Add C/C++ and Golang toolchains to the DevContainer

[oleg-nenashev]

The Dev Container images currently uses the Python base image and does not allow for building the project itself. It would be nice to add it so that we have portable developer environment for the project.

• Add all necessary packages, ideally update the toolchain mentioned in CONTRIBUTING
• Update the .devcontainer README
• Update the ci workflow on GitHub actions so that it uses Dev Container (see the example on the site)
• Update the contributor guide to use the Dev Container