[v24.1.x] rm_stm/tests: add test for producer expiration without data batches

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #18247 to branch v24.1.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v24.1.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-18247-v24.1.x-415
git cherry-pick -x dd22f58ff11650167f4de5eae577fe1e3a1de430 565c182c013ebbeb5abc997c8784006b5d480e4a

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-18247-v24.1.x-415
gh pr create \
  --title "[v24.1.x] rm_stm/tests: add test for producer expiration without data batches" \
  --base "v24.1.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-18247-v24.1.x-415" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v24.1.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/18247 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-2838](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-2838)

[CORE-2838]: https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-2838?atlOrigin=eyJpIjoiNWRkNTljNzYxNjVmNDY3MDlhMDU5Y2ZhYzA5YTRkZjUiLCJwIjoiZ2l0aHViLWNvbS1KU1cifQ