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<h1 style="text-align: center;display: block;margin: 0;padding: 0;color: var(--body-color);font-family: 'Lora', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;font-size: 26px;font-style: normal;font-weight: bold;line-height: 125%;letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-size:32px">The Orbital Index</span></h1>
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<strong id="short-papers">Short Papers</strong>
- Based on tantalizing evidence returned from the Moon nearside by Chang'e 5, volcanic activity may have occurred there far more recently than previously thought: 120 million years ago vs 2 billion years ago.
- Meanwhile, initial analysis of Chang’e-6’s lunar farside samples provides its own data, via isotope ratios, on lunar volcanism stretching over billions of years in the Moon’s past, with grains found dating from erupted lavas during a period ranging from 2.83 to 4.2 billion years ago (paper, paper).
- Modeling of how impact craters on Titan appear to quickly relax and become shallow after impact led researchers to suggest a 10 km thick crust composed of solid methane clathrate, a compound of methane trapped in a water ice lattice (paper). Hopefully, Dragonfly will teach us more.
- Considering the orbits of more than 35,000 near-Earth asteroids, researchers found some that made close approaches to both Earth and either Mars or Venus. They suggest that astronauts could use these objects as vehicles (and their materials as shielding) during an interplanetary transfer (paper). Perhaps one could be converted into an Earth-Mars cycler?
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Much of Mars’s ancient atmosphere may be locked up in smectite clay, a porous mineral formed by the weathering of volcanic rocks, that can trap gasses. One paper suggests that as much as 80% of Mars’s ancient atmosphere is now trapped in this clay, which could also contain methane and carbon dioxide.
- The giant heart-shaped feature on Pluto composed of nitrogen ice, which was observed by New Horizons in 2015, appears (via simulation) to be the result of a slow but massive oblique-angle collision early in Pluto’s life. The same simulational work also suggests that there is likely no subsurface ocean on Pluto (paper) after all.
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<a href="https://www.planetary.org/space-images/high-resolution-pluto-globe-mvic-enhanced" title="" class="" target="_blank" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
<img alt="" src="https://mcusercontent.com/e215b9e6f9a105b2c34f627a3/images/7223bf8f-233d-ac93-c36a-00609a31f391.png" width="564" style="max-width: 1200px;border-radius: 0%;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;vertical-align: bottom;" class="mcnImage">
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<p style='font-family: Lora, Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 14px;font-weight: normal;text-align: center;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--body-color);line-height: 150%;'>The frozen wasteland of Pluto ❤️ you.</p>
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<p style="padding: 10px;text-align: center;border: 5px double #4FB1BA;line-height: 150%;margin: 10px 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--body-color);font-family: 'Lora', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;font-size: 16px;; background-color: white;"><span style="color:#696969">The Orbital Index is made possible through generous sponsorship by:</span><br>
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<td valign="top" class="mcnTextContent" style="padding: 0px 18px 9px;line-height: 150%;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;word-break: break-word;color: var(--body-color);font-family: 'Lora', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;font-size: 16px;text-align: left;">
<p style="line-height: 150%;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--body-color);font-family: 'Lora', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;font-size: 16px;text-align: left;position: relative;"><strong id="ng-1-ready-for-launch">NG-1, ready for launch. </strong>New Glenn is now fully stacked and <a href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2024/12/new-glenn-hot-fire/" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--mc-link-color);font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">stands at KSC’s LC-36 pad ahead of its maiden launch, potentially before the end of the year</a>. The mission, NG-1 or <em>So You’re Telling Me There’s A Chance</em>, will fly a fixed demonstrator of the <a href="https://www.blueorigin.com/blue-ring" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--mc-link-color);font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">Blue Ring OTV</a> after NASA pulled ESCAPADE from the mission due to launch window concerns. <em>"The [Blue Ring] demonstrator includes a communications array, power systems, and a flight computer affixed to a secondary payload adapter ring. The pathfinder will validate Blue Ring’s communications capabilities from orbit to ground. […] The pathfinder will remain onboard New Glenn’s second stage for the duration of an expected six-hour mission." </em>The first stage may also attempt a landing, although success is definitely not expected. Blue static-fired the GS2 second stage in September and <a href="https://x.com/davill/status/1865884185833148501" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--mc-link-color);font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">cryo-tested GS1 earlier this month</a>. The 98-meter rocket is now “ready for launch this year,” but the company has yet to provide a launch date, so the timeline is looking <em>tight</em>—they’re currently awaiting regulatory approval for the final hot fire and then launch.</p>
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<a href="https://www.blueorigin.com/news/blue-ring-pathfinder-payload" title="" class="" target="_blank" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
<img alt="" src="https://mcusercontent.com/e215b9e6f9a105b2c34f627a3/images/0ebd8347-9894-b102-306a-704baf06feed.png" width="500" style="max-width: 500px;border-radius: 0%;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;vertical-align: bottom;" class="mcnImage">
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<p style='font-family: Lora, Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 14px;font-weight: normal;text-align: center;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--body-color);line-height: 150%;'>The Blue Ring Pathfinder payload for Blue Origin’s NG-1 mission. Demonstration bits of Blue Ring will stay attached to the secondary payload ring during the rocket’s first mission.</p>
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<td valign="top" class="mcnTextContent" style="padding: 0px 18px 9px;line-height: 150%;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;word-break: break-word;color: var(--body-color);font-family: 'Lora', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;font-size: 16px;text-align: left;">
<p style="line-height: 150%;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--body-color);font-family: 'Lora', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;font-size: 16px;text-align: left;position: relative;"><strong id="starship-block-2-rolls-out-and-static-fires">Starship Block 2 rolls out, and static fires. </strong><a href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2024/12/engine-testing-booster-14-static-fire/" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--mc-link-color);font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">The first Block 2 version of Starship, Ship 33, recently rolled out for testing</a> and <a href="https://x.com/NASASpaceflight/status/1868389786194686350" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--mc-link-color);font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">completed its first static fire</a> test. It will be stacked on Booster 14 before it is targeted to complete the first flight of the Block 2 reusable upper stage in January (currently <a href="https://x.com/StarshipGazer/status/1861010431361372529" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--mc-link-color);font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">NET January 11</a>, but could slip to later in the month or early February). This upgraded Ship adds catch hardware for potential use on Flight 8 and an additional ring, making it 1.8 m taller and now totaling 124.4 m when eventually stacked on top of Booster 14. The added height will allow it to pack 300 tons more propellant. Block 2 shrinks the payload section height of the stage but makes up for it with better use of internal space in the nose cone, meaning there will only be a small reduction in usable volume—in fact, Block 2 should increase the number of carryable Starlink V3 sats from ~40 to 54 per launch. The upgrade also moves the forward flaps to 140° apart (vs 180° on previous vehicles), putting them out of the main plasma stream during reentry and significantly reducing the number of required glued-on tiles (which are less reliable and were previously used around section and dome welds).</p>
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<a href="https://x.com/StarshipGazer/status/1866899495251788023" title="" class="" target="_blank" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
<img alt="" src="https://mcusercontent.com/e215b9e6f9a105b2c34f627a3/images/16343309-6eff-01b6-f217-948d6d20259e.jpg" width="564" style="max-width: 801px;border-radius: 0%;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;vertical-align: bottom;" class="mcnImage">
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Ship 33 with its flaps folded back, showing its new, sleeker layout. Smaller, non-glued tile bands can be seen with light red outlines at multiple section welds.
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<p style="line-height: 150%;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--body-color);font-family: 'Lora', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;font-size: 16px;text-align: left;"><strong>Support Us›</strong> Orbital Index is made possible by readers like you. If you appreciate our writing, <a href="https://ko-fi.com/orbitalindex" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--mc-link-color);font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">please support us with a monthly membership</a>!</p>
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<strong id="news-in-brief">News in brief.</strong> Panama, Thailand, and Austria <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-invites-media-to-panama-austria-artemis-accords-signings" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--mc-link-color);font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">joined the Artemis Accords</a>, bringing the number of signatory nations to 51 <strong>● </strong>Australian Fleet Space raised a <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/12/fleet-space-raises-100m-to-scale-satellite-enabled-mineral-prospecting-tech/" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--mc-link-color);font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">$100M Series D</a> to scale their IoT satellite constellation, which is focused on mineral prospecting <strong>● </strong>JPL <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-performs-first-aircraft-accident-investigation-on-another-world/" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--mc-link-color);font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">completed investigation</a> of Ingenuity’s final flight, citing the root cause as ‘degraded navigation due to visually bland terrain’ <strong>● </strong>China <a href="https://english.news.cn/20241212/9465583159ad451291bf58558388fee4/c.html?utm_source=ActiveCampaign&utm_medium=email&utm_content=SpaceX%20moves%20to%20incorporate%20Starbase%20as%20a%20city&utm_campaign=FIRST%20UP%202024-12-13" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--mc-link-color);font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">launched five experimental satellites</a>, presumably testing laser comms, as part of their ‘High-Speed Laser Diamond Constellation Test System’ <strong>● </strong>French startup Ion-X raised a <a href="https://spacenews.com/ion-x-raises-13-million-euros-to-produce-electrospray-thrusters/" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--mc-link-color);font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">$13.7M Series A</a> to develop electrospray thrusters for small satellites <strong>● </strong>Washington State-based startup Lumen Orbit raised an <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/11/200-vcs-wanted-to-get-into-lumen-orbits-11m-seed-round/" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--mc-link-color);font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">$11M seed</a> to build orbital data centers, promising to help AI companies scale beyond data center size and power limitations on Earth <strong>● </strong>The EU signed an <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/16/eu-signs-11b-deal-for-sovereign-satellite-constellation-to-rival-musks-starlink/" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--mc-link-color);font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">$11B deal</a> to further the development and launch of 290 internet satellites, in MEO, high LEO, and lower LEO shells, for their <a href="https://defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu/eu-space/iris2-secure-connectivity_en" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--mc-link-color);font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">IRIS² constellation</a> <strong>● </strong>NASA is <a href="https://x.com/jeff_foust/status/1866894709723107537" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--mc-link-color);font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">looking for other launch windows</a> in 2025/26 for the ESCAPADE Mars mission (due to New Glenn not launching as planned in October) <strong>●</strong> Astroscales’s ADRAS-J spacecraft <a href="https://astroscale.com/astroscales-adras-j-achieves-historic-15-meter-approach-to-space-debris/" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--mc-link-color);font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">made its final approach</a> to the defunct JAXA rocket upper stage that it has been chasing for a year, aborting before its planned final distance but still reaching 15 m (the closest approach to space debris by a commercial company)—the <a href="https://youtube.com/shorts/bKKkkX-7fn8?si=tLbTzoTpvLUP7e7T" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--mc-link-color);font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">fly around video from the July approach</a> is also great.
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<a href="https://astroscale.com/resources/" title="" class="" target="_blank" style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
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<p style='font-family: Lora, Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 14px;font-weight: normal;text-align: center;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: var(--body-color);line-height: 150%;'>The JAXA upper stage that is the focus of ADRAS-J, from 50 m.</p>
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What we thought we knew about type Ia supernovae may be wrong. White dwarfs accreting mass from a companion until crossing the Chandrasekhar limit is out; surface novas resulting in compression waves that trigger core detonation are in (paper). This could explain why type Ia supernovae have varying brightness, their high observed occurrence even with few white dwarfs thought to be close to the Chandrasekhar mass limit, and even explain an origin for some hypervelocity stars.
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“Einstein and his peers were 'irrationally resistant' to black holes. This illustrated story explores why.”
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Here’s a cozy video for your TV over the holidays from NASA: 8 hours of four RS-25 engines firing away cheerily.
- We’ve linked to them before, but all of chemist Derek Lowe’s Things I Won't Work With articles are fantastic. See, for example, his article on the higher states of bromine, or the one on mild-mannered chlorine trifluoride, which will happily set sand on fire. Or, this article on dioxygen difluoride, with the telling chemical formula of FOOF, which is made by heating elemental fluorine, where “at seven hundred freaking degrees, fluorine starts to dissociate into monoatomic radicals, thereby losing its gentle and forgiving nature. But that’s how you get it to react with oxygen to make a product that’s worse in pretty much every way.”
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The surface of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko with dust, cosmic ray strikes, and downward moving stars, as filmed by Rosetta in 2016. Hope it’s snowing on your holidays too!
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