[Approaches]: Leap (#336)

* [Leap]: Approaches

* update folder name

* update boolean chain table

* update again..

* update contents

-Change the wording for consistency and clarity
-Fix spacing issue

* final update

-Small typo
-Add : which approach to use

exercises/practice/leap/.approaches/boolean-chain/content.md

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+# Using `Boolean` chain
+
+```powershell
+function Test-Leap([int] $year) {
+    $year % 4 -eq 0 -and $year % 100 -ne 0 -or $year % 400 -eq 0
+}
+```
+
+One of the most common approach to solve this exercise based on the given information.
+First we test if the year is divisible by 4 using modulus, if it return `false` here then the chain is short circuit and return `false`.
+If the year is indeed divisible by 4, then we test whether it can't divisible by 100 or can divisible by 400.
+If one of those condition return `true` then our chain will return `true`, but if both return `false` then our chain here will return `false`.
+
+You can visualize the chain like this:
+
+|divisible by 4          | not divisible by 100 | divisible by 400   |          |
+|------------------------|----------------------|--------------------|----------|
+|false (short circuit)   |                      |                    | => false |
+|true                    |either this is true   | or this to be true | => true  |
+|true                    |   false              |   false            | => false |
+
+[Arithmetic operators](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_arithmetic_operators)

exercises/practice/leap/.approaches/boolean-chain/snippet.txt

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+function Test-Leap([int] $year) {
+    $year % 4 -eq 0 -and $year % 100 -ne 0 -or $year % 400 -eq 0
+}

exercises/practice/leap/.approaches/built-in-method/content.md

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+# Using `IsLeapYear` method
+
+```powershell
+function Test-Leap([int] $year) {
+    [DateTime]::IsLeapYear($year)
+}
+```
+
+Utilizing the `DateTime` class from .NET, you can determine if a year is a leap year or not by passing it into the `IsLeapYear` static method.
+This might not be the intended approach for learning, but it is an idiomatic way to check if a year is leap or not.
+
+[IsLeapYear](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.datetime.isleapyear) method.

exercises/practice/leap/.approaches/built-in-method/snippet.txt

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+function Test-Leap([int] $year) {
+    [DateTime]::IsLeapYear($year)
+}

exercises/practice/leap/.approaches/config.json

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+{
+    "introduction": {
+      "authors": ["glaxxie"],
+      "contributors": []
+    },
+    "approaches": [
+      {
+        "uuid": "2d286acf-dc3c-493d-839e-45ca17e2112a",
+        "slug": "boolean-chain",
+        "title": "Boolean chain",
+        "blurb": "Use a chain of boolean expressions.",
+        "authors": ["glaxxie"]
+      },
+      {
+        "uuid": "9456f386-9355-4c77-b222-5cc3441a8d00",
+        "slug": "datetime-object",
+        "title": "datetime object",
+        "blurb": "Use datetime object and its property.",
+        "authors": ["glaxxie"]
+      },
+      {
+        "uuid": "4716c9ec-ad99-46fa-bf73-1332c648f1b4",
+        "slug": "built-in-method",
+        "title": "built-in method",
+        "blurb": "Use IsLeapYear method of the DateTime class.",
+        "authors": ["glaxxie"]
+      }
+    ]
+  }

exercises/practice/leap/.approaches/datetime-object/content.md

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+# Using `DateTime` object
+
+```powershell
+function Test-Leap([int] $year) {
+    (Get-Date -Year $year -Month 2 -Day 29).Month -eq 2
+}
+```
+
+The main characteristic of a leap year is the second month (February) has 29 days instead of 28.
+In this approach we will use `Get-Date` with : $year for `Year` parameter, 2 for `Month` Parameter, and 29 for `Day` parameter, and this will give us a `DateTime` object.
+Next we access the `Month` property of this object and compare it with 2, if they are equal then the year is a leap year.
+In the event of a year is not a leap year, `Get-Date` for Month 2 and Day 29 in fact return a `DateTime` object of March the 1st, which mean the `Month` property now has the value of 3.
+
+[Get-Date](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.utility/get-date) cmdlet.

exercises/practice/leap/.approaches/datetime-object/snippet.txt

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+function Test-Leap([int] $year) {
+    (Get-Time -Year $year -Month 2 -Day 29).Month -eq 2
+}

exercises/practice/leap/.approaches/introduction.md

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+# Introduction
+
+There are various ways to solve **leap**.
+You can use a chain of Boolean expressions to tests for conditions.
+You can use a datetime object and test for condition of the month.
+Or you can "cheat" and use the built-in function.
+
+
+## General guidance
+
+The goal of this exercise is to check if a year is a leap year by testing if it is divisible by `4`, `100` and `400`.
+
+
+## Approach: Using `Boolean` chain
+
+This is the most common approach to solve this exercise, based exactly on the conditions to validate a leap year.
+It utilize chaining `Boolean` values from tesing the divisibility of the year by `4`, `100` and `400` using modulus operator (`%`).
+
+```powershell
+function Test-Leap([int] $year) {
+    $year % 4 -eq 0 -and $year % 100 -ne 0 -or $year % 400 -eq 0
+}
+```
+
+For more information, check the [`Boolean` chain approach][approach-boolean-chain].
+
+
+## Approach: Using `DateTime` object
+
+We know for a fact that in a leap year, the second month (February) has 29 days.
+For this approach we leverage this fact along with the cmdlet `Get-Date` to interact with a datetime object.
+
+```powershell
+function Test-Leap([int] $year) {
+    (Get-Date -Year $year -Month 2 -Day 29).Month -eq 2
+}
+```
+
+For more information, check the [`DateTime` object approach][approach-datetime-object].
+
+
+## Approach: Using `IsLeapYear` method
+
+Using the `DateTime` class, we can just utilize the built-in `IsLeapYear` static method and check if a year is leap or not.
+
+```powershell
+function Test-Leap([int] $year) {
+    [DateTime]::IsLeapYear($year)
+}
+```
+
+For more information, check the [`IsLeapYear` method approach][approach-built-in-method].
+
+
+## Which approach to use?
+
+- The chain of boolean expressions should be the most efficient, as it proceeds from the most to least likely conditions and takes advantage of short-circuiting. It has a maximum of three checks. It is the fastest approach when testing a year that is not evenly divisible by 100 that is not a leap year. Since most years fit those conditions, it is overall the most efficient approach.
+
+- For idiomatic and convenience while coding, consider using the built-int `IsLeapYear` method despite it seems to be a "cheat" for the purpose of learning here.