ["cool", "springgreen", 0.1],
        ],
        { num: 100, variance: 0.05 }
    ),
];

// theme parts can also be given in the format used internally
// all keys are optional (range, base, weight),
// but at least `range` or `base` must be given...
[
    ...colorsFromTheme(
        [
            { range: "warm", base: "goldenrod" },
            { range: COLOR_RANGES.cool, base: hsv(0, 1, 0.5), weight: 0.1 },
        ],
        { num: 100, variance: 0.05 }
    ),
];

This table below shows three sets of sample swatches for each color range preset and the following color theme (raw samples and chunked & sorted):

  • 1/3 goldenrod
  • 1/3 turquoise
  • 1/3 pink
  • 1/6 black
  • 1/6 gray
  • 1/6 white
ID 100 colors drawn from color range preset
bright color swatches
color swatches
color swatches
cool color swatches
color swatches
color swatches
dark color swatches
color swatches
color swatches
fresh color swatches
color swatches
color swatches
hard color swatches
color swatches
color swatches
intense color swatches
color swatches
color swatches
light color swatches
color swatches
color swatches
neutral color swatches
color swatches
color swatches
soft color swatches
color swatches
color swatches
warm color swatches
color swatches
color swatches
weak color swatches
color swatches
color swatches

Full example:

import { colorsFromTheme, swatchesH, type ColorThemePartTuple } from "@thi.ng/color";
import { serialize } from "@thi.ng/hiccup";
import { svg } from "@thi.ng/hiccup-svg";
import { writeFileSync } "node:fs";

// color theme definition using:
// color range preset names, CSS colors and weights
const theme: ColorThemePartTuple[] = [
    ["cool", "goldenrod"],
    ["hard", "hotpink", 0.1],
    ["fresh", "springgreen", 0.1],
];

// generate 200 LCH colors based on above description
const colors = [...colorsFromTheme(theme, { num: 200, variance: 0.05 })];

// create SVG doc of color swatches (hiccup format)
const doc = svg(
    { width: 1000, height: 50, __convert: true },
    swatchesH(colors, 5, 50)
);

// serialize to SVG file
writeFileSync("swatches-ex01.svg", serialize(doc));

example result color swatches

Color sorting & distance

The package provides several functions to compute full or channel-wise distances between colors. These functions can also be used for sorting color arrays (see below).

  • distChannel - single channel distance only
  • distHsv / distHsvSat / distHsvLuma
  • distEucledian3 / distEucledian4
  • distRgbLuma / distSrgbLuma
  • distCIEDE2000
  • distCMC

The sort() function can be used to sort an array of colors using arbitrary sort criteria (basically any function which can transform a color into a number). The following comparators are bundled:

import {
    colorsFromTheme,
    distCIEDE2000,
    lch,
    proximity,
    sort,
    type ColorThemePartTuple,
} from "@thi.ng/color";

// (theme from above example)
const theme: ColorThemePartTuple[] = [
    ["cool", "goldenrod"],
    ["hard", "hotpink", 0.1],
    ["fresh", "springgreen", 0.1],
];

const colors = [...colorsFromTheme(theme, { num: 200, variance: 0.05 })];

sort(colors, proximity(lch("#fff"), distCIEDE2000()));

sorted color swatches

Sorting memory-mapped colors

Memory mapped colors (e.g. a mapped pixel buffer) can be sorted (in place) via sortMapped(). This function does NOT change the order of elements in the given colors array, BUT instead sorts the apparent order by swapping the contents of the backing memory.

See the pixel sorting example for a concrete use case...

import { css, luminanceSrgb, sortMapped, srgb } from "@thi.ng/color";

// memory buffer of 4 sRGB colors
const buf = new Float32Array([
    0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0.5, 0, 1, 0, 0.25, 0, 1, 0, 0.75, 0, 1,
]);

// map buffer (creates 4 SRGB instances linked to the buffer)
const pix = srgb.mapBuffer(buf);

// display original order
console.log(pix.map((x) => css(x)));
// [ '#00ff00', '#008000', '#004000', '#00bf00' ]

// sort colors (buffer!) by luminance
sortMapped(pix, luminanceSrgb);

// new order
console.log(pix.map((x) => css(x)));
// [ '#004000', '#008000', '#00bf00', '#00ff00' ]

// buffer contents have been re-ordered
console.log(buf);
// Float32Array(16) [
//     0, 0.25, 0, 1,
//     0, 0.5, 0, 1,
//     0, 0.75, 0, 1,
//     0, 1, 0, 1
// ]

Gradients

The package provides several approaches, functions and presets to declaratively define color gradients and then sample them at user-defined resolutions to compute arrays of colors which can then be used for look-up purposes (e.g. mapping data values to colors).

Multi-stop gradients in any color space

The multiColorGradient() function can be used to generate gradients in any color space and gradient stops must be using all the same color type. Colors are pairwise interpolated, and by default, uses generic mix() function which delegates to type specific strategies. See GradientOpts for details.

LCH example gradient

import { lch, multiColorGradient, swatchesH } from "@thi.ng/color";
import { serialize } from "@thi.ng/hiccup";
import { svg } from "@thi.ng/hiccup-svg";
import { writeFileSync } "node:fs";

const L = 0.8;
const C = 0.8;

const gradient = multiColorGradient({
    num: 100,
    // gradient stops
    stops: [
        [0, lch(L, C, 0)],
        [1 / 3, lch(L, C, 1 / 3)],
        [2 / 3, lch(L, C, 2 / 3)],
        [1, lch(L, 0, 1)],
    ],
    // optionally with easing function
    // easing: (t) => t * t,
});

writeFileSync(
    "lch-gradient.svg",
    serialize(
        svg(
            { width: 500, height: 50, __convert: true },
            swatchesH(gradient, 5, 50)
        )
    )
);

Cosine gradients

The following presets are bundled (in cosine-gradients.ts):

Preview Gradient ID
gradient: blue-cyan blue-cyan
gradient: blue-magenta-orange blue-magenta-orange
gradient: blue-white-red blue-white-red
gradient: cyan-magenta cyan-magenta
gradient: green-blue-orange green-blue-orange
gradient: green-cyan green-cyan
gradient: green-magenta green-magenta
gradient: green-red green-red
gradient: heat1 heat1
gradient: magenta-green magenta-green
gradient: orange-blue orange-blue
gradient: orange-magenta-blue orange-magenta-blue
gradient: purple-orange-cyan purple-orange-cyan
gradient: rainbow1 rainbow1
gradient: rainbow2 rainbow2
gradient: rainbow3 rainbow3
gradient: rainbow4 rainbow4
gradient: red-blue red-blue
gradient: yellow-green-blue yellow-green-blue
gradient: yellow-magenta-cyan yellow-magenta-cyan
gradient: yellow-purple-magenta yellow-purple-magenta
gradient: yellow-red yellow-red
Two-color cosine gradients

The cosineCoeffs() function can be used to compute the cosine gradient coefficients between 2 start/end colors:

import { css, cosineCoeffs, cosineGradient } from "@thi.ng/color";

// compute gradient coeffs between red / green
console.log(
    cosineGradient(10, cosineCoeffs([1, 0, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0, 1])).map((x) => css(x))
);
// '#ff00ff'
// '#f708f7'
// '#e11ee1'
// '#bf40bf'
// '#966996'
// '#699669'
// '#40bf40'
// '#1ee11e'
// '#08f708'
// '#00ff00'
Multi-stop gradients

The multiCosineGradient() function returns an iterator of raw RGB colors based on given gradient stops. This iterator computes a cosine gradient between each color stop and yields a sequence of RGB values.

import { css, multiCosineGradient, srgb } from "@thi.ng/color";

const gradient = multiCosineGradient({
    num: 10,
    // gradient stops (normalized positions)
    stops: [
        [0.1, [1, 0, 0, 1]],
        [0.5, [0, 1, 0, 1]],
        [0.9, [0, 0, 1, 1]],
    ],
    // optional color transform/coercion
    tx: srgb
});

console.log(gradient);
// [
// 	[1, 0, 0, 1],
// 	[1, 0, 0, 1],
// 	[0.854, 0.146, 0, 1],
// 	[0.5, 0.5, 0, 1],
// 	[0.146, 0.854, 0, 1],
// 	[0, 1, 0, 1],
// 	[0, 0.854, 0.146, 1],
// 	[0, 0.5, 0.5, 1],
// 	[0, 0.146, 0.853, 1],
// 	[0, 0, 1, 1],
// 	[0, 0, 1, 1]
// ]

// convert to CSS
console.log(gradient.map((x) => css(x)));
// [
//   "#ff0000",
//   "#ff0000",
//   "#da2500",
//   "#807f00",
//   "#25da00",
//   "#00ff00",
//   "#00da25",
//   "#00807f",
//   "#0025da",
//   "#0000ff",
//   "#0000ff",
// ]

RGB color transformations

RGB color matrix transformations, including parametric preset transforms:

  • brightness
  • contrast
  • exposure
  • saturation (luminance aware)
  • hue rotation
  • color temperature (warm / cold)
  • sepia (w/ fade amount)
  • tint (green / magenta)
  • grayscale (luminance aware)
  • subtraction/inversion (also available as non-matrix op)
  • luminance to alpha

Transformation matrices can be combined using matrix multiplication / concatenation (see concat()) for more efficient application.

Status

STABLE - used in production

Search or submit any issues for this package

Support packages

Related packages

  • @thi.ng/pixel - Typedarray integer & float pixel buffers w/ customizable formats, blitting, drawing, convolution
  • @thi.ng/vectors - Optimized 2d/3d/4d and arbitrary length vector operations, support for memory mapping/layouts

Installation

yarn add @thi.ng/color

ESM import:

import * as color from "@thi.ng/color";

Browser ESM import:

<script type="module" src="https://esm.run/@thi.ng/color"></script>

JSDelivr documentation

For Node.js REPL:

const color = await import("@thi.ng/color");

Package sizes (brotli'd, pre-treeshake): ESM: 15.79 KB

Dependencies

Note: @thi.ng/api is in most cases a type-only import (not used at runtime)

Usage examples

27 projects in this repo's /examples directory are using this package:

Screenshot Description Live demo Source
Basic 2D boid simulation and spatial indexing neighbor lookups Demo Source
Tool to interactively compute & visualize color contrasts against WCAG threshold Demo Source
Probabilistic color theme generator Demo Source
Heatmap visualization of this mono-repo's commits Source
Color palette generation via dominant color extraction from uploaded images Demo Source
Fiber-based cooperative multitasking basics Demo Source
Shape conversions & operations using polygons with holes Demo Source
Piechart visualization of CSV data Demo Source
Iterating the unique edges of a tessellation Demo Source
Augmenting thi.ng/geom shapes for WebGL, using instancing & attribute buffers Demo Source
Converting thi.ng/geom shape types for WebGL Demo Source
Visualization of different grid iterator strategies Demo Source
Various hdom-canvas shape drawing examples & SVG conversion / export Demo Source
Basic hiccup-based canvas drawing Demo Source
k-means clustering visualization Demo Source
Matrix-based image color adjustments Demo Source
Randomized 4-point 2D color gradient image generator Demo Source
Image dithering and remapping using indexed palettes Demo Source
Interactive pixel sorting tool using thi.ng/color & thi.ng/pixel Demo Source
Animated, iterative polygon subdivisions & visualization Demo Source
Animated SVG elements with reactive attributes Demo Source
Fork-join worker-based raymarch renderer (JS/CPU only) Demo Source
Fitting, transforming & plotting 10k data points per frame using SIMD Demo Source
Responsive & reactively computed stacked column layout Demo Source
Multi-layer vectorization & dithering of bitmap images Demo Source
Interactive ridge-line plot Demo Source
Interactively drawing to & reading from a WebGL offscreen render texture Demo Source

API

Generated API docs

Authors

If this project contributes to an academic publication, please cite it as:

@misc{thing-color,
  title = "@thi.ng/color",
  author = "Karsten Schmidt",
  note = "https://thi.ng/color",
  year = 2016
}

License

© 2016 - 2024 Karsten Schmidt // Apache License 2.0