Lecture05.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "In this notebook, we will cover:\n",
    "\n",
    "* [Adding New Variables](#Adding-New-Variables)\n",
    "\n",
    "Let us load up the `tidyverse` and `nycflights13` packages."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Loading tidyverse: ggplot2\n",
      "Loading tidyverse: tibble\n",
      "Loading tidyverse: tidyr\n",
      "Loading tidyverse: readr\n",
      "Loading tidyverse: purrr\n",
      "Loading tidyverse: dplyr\n",
      "Conflicts with tidy packages ---------------------------------------------------\n",
      "filter(): dplyr, stats\n",
      "lag():    dplyr, stats\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "library(tidyverse)\n",
    "library(nycflights13)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Adding New Variables"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Let us zoom in on a few variables of interest."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>year</th><th scope=col>month</th><th scope=col>day</th><th scope=col>dep_time</th><th scope=col>arr_time</th><th scope=col>air_time</th><th scope=col>origin</th><th scope=col>dest</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>517 </td><td> 830</td><td>227 </td><td>EWR </td><td>IAH </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>533 </td><td> 850</td><td>227 </td><td>LGA </td><td>IAH </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>542 </td><td> 923</td><td>160 </td><td>JFK </td><td>MIA </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>544 </td><td>1004</td><td>183 </td><td>JFK </td><td>BQN </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>554 </td><td> 812</td><td>116 </td><td>LGA </td><td>ATL </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>554 </td><td> 740</td><td>150 </td><td>EWR </td><td>ORD </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>555 </td><td> 913</td><td>158 </td><td>EWR </td><td>FLL </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>557 </td><td> 709</td><td> 53 </td><td>LGA </td><td>IAD </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>557 </td><td> 838</td><td>140 </td><td>JFK </td><td>MCO </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 753</td><td>138 </td><td>LGA </td><td>ORD </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 849</td><td>149 </td><td>JFK </td><td>PBI </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 853</td><td>158 </td><td>JFK </td><td>TPA </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 924</td><td>345 </td><td>JFK </td><td>LAX </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 923</td><td>361 </td><td>EWR </td><td>SFO </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>559 </td><td> 941</td><td>257 </td><td>LGA </td><td>DFW </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>559 </td><td> 702</td><td> 44 </td><td>JFK </td><td>BOS </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>559 </td><td> 854</td><td>337 </td><td>EWR </td><td>LAS </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>600 </td><td> 851</td><td>152 </td><td>LGA </td><td>FLL </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>600 </td><td> 837</td><td>134 </td><td>LGA </td><td>ATL </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>601 </td><td> 844</td><td>147 </td><td>EWR </td><td>PBI </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>602 </td><td> 812</td><td>170 </td><td>LGA </td><td>MSP </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>602 </td><td> 821</td><td>105 </td><td>LGA </td><td>DTW </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>606 </td><td> 858</td><td>152 </td><td>EWR </td><td>MIA </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>606 </td><td> 837</td><td>128 </td><td>JFK </td><td>ATL </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>607 </td><td> 858</td><td>157 </td><td>EWR </td><td>MIA </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>608 </td><td> 807</td><td>139 </td><td>EWR </td><td>ORD </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>611 </td><td> 945</td><td>366 </td><td>JFK </td><td>SFO </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>613 </td><td> 925</td><td>175 </td><td>JFK </td><td>RSW </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>615 </td><td>1039</td><td>182 </td><td>JFK </td><td>SJU </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>615 </td><td> 833</td><td>120 </td><td>EWR </td><td>ATL </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2123</td><td>2223</td><td> 45 </td><td>LGA </td><td>CHO </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2127</td><td>2314</td><td> 72 </td><td>EWR </td><td>CLT </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2128</td><td>2328</td><td>213 </td><td>JFK </td><td>DEN </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2129</td><td>2230</td><td> 45 </td><td>LGA </td><td>RIC </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2131</td><td>2225</td><td> 36 </td><td>JFK </td><td>DCA </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2140</td><td>  10</td><td>298 </td><td>JFK </td><td>LAX </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2142</td><td>2250</td><td> 47 </td><td>EWR </td><td>PWM </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2145</td><td> 115</td><td>192 </td><td>JFK </td><td>SJU </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2147</td><td>  30</td><td>139 </td><td>LGA </td><td>FLL </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2149</td><td>2245</td><td> 37 </td><td>EWR </td><td>BOS </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2150</td><td>2250</td><td> 39 </td><td>EWR </td><td>MHT </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2159</td><td>2344</td><td> 50 </td><td>JFK </td><td>BUF </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2203</td><td>2339</td><td> 61 </td><td>LGA </td><td>BGR </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2207</td><td>2257</td><td> 97 </td><td>LGA </td><td>BNA </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2211</td><td>2339</td><td>120 </td><td>EWR </td><td>STL </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2231</td><td>2335</td><td> 48 </td><td>JFK </td><td>PWM </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2233</td><td> 112</td><td>318 </td><td>EWR </td><td>SFO </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2235</td><td>  59</td><td>123 </td><td>JFK </td><td>MCO </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2237</td><td>2345</td><td> 43 </td><td>JFK </td><td>BTV </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2240</td><td>2334</td><td> 41 </td><td>JFK </td><td>SYR </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2240</td><td>2347</td><td> 52 </td><td>JFK </td><td>BUF </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2241</td><td>2345</td><td> 47 </td><td>JFK </td><td>ROC </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2307</td><td>2359</td><td> 33 </td><td>JFK </td><td>BOS </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2349</td><td> 325</td><td>196 </td><td>JFK </td><td>PSE </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td><td> NA </td><td>LGA </td><td>BNA </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td><td> NA </td><td>JFK </td><td>DCA </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td><td> NA </td><td>LGA </td><td>SYR </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td><td> NA </td><td>LGA </td><td>BNA </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td><td> NA </td><td>LGA </td><td>CLE </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td><td> NA </td><td>LGA </td><td>RDU </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|llllllll}\n",
       " year & month & day & dep\\_time & arr\\_time & air\\_time & origin & dest\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 517  &  830 & 227  & EWR  & IAH \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 533  &  850 & 227  & LGA  & IAH \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 542  &  923 & 160  & JFK  & MIA \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 544  & 1004 & 183  & JFK  & BQN \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 554  &  812 & 116  & LGA  & ATL \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 554  &  740 & 150  & EWR  & ORD \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 555  &  913 & 158  & EWR  & FLL \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 557  &  709 &  53  & LGA  & IAD \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 557  &  838 & 140  & JFK  & MCO \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  753 & 138  & LGA  & ORD \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  849 & 149  & JFK  & PBI \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  853 & 158  & JFK  & TPA \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  924 & 345  & JFK  & LAX \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  923 & 361  & EWR  & SFO \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 559  &  941 & 257  & LGA  & DFW \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 559  &  702 &  44  & JFK  & BOS \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 559  &  854 & 337  & EWR  & LAS \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 600  &  851 & 152  & LGA  & FLL \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 600  &  837 & 134  & LGA  & ATL \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 601  &  844 & 147  & EWR  & PBI \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 602  &  812 & 170  & LGA  & MSP \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 602  &  821 & 105  & LGA  & DTW \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 606  &  858 & 152  & EWR  & MIA \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 606  &  837 & 128  & JFK  & ATL \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 607  &  858 & 157  & EWR  & MIA \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 608  &  807 & 139  & EWR  & ORD \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 611  &  945 & 366  & JFK  & SFO \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 613  &  925 & 175  & JFK  & RSW \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 615  & 1039 & 182  & JFK  & SJU \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 615  &  833 & 120  & EWR  & ATL \\\\\n",
       "\t ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2123 & 2223 &  45  & LGA  & CHO \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2127 & 2314 &  72  & EWR  & CLT \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2128 & 2328 & 213  & JFK  & DEN \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2129 & 2230 &  45  & LGA  & RIC \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2131 & 2225 &  36  & JFK  & DCA \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2140 &   10 & 298  & JFK  & LAX \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2142 & 2250 &  47  & EWR  & PWM \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2145 &  115 & 192  & JFK  & SJU \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2147 &   30 & 139  & LGA  & FLL \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2149 & 2245 &  37  & EWR  & BOS \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2150 & 2250 &  39  & EWR  & MHT \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2159 & 2344 &  50  & JFK  & BUF \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2203 & 2339 &  61  & LGA  & BGR \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2207 & 2257 &  97  & LGA  & BNA \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2211 & 2339 & 120  & EWR  & STL \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2231 & 2335 &  48  & JFK  & PWM \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2233 &  112 & 318  & EWR  & SFO \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2235 &   59 & 123  & JFK  & MCO \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2237 & 2345 &  43  & JFK  & BTV \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2240 & 2334 &  41  & JFK  & SYR \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2240 & 2347 &  52  & JFK  & BUF \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2241 & 2345 &  47  & JFK  & ROC \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2307 & 2359 &  33  & JFK  & BOS \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2349 &  325 & 196  & JFK  & PSE \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   &   NA &   NA &  NA  & LGA  & BNA \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   &   NA &   NA &  NA  & JFK  & DCA \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   &   NA &   NA &  NA  & LGA  & SYR \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   &   NA &   NA &  NA  & LGA  & BNA \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   &   NA &   NA &  NA  & LGA  & CLE \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   &   NA &   NA &  NA  & LGA  & RDU \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "year | month | day | dep_time | arr_time | air_time | origin | dest | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 517  |  830 | 227  | EWR  | IAH  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 533  |  850 | 227  | LGA  | IAH  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 542  |  923 | 160  | JFK  | MIA  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 544  | 1004 | 183  | JFK  | BQN  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 554  |  812 | 116  | LGA  | ATL  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 554  |  740 | 150  | EWR  | ORD  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 555  |  913 | 158  | EWR  | FLL  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 557  |  709 |  53  | LGA  | IAD  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 557  |  838 | 140  | JFK  | MCO  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  753 | 138  | LGA  | ORD  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  849 | 149  | JFK  | PBI  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  853 | 158  | JFK  | TPA  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  924 | 345  | JFK  | LAX  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  923 | 361  | EWR  | SFO  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 559  |  941 | 257  | LGA  | DFW  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 559  |  702 |  44  | JFK  | BOS  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 559  |  854 | 337  | EWR  | LAS  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 600  |  851 | 152  | LGA  | FLL  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 600  |  837 | 134  | LGA  | ATL  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 601  |  844 | 147  | EWR  | PBI  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 602  |  812 | 170  | LGA  | MSP  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 602  |  821 | 105  | LGA  | DTW  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 606  |  858 | 152  | EWR  | MIA  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 606  |  837 | 128  | JFK  | ATL  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 607  |  858 | 157  | EWR  | MIA  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 608  |  807 | 139  | EWR  | ORD  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 611  |  945 | 366  | JFK  | SFO  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 613  |  925 | 175  | JFK  | RSW  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 615  | 1039 | 182  | JFK  | SJU  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 615  |  833 | 120  | EWR  | ATL  | \n",
       "| ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2123 | 2223 |  45  | LGA  | CHO  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2127 | 2314 |  72  | EWR  | CLT  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2128 | 2328 | 213  | JFK  | DEN  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2129 | 2230 |  45  | LGA  | RIC  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2131 | 2225 |  36  | JFK  | DCA  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2140 |   10 | 298  | JFK  | LAX  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2142 | 2250 |  47  | EWR  | PWM  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2145 |  115 | 192  | JFK  | SJU  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2147 |   30 | 139  | LGA  | FLL  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2149 | 2245 |  37  | EWR  | BOS  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2150 | 2250 |  39  | EWR  | MHT  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2159 | 2344 |  50  | JFK  | BUF  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2203 | 2339 |  61  | LGA  | BGR  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2207 | 2257 |  97  | LGA  | BNA  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2211 | 2339 | 120  | EWR  | STL  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2231 | 2335 |  48  | JFK  | PWM  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2233 |  112 | 318  | EWR  | SFO  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2235 |   59 | 123  | JFK  | MCO  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2237 | 2345 |  43  | JFK  | BTV  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2240 | 2334 |  41  | JFK  | SYR  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2240 | 2347 |  52  | JFK  | BUF  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2241 | 2345 |  47  | JFK  | ROC  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2307 | 2359 |  33  | JFK  | BOS  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2349 |  325 | 196  | JFK  | PSE  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   |   NA |   NA |  NA  | LGA  | BNA  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   |   NA |   NA |  NA  | JFK  | DCA  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   |   NA |   NA |  NA  | LGA  | SYR  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   |   NA |   NA |  NA  | LGA  | BNA  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   |   NA |   NA |  NA  | LGA  | CLE  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   |   NA |   NA |  NA  | LGA  | RDU  | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       year month day dep_time arr_time air_time origin dest\n",
       "1      2013 1     1   517       830     227      EWR    IAH \n",
       "2      2013 1     1   533       850     227      LGA    IAH \n",
       "3      2013 1     1   542       923     160      JFK    MIA \n",
       "4      2013 1     1   544      1004     183      JFK    BQN \n",
       "5      2013 1     1   554       812     116      LGA    ATL \n",
       "6      2013 1     1   554       740     150      EWR    ORD \n",
       "7      2013 1     1   555       913     158      EWR    FLL \n",
       "8      2013 1     1   557       709      53      LGA    IAD \n",
       "9      2013 1     1   557       838     140      JFK    MCO \n",
       "10     2013 1     1   558       753     138      LGA    ORD \n",
       "11     2013 1     1   558       849     149      JFK    PBI \n",
       "12     2013 1     1   558       853     158      JFK    TPA \n",
       "13     2013 1     1   558       924     345      JFK    LAX \n",
       "14     2013 1     1   558       923     361      EWR    SFO \n",
       "15     2013 1     1   559       941     257      LGA    DFW \n",
       "16     2013 1     1   559       702      44      JFK    BOS \n",
       "17     2013 1     1   559       854     337      EWR    LAS \n",
       "18     2013 1     1   600       851     152      LGA    FLL \n",
       "19     2013 1     1   600       837     134      LGA    ATL \n",
       "20     2013 1     1   601       844     147      EWR    PBI \n",
       "21     2013 1     1   602       812     170      LGA    MSP \n",
       "22     2013 1     1   602       821     105      LGA    DTW \n",
       "23     2013 1     1   606       858     152      EWR    MIA \n",
       "24     2013 1     1   606       837     128      JFK    ATL \n",
       "25     2013 1     1   607       858     157      EWR    MIA \n",
       "26     2013 1     1   608       807     139      EWR    ORD \n",
       "27     2013 1     1   611       945     366      JFK    SFO \n",
       "28     2013 1     1   613       925     175      JFK    RSW \n",
       "29     2013 1     1   615      1039     182      JFK    SJU \n",
       "30     2013 1     1   615       833     120      EWR    ATL \n",
       "⋮      ⋮    ⋮     ⋮   ⋮        ⋮        ⋮        ⋮      ⋮   \n",
       "336747 2013 9     30  2123     2223      45      LGA    CHO \n",
       "336748 2013 9     30  2127     2314      72      EWR    CLT \n",
       "336749 2013 9     30  2128     2328     213      JFK    DEN \n",
       "336750 2013 9     30  2129     2230      45      LGA    RIC \n",
       "336751 2013 9     30  2131     2225      36      JFK    DCA \n",
       "336752 2013 9     30  2140       10     298      JFK    LAX \n",
       "336753 2013 9     30  2142     2250      47      EWR    PWM \n",
       "336754 2013 9     30  2145      115     192      JFK    SJU \n",
       "336755 2013 9     30  2147       30     139      LGA    FLL \n",
       "336756 2013 9     30  2149     2245      37      EWR    BOS \n",
       "336757 2013 9     30  2150     2250      39      EWR    MHT \n",
       "336758 2013 9     30  2159     2344      50      JFK    BUF \n",
       "336759 2013 9     30  2203     2339      61      LGA    BGR \n",
       "336760 2013 9     30  2207     2257      97      LGA    BNA \n",
       "336761 2013 9     30  2211     2339     120      EWR    STL \n",
       "336762 2013 9     30  2231     2335      48      JFK    PWM \n",
       "336763 2013 9     30  2233      112     318      EWR    SFO \n",
       "336764 2013 9     30  2235       59     123      JFK    MCO \n",
       "336765 2013 9     30  2237     2345      43      JFK    BTV \n",
       "336766 2013 9     30  2240     2334      41      JFK    SYR \n",
       "336767 2013 9     30  2240     2347      52      JFK    BUF \n",
       "336768 2013 9     30  2241     2345      47      JFK    ROC \n",
       "336769 2013 9     30  2307     2359      33      JFK    BOS \n",
       "336770 2013 9     30  2349      325     196      JFK    PSE \n",
       "336771 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      LGA    BNA \n",
       "336772 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      JFK    DCA \n",
       "336773 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      LGA    SYR \n",
       "336774 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      LGA    BNA \n",
       "336775 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      LGA    CLE \n",
       "336776 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      LGA    RDU "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(my_flights <- select(flights, year:day, dep_time, arr_time, air_time, origin, dest))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Additional variable can be added using the `mutate()` function. We already have an `air_time` variable. Let us compute the total time for the flight by subtracting the time of departure `dep_time` from time of arrival `arr_time`.\n",
    "\n",
    "We notice something odd though. When we subtract 5h 17m from 8h 30m we should get 3h 13m, i.e. 193 minutes. But instead we get 313 minutes below."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>year</th><th scope=col>month</th><th scope=col>day</th><th scope=col>dep_time</th><th scope=col>arr_time</th><th scope=col>air_time</th><th scope=col>origin</th><th scope=col>dest</th><th scope=col>total_time</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>517 </td><td> 830</td><td>227 </td><td>EWR </td><td>IAH </td><td>313 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>533 </td><td> 850</td><td>227 </td><td>LGA </td><td>IAH </td><td>317 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>542 </td><td> 923</td><td>160 </td><td>JFK </td><td>MIA </td><td>381 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>544 </td><td>1004</td><td>183 </td><td>JFK </td><td>BQN </td><td>460 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>554 </td><td> 812</td><td>116 </td><td>LGA </td><td>ATL </td><td>258 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>554 </td><td> 740</td><td>150 </td><td>EWR </td><td>ORD </td><td>186 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>555 </td><td> 913</td><td>158 </td><td>EWR </td><td>FLL </td><td>358 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>557 </td><td> 709</td><td> 53 </td><td>LGA </td><td>IAD </td><td>152 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>557 </td><td> 838</td><td>140 </td><td>JFK </td><td>MCO </td><td>281 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 753</td><td>138 </td><td>LGA </td><td>ORD </td><td>195 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 849</td><td>149 </td><td>JFK </td><td>PBI </td><td>291 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 853</td><td>158 </td><td>JFK </td><td>TPA </td><td>295 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 924</td><td>345 </td><td>JFK </td><td>LAX </td><td>366 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 923</td><td>361 </td><td>EWR </td><td>SFO </td><td>365 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>559 </td><td> 941</td><td>257 </td><td>LGA </td><td>DFW </td><td>382 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>559 </td><td> 702</td><td> 44 </td><td>JFK </td><td>BOS </td><td>143 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>559 </td><td> 854</td><td>337 </td><td>EWR </td><td>LAS </td><td>295 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>600 </td><td> 851</td><td>152 </td><td>LGA </td><td>FLL </td><td>251 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>600 </td><td> 837</td><td>134 </td><td>LGA </td><td>ATL </td><td>237 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>601 </td><td> 844</td><td>147 </td><td>EWR </td><td>PBI </td><td>243 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>602 </td><td> 812</td><td>170 </td><td>LGA </td><td>MSP </td><td>210 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>602 </td><td> 821</td><td>105 </td><td>LGA </td><td>DTW </td><td>219 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>606 </td><td> 858</td><td>152 </td><td>EWR </td><td>MIA </td><td>252 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>606 </td><td> 837</td><td>128 </td><td>JFK </td><td>ATL </td><td>231 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>607 </td><td> 858</td><td>157 </td><td>EWR </td><td>MIA </td><td>251 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>608 </td><td> 807</td><td>139 </td><td>EWR </td><td>ORD </td><td>199 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>611 </td><td> 945</td><td>366 </td><td>JFK </td><td>SFO </td><td>334 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>613 </td><td> 925</td><td>175 </td><td>JFK </td><td>RSW </td><td>312 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>615 </td><td>1039</td><td>182 </td><td>JFK </td><td>SJU </td><td>424 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>615 </td><td> 833</td><td>120 </td><td>EWR </td><td>ATL </td><td>218 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2123 </td><td>2223 </td><td> 45  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>CHO  </td><td>  100</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2127 </td><td>2314 </td><td> 72  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>CLT  </td><td>  187</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2128 </td><td>2328 </td><td>213  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>DEN  </td><td>  200</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2129 </td><td>2230 </td><td> 45  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>RIC  </td><td>  101</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2131 </td><td>2225 </td><td> 36  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>DCA  </td><td>   94</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2140 </td><td>  10 </td><td>298  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>LAX  </td><td>-2130</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2142 </td><td>2250 </td><td> 47  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>PWM  </td><td>  108</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2145 </td><td> 115 </td><td>192  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>SJU  </td><td>-2030</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2147 </td><td>  30 </td><td>139  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>FLL  </td><td>-2117</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2149 </td><td>2245 </td><td> 37  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>BOS  </td><td>   96</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2150 </td><td>2250 </td><td> 39  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>MHT  </td><td>  100</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2159 </td><td>2344 </td><td> 50  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>BUF  </td><td>  185</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2203 </td><td>2339 </td><td> 61  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>BGR  </td><td>  136</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2207 </td><td>2257 </td><td> 97  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>BNA  </td><td>   50</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2211 </td><td>2339 </td><td>120  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>STL  </td><td>  128</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2231 </td><td>2335 </td><td> 48  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>PWM  </td><td>  104</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2233 </td><td> 112 </td><td>318  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>SFO  </td><td>-2121</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2235 </td><td>  59 </td><td>123  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>MCO  </td><td>-2176</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2237 </td><td>2345 </td><td> 43  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>BTV  </td><td>  108</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2240 </td><td>2334 </td><td> 41  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>SYR  </td><td>   94</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2240 </td><td>2347 </td><td> 52  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>BUF  </td><td>  107</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2241 </td><td>2345 </td><td> 47  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>ROC  </td><td>  104</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2307 </td><td>2359 </td><td> 33  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>BOS  </td><td>   52</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2349 </td><td> 325 </td><td>196  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>PSE  </td><td>-2024</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>  NA </td><td>  NA </td><td> NA  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>BNA  </td><td>   NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>  NA </td><td>  NA </td><td> NA  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>DCA  </td><td>   NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>  NA </td><td>  NA </td><td> NA  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>SYR  </td><td>   NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>  NA </td><td>  NA </td><td> NA  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>BNA  </td><td>   NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>  NA </td><td>  NA </td><td> NA  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>CLE  </td><td>   NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>  NA </td><td>  NA </td><td> NA  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>RDU  </td><td>   NA</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllll}\n",
       " year & month & day & dep\\_time & arr\\_time & air\\_time & origin & dest & total\\_time\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 517  &  830 & 227  & EWR  & IAH  & 313 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 533  &  850 & 227  & LGA  & IAH  & 317 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 542  &  923 & 160  & JFK  & MIA  & 381 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 544  & 1004 & 183  & JFK  & BQN  & 460 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 554  &  812 & 116  & LGA  & ATL  & 258 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 554  &  740 & 150  & EWR  & ORD  & 186 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 555  &  913 & 158  & EWR  & FLL  & 358 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 557  &  709 &  53  & LGA  & IAD  & 152 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 557  &  838 & 140  & JFK  & MCO  & 281 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  753 & 138  & LGA  & ORD  & 195 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  849 & 149  & JFK  & PBI  & 291 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  853 & 158  & JFK  & TPA  & 295 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  924 & 345  & JFK  & LAX  & 366 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  923 & 361  & EWR  & SFO  & 365 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 559  &  941 & 257  & LGA  & DFW  & 382 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 559  &  702 &  44  & JFK  & BOS  & 143 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 559  &  854 & 337  & EWR  & LAS  & 295 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 600  &  851 & 152  & LGA  & FLL  & 251 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 600  &  837 & 134  & LGA  & ATL  & 237 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 601  &  844 & 147  & EWR  & PBI  & 243 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 602  &  812 & 170  & LGA  & MSP  & 210 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 602  &  821 & 105  & LGA  & DTW  & 219 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 606  &  858 & 152  & EWR  & MIA  & 252 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 606  &  837 & 128  & JFK  & ATL  & 231 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 607  &  858 & 157  & EWR  & MIA  & 251 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 608  &  807 & 139  & EWR  & ORD  & 199 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 611  &  945 & 366  & JFK  & SFO  & 334 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 613  &  925 & 175  & JFK  & RSW  & 312 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 615  & 1039 & 182  & JFK  & SJU  & 424 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 615  &  833 & 120  & EWR  & ATL  & 218 \\\\\n",
       "\t ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2123  & 2223  &  45   & LGA   & CHO   &   100\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2127  & 2314  &  72   & EWR   & CLT   &   187\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2128  & 2328  & 213   & JFK   & DEN   &   200\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2129  & 2230  &  45   & LGA   & RIC   &   101\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2131  & 2225  &  36   & JFK   & DCA   &    94\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2140  &   10  & 298   & JFK   & LAX   & -2130\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2142  & 2250  &  47   & EWR   & PWM   &   108\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2145  &  115  & 192   & JFK   & SJU   & -2030\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2147  &   30  & 139   & LGA   & FLL   & -2117\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2149  & 2245  &  37   & EWR   & BOS   &    96\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2150  & 2250  &  39   & EWR   & MHT   &   100\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2159  & 2344  &  50   & JFK   & BUF   &   185\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2203  & 2339  &  61   & LGA   & BGR   &   136\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2207  & 2257  &  97   & LGA   & BNA   &    50\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2211  & 2339  & 120   & EWR   & STL   &   128\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2231  & 2335  &  48   & JFK   & PWM   &   104\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2233  &  112  & 318   & EWR   & SFO   & -2121\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2235  &   59  & 123   & JFK   & MCO   & -2176\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2237  & 2345  &  43   & JFK   & BTV   &   108\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2240  & 2334  &  41   & JFK   & SYR   &    94\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2240  & 2347  &  52   & JFK   & BUF   &   107\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2241  & 2345  &  47   & JFK   & ROC   &   104\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2307  & 2359  &  33   & JFK   & BOS   &    52\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2349  &  325  & 196   & JFK   & PSE   & -2024\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    &   NA  &   NA  &  NA   & LGA   & BNA   &    NA\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    &   NA  &   NA  &  NA   & JFK   & DCA   &    NA\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    &   NA  &   NA  &  NA   & LGA   & SYR   &    NA\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    &   NA  &   NA  &  NA   & LGA   & BNA   &    NA\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    &   NA  &   NA  &  NA   & LGA   & CLE   &    NA\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    &   NA  &   NA  &  NA   & LGA   & RDU   &    NA\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "year | month | day | dep_time | arr_time | air_time | origin | dest | total_time | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 517  |  830 | 227  | EWR  | IAH  | 313  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 533  |  850 | 227  | LGA  | IAH  | 317  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 542  |  923 | 160  | JFK  | MIA  | 381  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 544  | 1004 | 183  | JFK  | BQN  | 460  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 554  |  812 | 116  | LGA  | ATL  | 258  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 554  |  740 | 150  | EWR  | ORD  | 186  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 555  |  913 | 158  | EWR  | FLL  | 358  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 557  |  709 |  53  | LGA  | IAD  | 152  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 557  |  838 | 140  | JFK  | MCO  | 281  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  753 | 138  | LGA  | ORD  | 195  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  849 | 149  | JFK  | PBI  | 291  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  853 | 158  | JFK  | TPA  | 295  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  924 | 345  | JFK  | LAX  | 366  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  923 | 361  | EWR  | SFO  | 365  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 559  |  941 | 257  | LGA  | DFW  | 382  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 559  |  702 |  44  | JFK  | BOS  | 143  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 559  |  854 | 337  | EWR  | LAS  | 295  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 600  |  851 | 152  | LGA  | FLL  | 251  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 600  |  837 | 134  | LGA  | ATL  | 237  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 601  |  844 | 147  | EWR  | PBI  | 243  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 602  |  812 | 170  | LGA  | MSP  | 210  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 602  |  821 | 105  | LGA  | DTW  | 219  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 606  |  858 | 152  | EWR  | MIA  | 252  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 606  |  837 | 128  | JFK  | ATL  | 231  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 607  |  858 | 157  | EWR  | MIA  | 251  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 608  |  807 | 139  | EWR  | ORD  | 199  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 611  |  945 | 366  | JFK  | SFO  | 334  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 613  |  925 | 175  | JFK  | RSW  | 312  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 615  | 1039 | 182  | JFK  | SJU  | 424  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 615  |  833 | 120  | EWR  | ATL  | 218  | \n",
       "| ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2123  | 2223  |  45   | LGA   | CHO   |   100 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2127  | 2314  |  72   | EWR   | CLT   |   187 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2128  | 2328  | 213   | JFK   | DEN   |   200 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2129  | 2230  |  45   | LGA   | RIC   |   101 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2131  | 2225  |  36   | JFK   | DCA   |    94 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2140  |   10  | 298   | JFK   | LAX   | -2130 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2142  | 2250  |  47   | EWR   | PWM   |   108 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2145  |  115  | 192   | JFK   | SJU   | -2030 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2147  |   30  | 139   | LGA   | FLL   | -2117 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2149  | 2245  |  37   | EWR   | BOS   |    96 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2150  | 2250  |  39   | EWR   | MHT   |   100 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2159  | 2344  |  50   | JFK   | BUF   |   185 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2203  | 2339  |  61   | LGA   | BGR   |   136 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2207  | 2257  |  97   | LGA   | BNA   |    50 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2211  | 2339  | 120   | EWR   | STL   |   128 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2231  | 2335  |  48   | JFK   | PWM   |   104 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2233  |  112  | 318   | EWR   | SFO   | -2121 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2235  |   59  | 123   | JFK   | MCO   | -2176 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2237  | 2345  |  43   | JFK   | BTV   |   108 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2240  | 2334  |  41   | JFK   | SYR   |    94 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2240  | 2347  |  52   | JFK   | BUF   |   107 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2241  | 2345  |  47   | JFK   | ROC   |   104 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2307  | 2359  |  33   | JFK   | BOS   |    52 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2349  |  325  | 196   | JFK   | PSE   | -2024 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    |   NA  |   NA  |  NA   | LGA   | BNA   |    NA | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    |   NA  |   NA  |  NA   | JFK   | DCA   |    NA | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    |   NA  |   NA  |  NA   | LGA   | SYR   |    NA | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    |   NA  |   NA  |  NA   | LGA   | BNA   |    NA | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    |   NA  |   NA  |  NA   | LGA   | CLE   |    NA | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    |   NA  |   NA  |  NA   | LGA   | RDU   |    NA | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       year month day dep_time arr_time air_time origin dest total_time\n",
       "1      2013 1     1   517       830     227      EWR    IAH  313       \n",
       "2      2013 1     1   533       850     227      LGA    IAH  317       \n",
       "3      2013 1     1   542       923     160      JFK    MIA  381       \n",
       "4      2013 1     1   544      1004     183      JFK    BQN  460       \n",
       "5      2013 1     1   554       812     116      LGA    ATL  258       \n",
       "6      2013 1     1   554       740     150      EWR    ORD  186       \n",
       "7      2013 1     1   555       913     158      EWR    FLL  358       \n",
       "8      2013 1     1   557       709      53      LGA    IAD  152       \n",
       "9      2013 1     1   557       838     140      JFK    MCO  281       \n",
       "10     2013 1     1   558       753     138      LGA    ORD  195       \n",
       "11     2013 1     1   558       849     149      JFK    PBI  291       \n",
       "12     2013 1     1   558       853     158      JFK    TPA  295       \n",
       "13     2013 1     1   558       924     345      JFK    LAX  366       \n",
       "14     2013 1     1   558       923     361      EWR    SFO  365       \n",
       "15     2013 1     1   559       941     257      LGA    DFW  382       \n",
       "16     2013 1     1   559       702      44      JFK    BOS  143       \n",
       "17     2013 1     1   559       854     337      EWR    LAS  295       \n",
       "18     2013 1     1   600       851     152      LGA    FLL  251       \n",
       "19     2013 1     1   600       837     134      LGA    ATL  237       \n",
       "20     2013 1     1   601       844     147      EWR    PBI  243       \n",
       "21     2013 1     1   602       812     170      LGA    MSP  210       \n",
       "22     2013 1     1   602       821     105      LGA    DTW  219       \n",
       "23     2013 1     1   606       858     152      EWR    MIA  252       \n",
       "24     2013 1     1   606       837     128      JFK    ATL  231       \n",
       "25     2013 1     1   607       858     157      EWR    MIA  251       \n",
       "26     2013 1     1   608       807     139      EWR    ORD  199       \n",
       "27     2013 1     1   611       945     366      JFK    SFO  334       \n",
       "28     2013 1     1   613       925     175      JFK    RSW  312       \n",
       "29     2013 1     1   615      1039     182      JFK    SJU  424       \n",
       "30     2013 1     1   615       833     120      EWR    ATL  218       \n",
       "⋮      ⋮    ⋮     ⋮   ⋮        ⋮        ⋮        ⋮      ⋮    ⋮         \n",
       "336747 2013 9     30  2123     2223      45      LGA    CHO    100     \n",
       "336748 2013 9     30  2127     2314      72      EWR    CLT    187     \n",
       "336749 2013 9     30  2128     2328     213      JFK    DEN    200     \n",
       "336750 2013 9     30  2129     2230      45      LGA    RIC    101     \n",
       "336751 2013 9     30  2131     2225      36      JFK    DCA     94     \n",
       "336752 2013 9     30  2140       10     298      JFK    LAX  -2130     \n",
       "336753 2013 9     30  2142     2250      47      EWR    PWM    108     \n",
       "336754 2013 9     30  2145      115     192      JFK    SJU  -2030     \n",
       "336755 2013 9     30  2147       30     139      LGA    FLL  -2117     \n",
       "336756 2013 9     30  2149     2245      37      EWR    BOS     96     \n",
       "336757 2013 9     30  2150     2250      39      EWR    MHT    100     \n",
       "336758 2013 9     30  2159     2344      50      JFK    BUF    185     \n",
       "336759 2013 9     30  2203     2339      61      LGA    BGR    136     \n",
       "336760 2013 9     30  2207     2257      97      LGA    BNA     50     \n",
       "336761 2013 9     30  2211     2339     120      EWR    STL    128     \n",
       "336762 2013 9     30  2231     2335      48      JFK    PWM    104     \n",
       "336763 2013 9     30  2233      112     318      EWR    SFO  -2121     \n",
       "336764 2013 9     30  2235       59     123      JFK    MCO  -2176     \n",
       "336765 2013 9     30  2237     2345      43      JFK    BTV    108     \n",
       "336766 2013 9     30  2240     2334      41      JFK    SYR     94     \n",
       "336767 2013 9     30  2240     2347      52      JFK    BUF    107     \n",
       "336768 2013 9     30  2241     2345      47      JFK    ROC    104     \n",
       "336769 2013 9     30  2307     2359      33      JFK    BOS     52     \n",
       "336770 2013 9     30  2349      325     196      JFK    PSE  -2024     \n",
       "336771 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      LGA    BNA     NA     \n",
       "336772 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      JFK    DCA     NA     \n",
       "336773 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      LGA    SYR     NA     \n",
       "336774 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      LGA    BNA     NA     \n",
       "336775 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      LGA    CLE     NA     \n",
       "336776 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      LGA    RDU     NA     "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mutate(my_flights, total_time = arr_time - dep_time)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The issue is that `dep_time` and `arr_time` are in the hour-minute notation which is great to look at but not very useful for computations. We should first convert these times into the number of minutes elapsed since midnight.\n",
    "\n",
    "We want add to new variables `new_dep` and `new_arr` but we need to write a function first that can do the conversion."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "hourmin2min <- function(hourmin) {\n",
    "    min <- hourmin %% 100\n",
    "    hour <- (hourmin - min) %/% 100\n",
    "    return(60*hour + min)\n",
    "} "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Let us test the function on 530. That's 5h 30min, i.e., 330 minutes since midnight."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "330"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "330"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "330"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 330"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hourmin2min(530)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The `hourmin2min` function is **vectorized**: given a vector, it outputs a vector."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>dep_time</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>317</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>333</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>342</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>344</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>354</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>354</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>355</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>357</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>357</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>358</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>358</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>358</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>358</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>358</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>359</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>359</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>359</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>360</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>360</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>361</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>362</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>362</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>366</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>366</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>367</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>368</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>371</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>373</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>375</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>375</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>⋮</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1283</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1287</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1288</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1289</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1291</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1300</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1302</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1305</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1307</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1309</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1310</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1319</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1323</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1327</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1331</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1351</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1353</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1355</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1357</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1360</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1360</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1361</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1387</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1429</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>  NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>  NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>  NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>  NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>  NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>  NA</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|l}\n",
       " dep\\_time\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t 317\\\\\n",
       "\t 333\\\\\n",
       "\t 342\\\\\n",
       "\t 344\\\\\n",
       "\t 354\\\\\n",
       "\t 354\\\\\n",
       "\t 355\\\\\n",
       "\t 357\\\\\n",
       "\t 357\\\\\n",
       "\t 358\\\\\n",
       "\t 358\\\\\n",
       "\t 358\\\\\n",
       "\t 358\\\\\n",
       "\t 358\\\\\n",
       "\t 359\\\\\n",
       "\t 359\\\\\n",
       "\t 359\\\\\n",
       "\t 360\\\\\n",
       "\t 360\\\\\n",
       "\t 361\\\\\n",
       "\t 362\\\\\n",
       "\t 362\\\\\n",
       "\t 366\\\\\n",
       "\t 366\\\\\n",
       "\t 367\\\\\n",
       "\t 368\\\\\n",
       "\t 371\\\\\n",
       "\t 373\\\\\n",
       "\t 375\\\\\n",
       "\t 375\\\\\n",
       "\t ⋮\\\\\n",
       "\t 1283\\\\\n",
       "\t 1287\\\\\n",
       "\t 1288\\\\\n",
       "\t 1289\\\\\n",
       "\t 1291\\\\\n",
       "\t 1300\\\\\n",
       "\t 1302\\\\\n",
       "\t 1305\\\\\n",
       "\t 1307\\\\\n",
       "\t 1309\\\\\n",
       "\t 1310\\\\\n",
       "\t 1319\\\\\n",
       "\t 1323\\\\\n",
       "\t 1327\\\\\n",
       "\t 1331\\\\\n",
       "\t 1351\\\\\n",
       "\t 1353\\\\\n",
       "\t 1355\\\\\n",
       "\t 1357\\\\\n",
       "\t 1360\\\\\n",
       "\t 1360\\\\\n",
       "\t 1361\\\\\n",
       "\t 1387\\\\\n",
       "\t 1429\\\\\n",
       "\t   NA\\\\\n",
       "\t   NA\\\\\n",
       "\t   NA\\\\\n",
       "\t   NA\\\\\n",
       "\t   NA\\\\\n",
       "\t   NA\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "dep_time | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 317 | \n",
       "| 333 | \n",
       "| 342 | \n",
       "| 344 | \n",
       "| 354 | \n",
       "| 354 | \n",
       "| 355 | \n",
       "| 357 | \n",
       "| 357 | \n",
       "| 358 | \n",
       "| 358 | \n",
       "| 358 | \n",
       "| 358 | \n",
       "| 358 | \n",
       "| 359 | \n",
       "| 359 | \n",
       "| 359 | \n",
       "| 360 | \n",
       "| 360 | \n",
       "| 361 | \n",
       "| 362 | \n",
       "| 362 | \n",
       "| 366 | \n",
       "| 366 | \n",
       "| 367 | \n",
       "| 368 | \n",
       "| 371 | \n",
       "| 373 | \n",
       "| 375 | \n",
       "| 375 | \n",
       "| ⋮ | \n",
       "| 1283 | \n",
       "| 1287 | \n",
       "| 1288 | \n",
       "| 1289 | \n",
       "| 1291 | \n",
       "| 1300 | \n",
       "| 1302 | \n",
       "| 1305 | \n",
       "| 1307 | \n",
       "| 1309 | \n",
       "| 1310 | \n",
       "| 1319 | \n",
       "| 1323 | \n",
       "| 1327 | \n",
       "| 1331 | \n",
       "| 1351 | \n",
       "| 1353 | \n",
       "| 1355 | \n",
       "| 1357 | \n",
       "| 1360 | \n",
       "| 1360 | \n",
       "| 1361 | \n",
       "| 1387 | \n",
       "| 1429 | \n",
       "|   NA | \n",
       "|   NA | \n",
       "|   NA | \n",
       "|   NA | \n",
       "|   NA | \n",
       "|   NA | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       dep_time\n",
       "1      317     \n",
       "2      333     \n",
       "3      342     \n",
       "4      344     \n",
       "5      354     \n",
       "6      354     \n",
       "7      355     \n",
       "8      357     \n",
       "9      357     \n",
       "10     358     \n",
       "11     358     \n",
       "12     358     \n",
       "13     358     \n",
       "14     358     \n",
       "15     359     \n",
       "16     359     \n",
       "17     359     \n",
       "18     360     \n",
       "19     360     \n",
       "20     361     \n",
       "21     362     \n",
       "22     362     \n",
       "23     366     \n",
       "24     366     \n",
       "25     367     \n",
       "26     368     \n",
       "27     371     \n",
       "28     373     \n",
       "29     375     \n",
       "30     375     \n",
       "⋮      ⋮       \n",
       "336747 1283    \n",
       "336748 1287    \n",
       "336749 1288    \n",
       "336750 1289    \n",
       "336751 1291    \n",
       "336752 1300    \n",
       "336753 1302    \n",
       "336754 1305    \n",
       "336755 1307    \n",
       "336756 1309    \n",
       "336757 1310    \n",
       "336758 1319    \n",
       "336759 1323    \n",
       "336760 1327    \n",
       "336761 1331    \n",
       "336762 1351    \n",
       "336763 1353    \n",
       "336764 1355    \n",
       "336765 1357    \n",
       "336766 1360    \n",
       "336767 1360    \n",
       "336768 1361    \n",
       "336769 1387    \n",
       "336770 1429    \n",
       "336771   NA    \n",
       "336772   NA    \n",
       "336773   NA    \n",
       "336774   NA    \n",
       "336775   NA    \n",
       "336776   NA    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hourmin2min(select(my_flights, dep_time))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "R provides you with several in-built vectorized functions that can be used to create more complicated function. These include:\n",
    "\n",
    "* **Arithmetic operators** `+, -, *, /, ^`\n",
    "* **Modular arithmetic operators** `%/%` and `%%` \n",
    "* **Logarithms** `log()`, `log10()`, `log2()`\n",
    "* **Offsets** `lag()` and `lead()`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "1.66666666666667"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "1.66666666666667"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1.66666666666667"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 1.666667"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "1"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "1"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 1"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "5 / 3   # regular division\n",
    "5 %/% 3 # integer division"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 0\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 0\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 0\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 0\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 1\n",
       "2. 2\n",
       "3. 3\n",
       "4. 4\n",
       "5. 0\n",
       "6. 1\n",
       "7. 2\n",
       "8. 3\n",
       "9. 4\n",
       "10. 0\n",
       "11. 1\n",
       "12. 2\n",
       "13. 3\n",
       "14. 4\n",
       "15. 0\n",
       "16. 1\n",
       "17. 2\n",
       "18. 3\n",
       "19. 4\n",
       "20. 0\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1] 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 0"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1:20 %% 5  # shorter argument 5 is extended to match length of longer argument"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. TRUE\n",
       "2. TRUE\n",
       "3. TRUE\n",
       "4. TRUE\n",
       "5. TRUE\n",
       "6. TRUE\n",
       "7. TRUE\n",
       "8. TRUE\n",
       "9. TRUE\n",
       "10. TRUE\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "near(1:10, exp(log(1:10))) # log to base e"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. TRUE\n",
       "2. TRUE\n",
       "3. TRUE\n",
       "4. TRUE\n",
       "5. TRUE\n",
       "6. TRUE\n",
       "7. TRUE\n",
       "8. TRUE\n",
       "9. TRUE\n",
       "10. TRUE\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "near(1:10, 10^log10(1:10)) # log to base 10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 10\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 1\n",
       "2. 2\n",
       "3. 3\n",
       "4. 4\n",
       "5. 5\n",
       "6. 6\n",
       "7. 7\n",
       "8. 8\n",
       "9. 9\n",
       "10. 10\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "log2(2^(1:10))  # log to base 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 10\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 1\n",
       "2. 2\n",
       "3. 3\n",
       "4. 4\n",
       "5. 5\n",
       "6. 6\n",
       "7. 7\n",
       "8. 8\n",
       "9. 9\n",
       "10. 10\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>NA</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item NA\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. NA\n",
       "2. 1\n",
       "3. 2\n",
       "4. 3\n",
       "5. 4\n",
       "6. 5\n",
       "7. 6\n",
       "8. 7\n",
       "9. 8\n",
       "10. 9\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1] NA  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10</li>\n",
       "\t<li>NA</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 10\n",
       "\\item NA\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 2\n",
       "2. 3\n",
       "3. 4\n",
       "4. 5\n",
       "5. 6\n",
       "6. 7\n",
       "7. 8\n",
       "8. 9\n",
       "9. 10\n",
       "10. NA\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1]  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 NA"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(x <- 1:10)\n",
    "lag(x)\n",
    "lead(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We also have:\n",
    "\n",
    "* **Logical comparisons** `==, !=, <, <=, >, >=`\n",
    "* **Cumulative aggregates** `cumsum(), cumprod(), cummin(), cummax()` (`dplyr` provided `cummean()`)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>TRUE</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\item TRUE\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. TRUE\n",
       "2. TRUE\n",
       "3. TRUE\n",
       "4. TRUE\n",
       "5. TRUE\n",
       "6. TRUE\n",
       "7. TRUE\n",
       "8. TRUE\n",
       "9. TRUE\n",
       "10. TRUE\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. FALSE\n",
       "2. FALSE\n",
       "3. FALSE\n",
       "4. FALSE\n",
       "5. FALSE\n",
       "6. FALSE\n",
       "7. FALSE\n",
       "8. FALSE\n",
       "9. FALSE\n",
       "10. FALSE\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "\t<li>FALSE</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\item FALSE\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. FALSE\n",
       "2. FALSE\n",
       "3. FALSE\n",
       "4. FALSE\n",
       "5. FALSE\n",
       "6. FALSE\n",
       "7. FALSE\n",
       "8. FALSE\n",
       "9. FALSE\n",
       "10. FALSE\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1:10 < 11:20\n",
    "1:10 < -1\n",
    "21 < 11:20"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>24</li>\n",
       "\t<li>120</li>\n",
       "\t<li>720</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5040</li>\n",
       "\t<li>40320</li>\n",
       "\t<li>362880</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3628800</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 24\n",
       "\\item 120\n",
       "\\item 720\n",
       "\\item 5040\n",
       "\\item 40320\n",
       "\\item 362880\n",
       "\\item 3628800\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 1\n",
       "2. 2\n",
       "3. 6\n",
       "4. 24\n",
       "5. 120\n",
       "6. 720\n",
       "7. 5040\n",
       "8. 40320\n",
       "9. 362880\n",
       "10. 3628800\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1]       1       2       6      24     120     720    5040   40320  362880\n",
       "[10] 3628800"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(factorials <- cumprod(1:10))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Finally, we can use these **ranking** functions:\n",
    "\n",
    "* `min_rank()`\n",
    "* `row_number()`\n",
    "* `dense_rank()`\n",
    "* `percent_rank()`\n",
    "* `cume_dist()`\n",
    "* `ntile()`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>14</li>\n",
       "\t<li>21</li>\n",
       "\t<li>26</li>\n",
       "\t<li>NA</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12</li>\n",
       "\t<li>17</li>\n",
       "\t<li>14</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12</li>\n",
       "\t<li>11</li>\n",
       "\t<li>14</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 14\n",
       "\\item 21\n",
       "\\item 26\n",
       "\\item NA\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\item 17\n",
       "\\item 14\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\item 11\n",
       "\\item 14\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 14\n",
       "2. 21\n",
       "3. 26\n",
       "4. NA\n",
       "5. 12\n",
       "6. 17\n",
       "7. 14\n",
       "8. 12\n",
       "9. 11\n",
       "10. 14\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1] 14 21 26 NA 12 17 14 12 11 14"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>NA</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item NA\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 4\n",
       "2. 8\n",
       "3. 9\n",
       "4. NA\n",
       "5. 2\n",
       "6. 7\n",
       "7. 4\n",
       "8. 2\n",
       "9. 1\n",
       "10. 4\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1]  4  8  9 NA  2  7  4  2  1  4"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>NA</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item NA\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 4\n",
       "2. 2\n",
       "3. 1\n",
       "4. NA\n",
       "5. 7\n",
       "6. 3\n",
       "7. 4\n",
       "8. 7\n",
       "9. 9\n",
       "10. 4\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1]  4  2  1 NA  7  3  4  7  9  4"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(x <- sample(c(11, 12, 12, 14, 14, 14, 17, 21, 26, NA))) # returns a random permutation of the input\n",
    "min_rank(x) # ranks with smallest value as rank 1\n",
    "min_rank(desc(x)) # ranks with largest value as rank 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>NA</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item NA\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 3\n",
       "2. 5\n",
       "3. 6\n",
       "4. NA\n",
       "5. 2\n",
       "6. 4\n",
       "7. 3\n",
       "8. 2\n",
       "9. 1\n",
       "10. 3\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1]  3  5  6 NA  2  4  3  2  1  3"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dense_rank(x) # don't create gaps in ranks"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>NA</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item NA\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 4\n",
       "2. 8\n",
       "3. 9\n",
       "4. NA\n",
       "5. 2\n",
       "6. 7\n",
       "7. 5\n",
       "8. 3\n",
       "9. 1\n",
       "10. 6\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1]  4  8  9 NA  2  7  5  3  1  6"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "row_number(x) # just return the position number in sorted order (ties get different ranks here)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>0.375</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.875</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>NA</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.125</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.75</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.375</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.125</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.375</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 0.375\n",
       "\\item 0.875\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item NA\n",
       "\\item 0.125\n",
       "\\item 0.75\n",
       "\\item 0.375\n",
       "\\item 0.125\n",
       "\\item 0\n",
       "\\item 0.375\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 0.375\n",
       "2. 0.875\n",
       "3. 1\n",
       "4. NA\n",
       "5. 0.125\n",
       "6. 0.75\n",
       "7. 0.375\n",
       "8. 0.125\n",
       "9. 0\n",
       "10. 0.375\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1] 0.375 0.875 1.000    NA 0.125 0.750 0.375 0.125 0.000 0.375"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "percent_rank(x) # min_rank values are scaled to [0,1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>0.666666666666667</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.888888888888889</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>NA</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.333333333333333</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.777777777777778</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.666666666666667</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.333333333333333</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.111111111111111</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.666666666666667</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 0.666666666666667\n",
       "\\item 0.888888888888889\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item NA\n",
       "\\item 0.333333333333333\n",
       "\\item 0.777777777777778\n",
       "\\item 0.666666666666667\n",
       "\\item 0.333333333333333\n",
       "\\item 0.111111111111111\n",
       "\\item 0.666666666666667\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 0.666666666666667\n",
       "2. 0.888888888888889\n",
       "3. 1\n",
       "4. NA\n",
       "5. 0.333333333333333\n",
       "6. 0.777777777777778\n",
       "7. 0.666666666666667\n",
       "8. 0.333333333333333\n",
       "9. 0.111111111111111\n",
       "10. 0.666666666666667\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1] 0.6666667 0.8888889 1.0000000        NA 0.3333333 0.7777778 0.6666667\n",
       " [8] 0.3333333 0.1111111 0.6666667"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "cume_dist(x) # fraction of entries less than or equal to a given number"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>NA</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item NA\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 2\n",
       "2. 4\n",
       "3. 4\n",
       "4. NA\n",
       "5. 1\n",
       "6. 3\n",
       "7. 2\n",
       "8. 1\n",
       "9. 1\n",
       "10. 3\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1]  2  4  4 NA  1  3  2  1  1  3"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ntile(x, 4) # rough ranks based on using just 4 buckets"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Let us now create two new variables obtained from `arr_time` and `dep_time` by convering them into minutes since midnight."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>year</th><th scope=col>month</th><th scope=col>day</th><th scope=col>dep_time</th><th scope=col>arr_time</th><th scope=col>air_time</th><th scope=col>origin</th><th scope=col>dest</th><th scope=col>new_arr</th><th scope=col>new_dep</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>517 </td><td> 830</td><td>227 </td><td>EWR </td><td>IAH </td><td>510 </td><td>317 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>533 </td><td> 850</td><td>227 </td><td>LGA </td><td>IAH </td><td>530 </td><td>333 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>542 </td><td> 923</td><td>160 </td><td>JFK </td><td>MIA </td><td>563 </td><td>342 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>544 </td><td>1004</td><td>183 </td><td>JFK </td><td>BQN </td><td>604 </td><td>344 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>554 </td><td> 812</td><td>116 </td><td>LGA </td><td>ATL </td><td>492 </td><td>354 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>554 </td><td> 740</td><td>150 </td><td>EWR </td><td>ORD </td><td>460 </td><td>354 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>555 </td><td> 913</td><td>158 </td><td>EWR </td><td>FLL </td><td>553 </td><td>355 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>557 </td><td> 709</td><td> 53 </td><td>LGA </td><td>IAD </td><td>429 </td><td>357 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>557 </td><td> 838</td><td>140 </td><td>JFK </td><td>MCO </td><td>518 </td><td>357 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 753</td><td>138 </td><td>LGA </td><td>ORD </td><td>473 </td><td>358 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 849</td><td>149 </td><td>JFK </td><td>PBI </td><td>529 </td><td>358 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 853</td><td>158 </td><td>JFK </td><td>TPA </td><td>533 </td><td>358 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 924</td><td>345 </td><td>JFK </td><td>LAX </td><td>564 </td><td>358 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 923</td><td>361 </td><td>EWR </td><td>SFO </td><td>563 </td><td>358 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>559 </td><td> 941</td><td>257 </td><td>LGA </td><td>DFW </td><td>581 </td><td>359 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>559 </td><td> 702</td><td> 44 </td><td>JFK </td><td>BOS </td><td>422 </td><td>359 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>559 </td><td> 854</td><td>337 </td><td>EWR </td><td>LAS </td><td>534 </td><td>359 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>600 </td><td> 851</td><td>152 </td><td>LGA </td><td>FLL </td><td>531 </td><td>360 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>600 </td><td> 837</td><td>134 </td><td>LGA </td><td>ATL </td><td>517 </td><td>360 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>601 </td><td> 844</td><td>147 </td><td>EWR </td><td>PBI </td><td>524 </td><td>361 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>602 </td><td> 812</td><td>170 </td><td>LGA </td><td>MSP </td><td>492 </td><td>362 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>602 </td><td> 821</td><td>105 </td><td>LGA </td><td>DTW </td><td>501 </td><td>362 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>606 </td><td> 858</td><td>152 </td><td>EWR </td><td>MIA </td><td>538 </td><td>366 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>606 </td><td> 837</td><td>128 </td><td>JFK </td><td>ATL </td><td>517 </td><td>366 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>607 </td><td> 858</td><td>157 </td><td>EWR </td><td>MIA </td><td>538 </td><td>367 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>608 </td><td> 807</td><td>139 </td><td>EWR </td><td>ORD </td><td>487 </td><td>368 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>611 </td><td> 945</td><td>366 </td><td>JFK </td><td>SFO </td><td>585 </td><td>371 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>613 </td><td> 925</td><td>175 </td><td>JFK </td><td>RSW </td><td>565 </td><td>373 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>615 </td><td>1039</td><td>182 </td><td>JFK </td><td>SJU </td><td>639 </td><td>375 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>615 </td><td> 833</td><td>120 </td><td>EWR </td><td>ATL </td><td>513 </td><td>375 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2123</td><td>2223</td><td> 45 </td><td>LGA </td><td>CHO </td><td>1343</td><td>1283</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2127</td><td>2314</td><td> 72 </td><td>EWR </td><td>CLT </td><td>1394</td><td>1287</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2128</td><td>2328</td><td>213 </td><td>JFK </td><td>DEN </td><td>1408</td><td>1288</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2129</td><td>2230</td><td> 45 </td><td>LGA </td><td>RIC </td><td>1350</td><td>1289</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2131</td><td>2225</td><td> 36 </td><td>JFK </td><td>DCA </td><td>1345</td><td>1291</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2140</td><td>  10</td><td>298 </td><td>JFK </td><td>LAX </td><td>  10</td><td>1300</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2142</td><td>2250</td><td> 47 </td><td>EWR </td><td>PWM </td><td>1370</td><td>1302</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2145</td><td> 115</td><td>192 </td><td>JFK </td><td>SJU </td><td>  75</td><td>1305</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2147</td><td>  30</td><td>139 </td><td>LGA </td><td>FLL </td><td>  30</td><td>1307</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2149</td><td>2245</td><td> 37 </td><td>EWR </td><td>BOS </td><td>1365</td><td>1309</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2150</td><td>2250</td><td> 39 </td><td>EWR </td><td>MHT </td><td>1370</td><td>1310</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2159</td><td>2344</td><td> 50 </td><td>JFK </td><td>BUF </td><td>1424</td><td>1319</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2203</td><td>2339</td><td> 61 </td><td>LGA </td><td>BGR </td><td>1419</td><td>1323</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2207</td><td>2257</td><td> 97 </td><td>LGA </td><td>BNA </td><td>1377</td><td>1327</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2211</td><td>2339</td><td>120 </td><td>EWR </td><td>STL </td><td>1419</td><td>1331</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2231</td><td>2335</td><td> 48 </td><td>JFK </td><td>PWM </td><td>1415</td><td>1351</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2233</td><td> 112</td><td>318 </td><td>EWR </td><td>SFO </td><td>  72</td><td>1353</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2235</td><td>  59</td><td>123 </td><td>JFK </td><td>MCO </td><td>  59</td><td>1355</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2237</td><td>2345</td><td> 43 </td><td>JFK </td><td>BTV </td><td>1425</td><td>1357</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2240</td><td>2334</td><td> 41 </td><td>JFK </td><td>SYR </td><td>1414</td><td>1360</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2240</td><td>2347</td><td> 52 </td><td>JFK </td><td>BUF </td><td>1427</td><td>1360</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2241</td><td>2345</td><td> 47 </td><td>JFK </td><td>ROC </td><td>1425</td><td>1361</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2307</td><td>2359</td><td> 33 </td><td>JFK </td><td>BOS </td><td>1439</td><td>1387</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>2349</td><td> 325</td><td>196 </td><td>JFK </td><td>PSE </td><td> 205</td><td>1429</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td><td> NA </td><td>LGA </td><td>BNA </td><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td><td> NA </td><td>JFK </td><td>DCA </td><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td><td> NA </td><td>LGA </td><td>SYR </td><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td><td> NA </td><td>LGA </td><td>BNA </td><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td><td> NA </td><td>LGA </td><td>CLE </td><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>9   </td><td>30  </td><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td><td> NA </td><td>LGA </td><td>RDU </td><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|llllllllll}\n",
       " year & month & day & dep\\_time & arr\\_time & air\\_time & origin & dest & new\\_arr & new\\_dep\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 517  &  830 & 227  & EWR  & IAH  & 510  & 317 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 533  &  850 & 227  & LGA  & IAH  & 530  & 333 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 542  &  923 & 160  & JFK  & MIA  & 563  & 342 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 544  & 1004 & 183  & JFK  & BQN  & 604  & 344 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 554  &  812 & 116  & LGA  & ATL  & 492  & 354 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 554  &  740 & 150  & EWR  & ORD  & 460  & 354 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 555  &  913 & 158  & EWR  & FLL  & 553  & 355 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 557  &  709 &  53  & LGA  & IAD  & 429  & 357 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 557  &  838 & 140  & JFK  & MCO  & 518  & 357 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  753 & 138  & LGA  & ORD  & 473  & 358 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  849 & 149  & JFK  & PBI  & 529  & 358 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  853 & 158  & JFK  & TPA  & 533  & 358 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  924 & 345  & JFK  & LAX  & 564  & 358 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  923 & 361  & EWR  & SFO  & 563  & 358 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 559  &  941 & 257  & LGA  & DFW  & 581  & 359 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 559  &  702 &  44  & JFK  & BOS  & 422  & 359 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 559  &  854 & 337  & EWR  & LAS  & 534  & 359 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 600  &  851 & 152  & LGA  & FLL  & 531  & 360 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 600  &  837 & 134  & LGA  & ATL  & 517  & 360 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 601  &  844 & 147  & EWR  & PBI  & 524  & 361 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 602  &  812 & 170  & LGA  & MSP  & 492  & 362 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 602  &  821 & 105  & LGA  & DTW  & 501  & 362 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 606  &  858 & 152  & EWR  & MIA  & 538  & 366 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 606  &  837 & 128  & JFK  & ATL  & 517  & 366 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 607  &  858 & 157  & EWR  & MIA  & 538  & 367 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 608  &  807 & 139  & EWR  & ORD  & 487  & 368 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 611  &  945 & 366  & JFK  & SFO  & 585  & 371 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 613  &  925 & 175  & JFK  & RSW  & 565  & 373 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 615  & 1039 & 182  & JFK  & SJU  & 639  & 375 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 615  &  833 & 120  & EWR  & ATL  & 513  & 375 \\\\\n",
       "\t ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2123 & 2223 &  45  & LGA  & CHO  & 1343 & 1283\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2127 & 2314 &  72  & EWR  & CLT  & 1394 & 1287\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2128 & 2328 & 213  & JFK  & DEN  & 1408 & 1288\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2129 & 2230 &  45  & LGA  & RIC  & 1350 & 1289\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2131 & 2225 &  36  & JFK  & DCA  & 1345 & 1291\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2140 &   10 & 298  & JFK  & LAX  &   10 & 1300\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2142 & 2250 &  47  & EWR  & PWM  & 1370 & 1302\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2145 &  115 & 192  & JFK  & SJU  &   75 & 1305\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2147 &   30 & 139  & LGA  & FLL  &   30 & 1307\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2149 & 2245 &  37  & EWR  & BOS  & 1365 & 1309\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2150 & 2250 &  39  & EWR  & MHT  & 1370 & 1310\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2159 & 2344 &  50  & JFK  & BUF  & 1424 & 1319\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2203 & 2339 &  61  & LGA  & BGR  & 1419 & 1323\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2207 & 2257 &  97  & LGA  & BNA  & 1377 & 1327\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2211 & 2339 & 120  & EWR  & STL  & 1419 & 1331\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2231 & 2335 &  48  & JFK  & PWM  & 1415 & 1351\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2233 &  112 & 318  & EWR  & SFO  &   72 & 1353\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2235 &   59 & 123  & JFK  & MCO  &   59 & 1355\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2237 & 2345 &  43  & JFK  & BTV  & 1425 & 1357\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2240 & 2334 &  41  & JFK  & SYR  & 1414 & 1360\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2240 & 2347 &  52  & JFK  & BUF  & 1427 & 1360\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2241 & 2345 &  47  & JFK  & ROC  & 1425 & 1361\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2307 & 2359 &  33  & JFK  & BOS  & 1439 & 1387\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   & 2349 &  325 & 196  & JFK  & PSE  &  205 & 1429\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   &   NA &   NA &  NA  & LGA  & BNA  &   NA &   NA\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   &   NA &   NA &  NA  & JFK  & DCA  &   NA &   NA\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   &   NA &   NA &  NA  & LGA  & SYR  &   NA &   NA\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   &   NA &   NA &  NA  & LGA  & BNA  &   NA &   NA\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   &   NA &   NA &  NA  & LGA  & CLE  &   NA &   NA\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 9    & 30   &   NA &   NA &  NA  & LGA  & RDU  &   NA &   NA\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "year | month | day | dep_time | arr_time | air_time | origin | dest | new_arr | new_dep | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 517  |  830 | 227  | EWR  | IAH  | 510  | 317  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 533  |  850 | 227  | LGA  | IAH  | 530  | 333  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 542  |  923 | 160  | JFK  | MIA  | 563  | 342  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 544  | 1004 | 183  | JFK  | BQN  | 604  | 344  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 554  |  812 | 116  | LGA  | ATL  | 492  | 354  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 554  |  740 | 150  | EWR  | ORD  | 460  | 354  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 555  |  913 | 158  | EWR  | FLL  | 553  | 355  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 557  |  709 |  53  | LGA  | IAD  | 429  | 357  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 557  |  838 | 140  | JFK  | MCO  | 518  | 357  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  753 | 138  | LGA  | ORD  | 473  | 358  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  849 | 149  | JFK  | PBI  | 529  | 358  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  853 | 158  | JFK  | TPA  | 533  | 358  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  924 | 345  | JFK  | LAX  | 564  | 358  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  923 | 361  | EWR  | SFO  | 563  | 358  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 559  |  941 | 257  | LGA  | DFW  | 581  | 359  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 559  |  702 |  44  | JFK  | BOS  | 422  | 359  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 559  |  854 | 337  | EWR  | LAS  | 534  | 359  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 600  |  851 | 152  | LGA  | FLL  | 531  | 360  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 600  |  837 | 134  | LGA  | ATL  | 517  | 360  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 601  |  844 | 147  | EWR  | PBI  | 524  | 361  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 602  |  812 | 170  | LGA  | MSP  | 492  | 362  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 602  |  821 | 105  | LGA  | DTW  | 501  | 362  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 606  |  858 | 152  | EWR  | MIA  | 538  | 366  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 606  |  837 | 128  | JFK  | ATL  | 517  | 366  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 607  |  858 | 157  | EWR  | MIA  | 538  | 367  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 608  |  807 | 139  | EWR  | ORD  | 487  | 368  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 611  |  945 | 366  | JFK  | SFO  | 585  | 371  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 613  |  925 | 175  | JFK  | RSW  | 565  | 373  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 615  | 1039 | 182  | JFK  | SJU  | 639  | 375  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 615  |  833 | 120  | EWR  | ATL  | 513  | 375  | \n",
       "| ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2123 | 2223 |  45  | LGA  | CHO  | 1343 | 1283 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2127 | 2314 |  72  | EWR  | CLT  | 1394 | 1287 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2128 | 2328 | 213  | JFK  | DEN  | 1408 | 1288 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2129 | 2230 |  45  | LGA  | RIC  | 1350 | 1289 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2131 | 2225 |  36  | JFK  | DCA  | 1345 | 1291 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2140 |   10 | 298  | JFK  | LAX  |   10 | 1300 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2142 | 2250 |  47  | EWR  | PWM  | 1370 | 1302 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2145 |  115 | 192  | JFK  | SJU  |   75 | 1305 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2147 |   30 | 139  | LGA  | FLL  |   30 | 1307 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2149 | 2245 |  37  | EWR  | BOS  | 1365 | 1309 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2150 | 2250 |  39  | EWR  | MHT  | 1370 | 1310 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2159 | 2344 |  50  | JFK  | BUF  | 1424 | 1319 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2203 | 2339 |  61  | LGA  | BGR  | 1419 | 1323 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2207 | 2257 |  97  | LGA  | BNA  | 1377 | 1327 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2211 | 2339 | 120  | EWR  | STL  | 1419 | 1331 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2231 | 2335 |  48  | JFK  | PWM  | 1415 | 1351 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2233 |  112 | 318  | EWR  | SFO  |   72 | 1353 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2235 |   59 | 123  | JFK  | MCO  |   59 | 1355 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2237 | 2345 |  43  | JFK  | BTV  | 1425 | 1357 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2240 | 2334 |  41  | JFK  | SYR  | 1414 | 1360 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2240 | 2347 |  52  | JFK  | BUF  | 1427 | 1360 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2241 | 2345 |  47  | JFK  | ROC  | 1425 | 1361 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2307 | 2359 |  33  | JFK  | BOS  | 1439 | 1387 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   | 2349 |  325 | 196  | JFK  | PSE  |  205 | 1429 | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   |   NA |   NA |  NA  | LGA  | BNA  |   NA |   NA | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   |   NA |   NA |  NA  | JFK  | DCA  |   NA |   NA | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   |   NA |   NA |  NA  | LGA  | SYR  |   NA |   NA | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   |   NA |   NA |  NA  | LGA  | BNA  |   NA |   NA | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   |   NA |   NA |  NA  | LGA  | CLE  |   NA |   NA | \n",
       "| 2013 | 9    | 30   |   NA |   NA |  NA  | LGA  | RDU  |   NA |   NA | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       year month day dep_time arr_time air_time origin dest new_arr new_dep\n",
       "1      2013 1     1   517       830     227      EWR    IAH  510     317    \n",
       "2      2013 1     1   533       850     227      LGA    IAH  530     333    \n",
       "3      2013 1     1   542       923     160      JFK    MIA  563     342    \n",
       "4      2013 1     1   544      1004     183      JFK    BQN  604     344    \n",
       "5      2013 1     1   554       812     116      LGA    ATL  492     354    \n",
       "6      2013 1     1   554       740     150      EWR    ORD  460     354    \n",
       "7      2013 1     1   555       913     158      EWR    FLL  553     355    \n",
       "8      2013 1     1   557       709      53      LGA    IAD  429     357    \n",
       "9      2013 1     1   557       838     140      JFK    MCO  518     357    \n",
       "10     2013 1     1   558       753     138      LGA    ORD  473     358    \n",
       "11     2013 1     1   558       849     149      JFK    PBI  529     358    \n",
       "12     2013 1     1   558       853     158      JFK    TPA  533     358    \n",
       "13     2013 1     1   558       924     345      JFK    LAX  564     358    \n",
       "14     2013 1     1   558       923     361      EWR    SFO  563     358    \n",
       "15     2013 1     1   559       941     257      LGA    DFW  581     359    \n",
       "16     2013 1     1   559       702      44      JFK    BOS  422     359    \n",
       "17     2013 1     1   559       854     337      EWR    LAS  534     359    \n",
       "18     2013 1     1   600       851     152      LGA    FLL  531     360    \n",
       "19     2013 1     1   600       837     134      LGA    ATL  517     360    \n",
       "20     2013 1     1   601       844     147      EWR    PBI  524     361    \n",
       "21     2013 1     1   602       812     170      LGA    MSP  492     362    \n",
       "22     2013 1     1   602       821     105      LGA    DTW  501     362    \n",
       "23     2013 1     1   606       858     152      EWR    MIA  538     366    \n",
       "24     2013 1     1   606       837     128      JFK    ATL  517     366    \n",
       "25     2013 1     1   607       858     157      EWR    MIA  538     367    \n",
       "26     2013 1     1   608       807     139      EWR    ORD  487     368    \n",
       "27     2013 1     1   611       945     366      JFK    SFO  585     371    \n",
       "28     2013 1     1   613       925     175      JFK    RSW  565     373    \n",
       "29     2013 1     1   615      1039     182      JFK    SJU  639     375    \n",
       "30     2013 1     1   615       833     120      EWR    ATL  513     375    \n",
       "⋮      ⋮    ⋮     ⋮   ⋮        ⋮        ⋮        ⋮      ⋮    ⋮       ⋮      \n",
       "336747 2013 9     30  2123     2223      45      LGA    CHO  1343    1283   \n",
       "336748 2013 9     30  2127     2314      72      EWR    CLT  1394    1287   \n",
       "336749 2013 9     30  2128     2328     213      JFK    DEN  1408    1288   \n",
       "336750 2013 9     30  2129     2230      45      LGA    RIC  1350    1289   \n",
       "336751 2013 9     30  2131     2225      36      JFK    DCA  1345    1291   \n",
       "336752 2013 9     30  2140       10     298      JFK    LAX    10    1300   \n",
       "336753 2013 9     30  2142     2250      47      EWR    PWM  1370    1302   \n",
       "336754 2013 9     30  2145      115     192      JFK    SJU    75    1305   \n",
       "336755 2013 9     30  2147       30     139      LGA    FLL    30    1307   \n",
       "336756 2013 9     30  2149     2245      37      EWR    BOS  1365    1309   \n",
       "336757 2013 9     30  2150     2250      39      EWR    MHT  1370    1310   \n",
       "336758 2013 9     30  2159     2344      50      JFK    BUF  1424    1319   \n",
       "336759 2013 9     30  2203     2339      61      LGA    BGR  1419    1323   \n",
       "336760 2013 9     30  2207     2257      97      LGA    BNA  1377    1327   \n",
       "336761 2013 9     30  2211     2339     120      EWR    STL  1419    1331   \n",
       "336762 2013 9     30  2231     2335      48      JFK    PWM  1415    1351   \n",
       "336763 2013 9     30  2233      112     318      EWR    SFO    72    1353   \n",
       "336764 2013 9     30  2235       59     123      JFK    MCO    59    1355   \n",
       "336765 2013 9     30  2237     2345      43      JFK    BTV  1425    1357   \n",
       "336766 2013 9     30  2240     2334      41      JFK    SYR  1414    1360   \n",
       "336767 2013 9     30  2240     2347      52      JFK    BUF  1427    1360   \n",
       "336768 2013 9     30  2241     2345      47      JFK    ROC  1425    1361   \n",
       "336769 2013 9     30  2307     2359      33      JFK    BOS  1439    1387   \n",
       "336770 2013 9     30  2349      325     196      JFK    PSE   205    1429   \n",
       "336771 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      LGA    BNA    NA      NA   \n",
       "336772 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      JFK    DCA    NA      NA   \n",
       "336773 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      LGA    SYR    NA      NA   \n",
       "336774 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      LGA    BNA    NA      NA   \n",
       "336775 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      LGA    CLE    NA      NA   \n",
       "336776 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      LGA    RDU    NA      NA   "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(my_flights_new <- mutate(my_flights, new_arr = hourmin2min(arr_time), new_dep = hourmin2min(dep_time)))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Now we can subtract the departure time `new_dep` from the arrival time `new_arr` to get a new variable `total_time`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>year</th><th scope=col>month</th><th scope=col>day</th><th scope=col>dep_time</th><th scope=col>arr_time</th><th scope=col>air_time</th><th scope=col>origin</th><th scope=col>dest</th><th scope=col>new_arr</th><th scope=col>new_dep</th><th scope=col>total_time</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>517 </td><td> 830</td><td>227 </td><td>EWR </td><td>IAH </td><td>510 </td><td>317 </td><td>193 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>533 </td><td> 850</td><td>227 </td><td>LGA </td><td>IAH </td><td>530 </td><td>333 </td><td>197 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>542 </td><td> 923</td><td>160 </td><td>JFK </td><td>MIA </td><td>563 </td><td>342 </td><td>221 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>544 </td><td>1004</td><td>183 </td><td>JFK </td><td>BQN </td><td>604 </td><td>344 </td><td>260 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>554 </td><td> 812</td><td>116 </td><td>LGA </td><td>ATL </td><td>492 </td><td>354 </td><td>138 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>554 </td><td> 740</td><td>150 </td><td>EWR </td><td>ORD </td><td>460 </td><td>354 </td><td>106 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>555 </td><td> 913</td><td>158 </td><td>EWR </td><td>FLL </td><td>553 </td><td>355 </td><td>198 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>557 </td><td> 709</td><td> 53 </td><td>LGA </td><td>IAD </td><td>429 </td><td>357 </td><td> 72 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>557 </td><td> 838</td><td>140 </td><td>JFK </td><td>MCO </td><td>518 </td><td>357 </td><td>161 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 753</td><td>138 </td><td>LGA </td><td>ORD </td><td>473 </td><td>358 </td><td>115 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 849</td><td>149 </td><td>JFK </td><td>PBI </td><td>529 </td><td>358 </td><td>171 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 853</td><td>158 </td><td>JFK </td><td>TPA </td><td>533 </td><td>358 </td><td>175 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 924</td><td>345 </td><td>JFK </td><td>LAX </td><td>564 </td><td>358 </td><td>206 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 923</td><td>361 </td><td>EWR </td><td>SFO </td><td>563 </td><td>358 </td><td>205 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>559 </td><td> 941</td><td>257 </td><td>LGA </td><td>DFW </td><td>581 </td><td>359 </td><td>222 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>559 </td><td> 702</td><td> 44 </td><td>JFK </td><td>BOS </td><td>422 </td><td>359 </td><td> 63 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>559 </td><td> 854</td><td>337 </td><td>EWR </td><td>LAS </td><td>534 </td><td>359 </td><td>175 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>600 </td><td> 851</td><td>152 </td><td>LGA </td><td>FLL </td><td>531 </td><td>360 </td><td>171 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>600 </td><td> 837</td><td>134 </td><td>LGA </td><td>ATL </td><td>517 </td><td>360 </td><td>157 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>601 </td><td> 844</td><td>147 </td><td>EWR </td><td>PBI </td><td>524 </td><td>361 </td><td>163 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>602 </td><td> 812</td><td>170 </td><td>LGA </td><td>MSP </td><td>492 </td><td>362 </td><td>130 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>602 </td><td> 821</td><td>105 </td><td>LGA </td><td>DTW </td><td>501 </td><td>362 </td><td>139 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>606 </td><td> 858</td><td>152 </td><td>EWR </td><td>MIA </td><td>538 </td><td>366 </td><td>172 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>606 </td><td> 837</td><td>128 </td><td>JFK </td><td>ATL </td><td>517 </td><td>366 </td><td>151 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>607 </td><td> 858</td><td>157 </td><td>EWR </td><td>MIA </td><td>538 </td><td>367 </td><td>171 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>608 </td><td> 807</td><td>139 </td><td>EWR </td><td>ORD </td><td>487 </td><td>368 </td><td>119 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>611 </td><td> 945</td><td>366 </td><td>JFK </td><td>SFO </td><td>585 </td><td>371 </td><td>214 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>613 </td><td> 925</td><td>175 </td><td>JFK </td><td>RSW </td><td>565 </td><td>373 </td><td>192 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>615 </td><td>1039</td><td>182 </td><td>JFK </td><td>SJU </td><td>639 </td><td>375 </td><td>264 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>615 </td><td> 833</td><td>120 </td><td>EWR </td><td>ATL </td><td>513 </td><td>375 </td><td>138 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2123 </td><td>2223 </td><td> 45  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>CHO  </td><td>1343 </td><td>1283 </td><td>   60</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2127 </td><td>2314 </td><td> 72  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>CLT  </td><td>1394 </td><td>1287 </td><td>  107</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2128 </td><td>2328 </td><td>213  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>DEN  </td><td>1408 </td><td>1288 </td><td>  120</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2129 </td><td>2230 </td><td> 45  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>RIC  </td><td>1350 </td><td>1289 </td><td>   61</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2131 </td><td>2225 </td><td> 36  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>DCA  </td><td>1345 </td><td>1291 </td><td>   54</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2140 </td><td>  10 </td><td>298  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>LAX  </td><td>  10 </td><td>1300 </td><td>-1290</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2142 </td><td>2250 </td><td> 47  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>PWM  </td><td>1370 </td><td>1302 </td><td>   68</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2145 </td><td> 115 </td><td>192  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>SJU  </td><td>  75 </td><td>1305 </td><td>-1230</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2147 </td><td>  30 </td><td>139  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>FLL  </td><td>  30 </td><td>1307 </td><td>-1277</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2149 </td><td>2245 </td><td> 37  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>BOS  </td><td>1365 </td><td>1309 </td><td>   56</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2150 </td><td>2250 </td><td> 39  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>MHT  </td><td>1370 </td><td>1310 </td><td>   60</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2159 </td><td>2344 </td><td> 50  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>BUF  </td><td>1424 </td><td>1319 </td><td>  105</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2203 </td><td>2339 </td><td> 61  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>BGR  </td><td>1419 </td><td>1323 </td><td>   96</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2207 </td><td>2257 </td><td> 97  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>BNA  </td><td>1377 </td><td>1327 </td><td>   50</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2211 </td><td>2339 </td><td>120  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>STL  </td><td>1419 </td><td>1331 </td><td>   88</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2231 </td><td>2335 </td><td> 48  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>PWM  </td><td>1415 </td><td>1351 </td><td>   64</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2233 </td><td> 112 </td><td>318  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>SFO  </td><td>  72 </td><td>1353 </td><td>-1281</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2235 </td><td>  59 </td><td>123  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>MCO  </td><td>  59 </td><td>1355 </td><td>-1296</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2237 </td><td>2345 </td><td> 43  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>BTV  </td><td>1425 </td><td>1357 </td><td>   68</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2240 </td><td>2334 </td><td> 41  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>SYR  </td><td>1414 </td><td>1360 </td><td>   54</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2240 </td><td>2347 </td><td> 52  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>BUF  </td><td>1427 </td><td>1360 </td><td>   67</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2241 </td><td>2345 </td><td> 47  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>ROC  </td><td>1425 </td><td>1361 </td><td>   64</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2307 </td><td>2359 </td><td> 33  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>BOS  </td><td>1439 </td><td>1387 </td><td>   52</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2349 </td><td> 325 </td><td>196  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>PSE  </td><td> 205 </td><td>1429 </td><td>-1224</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>  NA </td><td>  NA </td><td> NA  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>BNA  </td><td>  NA </td><td>  NA </td><td>   NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>  NA </td><td>  NA </td><td> NA  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>DCA  </td><td>  NA </td><td>  NA </td><td>   NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>  NA </td><td>  NA </td><td> NA  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>SYR  </td><td>  NA </td><td>  NA </td><td>   NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>  NA </td><td>  NA </td><td> NA  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>BNA  </td><td>  NA </td><td>  NA </td><td>   NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>  NA </td><td>  NA </td><td> NA  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>CLE  </td><td>  NA </td><td>  NA </td><td>   NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>  NA </td><td>  NA </td><td> NA  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>RDU  </td><td>  NA </td><td>  NA </td><td>   NA</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllll}\n",
       " year & month & day & dep\\_time & arr\\_time & air\\_time & origin & dest & new\\_arr & new\\_dep & total\\_time\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 517  &  830 & 227  & EWR  & IAH  & 510  & 317  & 193 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 533  &  850 & 227  & LGA  & IAH  & 530  & 333  & 197 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 542  &  923 & 160  & JFK  & MIA  & 563  & 342  & 221 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 544  & 1004 & 183  & JFK  & BQN  & 604  & 344  & 260 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 554  &  812 & 116  & LGA  & ATL  & 492  & 354  & 138 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 554  &  740 & 150  & EWR  & ORD  & 460  & 354  & 106 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 555  &  913 & 158  & EWR  & FLL  & 553  & 355  & 198 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 557  &  709 &  53  & LGA  & IAD  & 429  & 357  &  72 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 557  &  838 & 140  & JFK  & MCO  & 518  & 357  & 161 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  753 & 138  & LGA  & ORD  & 473  & 358  & 115 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  849 & 149  & JFK  & PBI  & 529  & 358  & 171 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  853 & 158  & JFK  & TPA  & 533  & 358  & 175 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  924 & 345  & JFK  & LAX  & 564  & 358  & 206 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  923 & 361  & EWR  & SFO  & 563  & 358  & 205 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 559  &  941 & 257  & LGA  & DFW  & 581  & 359  & 222 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 559  &  702 &  44  & JFK  & BOS  & 422  & 359  &  63 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 559  &  854 & 337  & EWR  & LAS  & 534  & 359  & 175 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 600  &  851 & 152  & LGA  & FLL  & 531  & 360  & 171 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 600  &  837 & 134  & LGA  & ATL  & 517  & 360  & 157 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 601  &  844 & 147  & EWR  & PBI  & 524  & 361  & 163 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 602  &  812 & 170  & LGA  & MSP  & 492  & 362  & 130 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 602  &  821 & 105  & LGA  & DTW  & 501  & 362  & 139 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 606  &  858 & 152  & EWR  & MIA  & 538  & 366  & 172 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 606  &  837 & 128  & JFK  & ATL  & 517  & 366  & 151 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 607  &  858 & 157  & EWR  & MIA  & 538  & 367  & 171 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 608  &  807 & 139  & EWR  & ORD  & 487  & 368  & 119 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 611  &  945 & 366  & JFK  & SFO  & 585  & 371  & 214 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 613  &  925 & 175  & JFK  & RSW  & 565  & 373  & 192 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 615  & 1039 & 182  & JFK  & SJU  & 639  & 375  & 264 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 615  &  833 & 120  & EWR  & ATL  & 513  & 375  & 138 \\\\\n",
       "\t ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2123  & 2223  &  45   & LGA   & CHO   & 1343  & 1283  &    60\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2127  & 2314  &  72   & EWR   & CLT   & 1394  & 1287  &   107\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2128  & 2328  & 213   & JFK   & DEN   & 1408  & 1288  &   120\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2129  & 2230  &  45   & LGA   & RIC   & 1350  & 1289  &    61\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2131  & 2225  &  36   & JFK   & DCA   & 1345  & 1291  &    54\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2140  &   10  & 298   & JFK   & LAX   &   10  & 1300  & -1290\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2142  & 2250  &  47   & EWR   & PWM   & 1370  & 1302  &    68\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2145  &  115  & 192   & JFK   & SJU   &   75  & 1305  & -1230\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2147  &   30  & 139   & LGA   & FLL   &   30  & 1307  & -1277\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2149  & 2245  &  37   & EWR   & BOS   & 1365  & 1309  &    56\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2150  & 2250  &  39   & EWR   & MHT   & 1370  & 1310  &    60\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2159  & 2344  &  50   & JFK   & BUF   & 1424  & 1319  &   105\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2203  & 2339  &  61   & LGA   & BGR   & 1419  & 1323  &    96\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2207  & 2257  &  97   & LGA   & BNA   & 1377  & 1327  &    50\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2211  & 2339  & 120   & EWR   & STL   & 1419  & 1331  &    88\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2231  & 2335  &  48   & JFK   & PWM   & 1415  & 1351  &    64\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2233  &  112  & 318   & EWR   & SFO   &   72  & 1353  & -1281\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2235  &   59  & 123   & JFK   & MCO   &   59  & 1355  & -1296\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2237  & 2345  &  43   & JFK   & BTV   & 1425  & 1357  &    68\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2240  & 2334  &  41   & JFK   & SYR   & 1414  & 1360  &    54\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2240  & 2347  &  52   & JFK   & BUF   & 1427  & 1360  &    67\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2241  & 2345  &  47   & JFK   & ROC   & 1425  & 1361  &    64\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2307  & 2359  &  33   & JFK   & BOS   & 1439  & 1387  &    52\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2349  &  325  & 196   & JFK   & PSE   &  205  & 1429  & -1224\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    &   NA  &   NA  &  NA   & LGA   & BNA   &   NA  &   NA  &    NA\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    &   NA  &   NA  &  NA   & JFK   & DCA   &   NA  &   NA  &    NA\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    &   NA  &   NA  &  NA   & LGA   & SYR   &   NA  &   NA  &    NA\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    &   NA  &   NA  &  NA   & LGA   & BNA   &   NA  &   NA  &    NA\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    &   NA  &   NA  &  NA   & LGA   & CLE   &   NA  &   NA  &    NA\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    &   NA  &   NA  &  NA   & LGA   & RDU   &   NA  &   NA  &    NA\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "year | month | day | dep_time | arr_time | air_time | origin | dest | new_arr | new_dep | total_time | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 517  |  830 | 227  | EWR  | IAH  | 510  | 317  | 193  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 533  |  850 | 227  | LGA  | IAH  | 530  | 333  | 197  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 542  |  923 | 160  | JFK  | MIA  | 563  | 342  | 221  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 544  | 1004 | 183  | JFK  | BQN  | 604  | 344  | 260  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 554  |  812 | 116  | LGA  | ATL  | 492  | 354  | 138  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 554  |  740 | 150  | EWR  | ORD  | 460  | 354  | 106  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 555  |  913 | 158  | EWR  | FLL  | 553  | 355  | 198  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 557  |  709 |  53  | LGA  | IAD  | 429  | 357  |  72  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 557  |  838 | 140  | JFK  | MCO  | 518  | 357  | 161  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  753 | 138  | LGA  | ORD  | 473  | 358  | 115  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  849 | 149  | JFK  | PBI  | 529  | 358  | 171  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  853 | 158  | JFK  | TPA  | 533  | 358  | 175  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  924 | 345  | JFK  | LAX  | 564  | 358  | 206  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  923 | 361  | EWR  | SFO  | 563  | 358  | 205  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 559  |  941 | 257  | LGA  | DFW  | 581  | 359  | 222  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 559  |  702 |  44  | JFK  | BOS  | 422  | 359  |  63  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 559  |  854 | 337  | EWR  | LAS  | 534  | 359  | 175  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 600  |  851 | 152  | LGA  | FLL  | 531  | 360  | 171  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 600  |  837 | 134  | LGA  | ATL  | 517  | 360  | 157  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 601  |  844 | 147  | EWR  | PBI  | 524  | 361  | 163  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 602  |  812 | 170  | LGA  | MSP  | 492  | 362  | 130  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 602  |  821 | 105  | LGA  | DTW  | 501  | 362  | 139  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 606  |  858 | 152  | EWR  | MIA  | 538  | 366  | 172  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 606  |  837 | 128  | JFK  | ATL  | 517  | 366  | 151  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 607  |  858 | 157  | EWR  | MIA  | 538  | 367  | 171  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 608  |  807 | 139  | EWR  | ORD  | 487  | 368  | 119  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 611  |  945 | 366  | JFK  | SFO  | 585  | 371  | 214  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 613  |  925 | 175  | JFK  | RSW  | 565  | 373  | 192  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 615  | 1039 | 182  | JFK  | SJU  | 639  | 375  | 264  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 615  |  833 | 120  | EWR  | ATL  | 513  | 375  | 138  | \n",
       "| ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2123  | 2223  |  45   | LGA   | CHO   | 1343  | 1283  |    60 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2127  | 2314  |  72   | EWR   | CLT   | 1394  | 1287  |   107 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2128  | 2328  | 213   | JFK   | DEN   | 1408  | 1288  |   120 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2129  | 2230  |  45   | LGA   | RIC   | 1350  | 1289  |    61 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2131  | 2225  |  36   | JFK   | DCA   | 1345  | 1291  |    54 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2140  |   10  | 298   | JFK   | LAX   |   10  | 1300  | -1290 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2142  | 2250  |  47   | EWR   | PWM   | 1370  | 1302  |    68 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2145  |  115  | 192   | JFK   | SJU   |   75  | 1305  | -1230 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2147  |   30  | 139   | LGA   | FLL   |   30  | 1307  | -1277 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2149  | 2245  |  37   | EWR   | BOS   | 1365  | 1309  |    56 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2150  | 2250  |  39   | EWR   | MHT   | 1370  | 1310  |    60 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2159  | 2344  |  50   | JFK   | BUF   | 1424  | 1319  |   105 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2203  | 2339  |  61   | LGA   | BGR   | 1419  | 1323  |    96 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2207  | 2257  |  97   | LGA   | BNA   | 1377  | 1327  |    50 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2211  | 2339  | 120   | EWR   | STL   | 1419  | 1331  |    88 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2231  | 2335  |  48   | JFK   | PWM   | 1415  | 1351  |    64 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2233  |  112  | 318   | EWR   | SFO   |   72  | 1353  | -1281 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2235  |   59  | 123   | JFK   | MCO   |   59  | 1355  | -1296 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2237  | 2345  |  43   | JFK   | BTV   | 1425  | 1357  |    68 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2240  | 2334  |  41   | JFK   | SYR   | 1414  | 1360  |    54 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2240  | 2347  |  52   | JFK   | BUF   | 1427  | 1360  |    67 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2241  | 2345  |  47   | JFK   | ROC   | 1425  | 1361  |    64 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2307  | 2359  |  33   | JFK   | BOS   | 1439  | 1387  |    52 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2349  |  325  | 196   | JFK   | PSE   |  205  | 1429  | -1224 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    |   NA  |   NA  |  NA   | LGA   | BNA   |   NA  |   NA  |    NA | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    |   NA  |   NA  |  NA   | JFK   | DCA   |   NA  |   NA  |    NA | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    |   NA  |   NA  |  NA   | LGA   | SYR   |   NA  |   NA  |    NA | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    |   NA  |   NA  |  NA   | LGA   | BNA   |   NA  |   NA  |    NA | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    |   NA  |   NA  |  NA   | LGA   | CLE   |   NA  |   NA  |    NA | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    |   NA  |   NA  |  NA   | LGA   | RDU   |   NA  |   NA  |    NA | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       year month day dep_time arr_time air_time origin dest new_arr new_dep\n",
       "1      2013 1     1   517       830     227      EWR    IAH  510     317    \n",
       "2      2013 1     1   533       850     227      LGA    IAH  530     333    \n",
       "3      2013 1     1   542       923     160      JFK    MIA  563     342    \n",
       "4      2013 1     1   544      1004     183      JFK    BQN  604     344    \n",
       "5      2013 1     1   554       812     116      LGA    ATL  492     354    \n",
       "6      2013 1     1   554       740     150      EWR    ORD  460     354    \n",
       "7      2013 1     1   555       913     158      EWR    FLL  553     355    \n",
       "8      2013 1     1   557       709      53      LGA    IAD  429     357    \n",
       "9      2013 1     1   557       838     140      JFK    MCO  518     357    \n",
       "10     2013 1     1   558       753     138      LGA    ORD  473     358    \n",
       "11     2013 1     1   558       849     149      JFK    PBI  529     358    \n",
       "12     2013 1     1   558       853     158      JFK    TPA  533     358    \n",
       "13     2013 1     1   558       924     345      JFK    LAX  564     358    \n",
       "14     2013 1     1   558       923     361      EWR    SFO  563     358    \n",
       "15     2013 1     1   559       941     257      LGA    DFW  581     359    \n",
       "16     2013 1     1   559       702      44      JFK    BOS  422     359    \n",
       "17     2013 1     1   559       854     337      EWR    LAS  534     359    \n",
       "18     2013 1     1   600       851     152      LGA    FLL  531     360    \n",
       "19     2013 1     1   600       837     134      LGA    ATL  517     360    \n",
       "20     2013 1     1   601       844     147      EWR    PBI  524     361    \n",
       "21     2013 1     1   602       812     170      LGA    MSP  492     362    \n",
       "22     2013 1     1   602       821     105      LGA    DTW  501     362    \n",
       "23     2013 1     1   606       858     152      EWR    MIA  538     366    \n",
       "24     2013 1     1   606       837     128      JFK    ATL  517     366    \n",
       "25     2013 1     1   607       858     157      EWR    MIA  538     367    \n",
       "26     2013 1     1   608       807     139      EWR    ORD  487     368    \n",
       "27     2013 1     1   611       945     366      JFK    SFO  585     371    \n",
       "28     2013 1     1   613       925     175      JFK    RSW  565     373    \n",
       "29     2013 1     1   615      1039     182      JFK    SJU  639     375    \n",
       "30     2013 1     1   615       833     120      EWR    ATL  513     375    \n",
       "⋮      ⋮    ⋮     ⋮   ⋮        ⋮        ⋮        ⋮      ⋮    ⋮       ⋮      \n",
       "336747 2013 9     30  2123     2223      45      LGA    CHO  1343    1283   \n",
       "336748 2013 9     30  2127     2314      72      EWR    CLT  1394    1287   \n",
       "336749 2013 9     30  2128     2328     213      JFK    DEN  1408    1288   \n",
       "336750 2013 9     30  2129     2230      45      LGA    RIC  1350    1289   \n",
       "336751 2013 9     30  2131     2225      36      JFK    DCA  1345    1291   \n",
       "336752 2013 9     30  2140       10     298      JFK    LAX    10    1300   \n",
       "336753 2013 9     30  2142     2250      47      EWR    PWM  1370    1302   \n",
       "336754 2013 9     30  2145      115     192      JFK    SJU    75    1305   \n",
       "336755 2013 9     30  2147       30     139      LGA    FLL    30    1307   \n",
       "336756 2013 9     30  2149     2245      37      EWR    BOS  1365    1309   \n",
       "336757 2013 9     30  2150     2250      39      EWR    MHT  1370    1310   \n",
       "336758 2013 9     30  2159     2344      50      JFK    BUF  1424    1319   \n",
       "336759 2013 9     30  2203     2339      61      LGA    BGR  1419    1323   \n",
       "336760 2013 9     30  2207     2257      97      LGA    BNA  1377    1327   \n",
       "336761 2013 9     30  2211     2339     120      EWR    STL  1419    1331   \n",
       "336762 2013 9     30  2231     2335      48      JFK    PWM  1415    1351   \n",
       "336763 2013 9     30  2233      112     318      EWR    SFO    72    1353   \n",
       "336764 2013 9     30  2235       59     123      JFK    MCO    59    1355   \n",
       "336765 2013 9     30  2237     2345      43      JFK    BTV  1425    1357   \n",
       "336766 2013 9     30  2240     2334      41      JFK    SYR  1414    1360   \n",
       "336767 2013 9     30  2240     2347      52      JFK    BUF  1427    1360   \n",
       "336768 2013 9     30  2241     2345      47      JFK    ROC  1425    1361   \n",
       "336769 2013 9     30  2307     2359      33      JFK    BOS  1439    1387   \n",
       "336770 2013 9     30  2349      325     196      JFK    PSE   205    1429   \n",
       "336771 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      LGA    BNA    NA      NA   \n",
       "336772 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      JFK    DCA    NA      NA   \n",
       "336773 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      LGA    SYR    NA      NA   \n",
       "336774 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      LGA    BNA    NA      NA   \n",
       "336775 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      LGA    CLE    NA      NA   \n",
       "336776 2013 9     30    NA       NA      NA      LGA    RDU    NA      NA   \n",
       "       total_time\n",
       "1      193       \n",
       "2      197       \n",
       "3      221       \n",
       "4      260       \n",
       "5      138       \n",
       "6      106       \n",
       "7      198       \n",
       "8       72       \n",
       "9      161       \n",
       "10     115       \n",
       "11     171       \n",
       "12     175       \n",
       "13     206       \n",
       "14     205       \n",
       "15     222       \n",
       "16      63       \n",
       "17     175       \n",
       "18     171       \n",
       "19     157       \n",
       "20     163       \n",
       "21     130       \n",
       "22     139       \n",
       "23     172       \n",
       "24     151       \n",
       "25     171       \n",
       "26     119       \n",
       "27     214       \n",
       "28     192       \n",
       "29     264       \n",
       "30     138       \n",
       "⋮      ⋮         \n",
       "336747    60     \n",
       "336748   107     \n",
       "336749   120     \n",
       "336750    61     \n",
       "336751    54     \n",
       "336752 -1290     \n",
       "336753    68     \n",
       "336754 -1230     \n",
       "336755 -1277     \n",
       "336756    56     \n",
       "336757    60     \n",
       "336758   105     \n",
       "336759    96     \n",
       "336760    50     \n",
       "336761    88     \n",
       "336762    64     \n",
       "336763 -1281     \n",
       "336764 -1296     \n",
       "336765    68     \n",
       "336766    54     \n",
       "336767    67     \n",
       "336768    64     \n",
       "336769    52     \n",
       "336770 -1224     \n",
       "336771    NA     \n",
       "336772    NA     \n",
       "336773    NA     \n",
       "336774    NA     \n",
       "336775    NA     \n",
       "336776    NA     "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(my_flights_total <- mutate(my_flights_new, total_time = new_arr - new_dep))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "How is it that the total time is less that the time in air for some flights? We are faced with time zone issues."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>year</th><th scope=col>month</th><th scope=col>day</th><th scope=col>dep_time</th><th scope=col>arr_time</th><th scope=col>air_time</th><th scope=col>origin</th><th scope=col>dest</th><th scope=col>new_arr</th><th scope=col>new_dep</th><th scope=col>total_time</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>517 </td><td> 830</td><td>227 </td><td>EWR </td><td>IAH </td><td>510 </td><td>317 </td><td>193 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>533 </td><td> 850</td><td>227 </td><td>LGA </td><td>IAH </td><td>530 </td><td>333 </td><td>197 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>554 </td><td> 740</td><td>150 </td><td>EWR </td><td>ORD </td><td>460 </td><td>354 </td><td>106 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 753</td><td>138 </td><td>LGA </td><td>ORD </td><td>473 </td><td>358 </td><td>115 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 924</td><td>345 </td><td>JFK </td><td>LAX </td><td>564 </td><td>358 </td><td>206 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>558 </td><td> 923</td><td>361 </td><td>EWR </td><td>SFO </td><td>563 </td><td>358 </td><td>205 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>559 </td><td> 941</td><td>257 </td><td>LGA </td><td>DFW </td><td>581 </td><td>359 </td><td>222 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>559 </td><td> 854</td><td>337 </td><td>EWR </td><td>LAS </td><td>534 </td><td>359 </td><td>175 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>602 </td><td> 812</td><td>170 </td><td>LGA </td><td>MSP </td><td>492 </td><td>362 </td><td>130 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>608 </td><td> 807</td><td>139 </td><td>EWR </td><td>ORD </td><td>487 </td><td>368 </td><td>119 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>611 </td><td> 945</td><td>366 </td><td>JFK </td><td>SFO </td><td>585 </td><td>371 </td><td>214 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>622 </td><td>1017</td><td>342 </td><td>EWR </td><td>PHX </td><td>617 </td><td>382 </td><td>235 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>623 </td><td> 933</td><td>229 </td><td>LGA </td><td>IAH </td><td>573 </td><td>383 </td><td>190 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>624 </td><td> 909</td><td>190 </td><td>EWR </td><td>MSP </td><td>549 </td><td>384 </td><td>165 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>624 </td><td> 840</td><td>166 </td><td>LGA </td><td>MSP </td><td>520 </td><td>384 </td><td>136 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>627 </td><td>1018</td><td>330 </td><td>JFK </td><td>PHX </td><td>618 </td><td>387 </td><td>231 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>628 </td><td>1016</td><td>366 </td><td>EWR </td><td>LAX </td><td>616 </td><td>388 </td><td>228 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>629 </td><td> 824</td><td>140 </td><td>LGA </td><td>ORD </td><td>504 </td><td>389 </td><td>115 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>635 </td><td>1028</td><td>248 </td><td>LGA </td><td>DFW </td><td>628 </td><td>395 </td><td>233 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>646 </td><td> 910</td><td>243 </td><td>LGA </td><td>DEN </td><td>550 </td><td>406 </td><td>144 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>646 </td><td>1023</td><td>380 </td><td>EWR </td><td>SNA </td><td>623 </td><td>406 </td><td>217 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>651 </td><td> 936</td><td>323 </td><td>JFK </td><td>LAS </td><td>576 </td><td>411 </td><td>165 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>652 </td><td> 932</td><td>191 </td><td>JFK </td><td>MSY </td><td>572 </td><td>412 </td><td>160 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>655 </td><td>1021</td><td>294 </td><td>JFK </td><td>SLC </td><td>621 </td><td>415 </td><td>206 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>655 </td><td>1037</td><td>362 </td><td>JFK </td><td>SFO </td><td>637 </td><td>415 </td><td>222 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>656 </td><td> 854</td><td>143 </td><td>LGA </td><td>ORD </td><td>534 </td><td>416 </td><td>118 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>656 </td><td>1007</td><td>233 </td><td>LGA </td><td>XNA </td><td>607 </td><td>416 </td><td>191 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>658 </td><td>1027</td><td>361 </td><td>JFK </td><td>LAX </td><td>627 </td><td>418 </td><td>209 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>702 </td><td>1058</td><td>381 </td><td>JFK </td><td>LAX </td><td>658 </td><td>422 </td><td>236 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013</td><td>1   </td><td>1   </td><td>709 </td><td> 852</td><td>135 </td><td>LGA </td><td>ORD </td><td>532 </td><td>429 </td><td>103 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2017 </td><td>2132 </td><td>112  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>ORD  </td><td>1292 </td><td>1217 </td><td>   75</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2017 </td><td>2253 </td><td>304  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>LAX  </td><td>1373 </td><td>1217 </td><td>  156</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2019 </td><td>2225 </td><td>149  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>OMA  </td><td>1345 </td><td>1219 </td><td>  126</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2023 </td><td>2315 </td><td>327  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>SFO  </td><td>1395 </td><td>1223 </td><td>  172</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2028 </td><td>2255 </td><td>294  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>LAX  </td><td>1375 </td><td>1228 </td><td>  147</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2032 </td><td>2147 </td><td>105  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>ORD  </td><td>1307 </td><td>1232 </td><td>   75</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2033 </td><td>2143 </td><td> 97  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>MDW  </td><td>1303 </td><td>1233 </td><td>   70</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2035 </td><td>2318 </td><td>191  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>AUS  </td><td>1398 </td><td>1235 </td><td>  163</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2050 </td><td>  20 </td><td>188  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>SJU  </td><td>  20 </td><td>1250 </td><td>-1230</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2051 </td><td>2348 </td><td>304  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>LAX  </td><td>1428 </td><td>1251 </td><td>  177</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2052 </td><td>2306 </td><td>175  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>AUS  </td><td>1386 </td><td>1252 </td><td>  134</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2054 </td><td>2249 </td><td>142  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>MSY  </td><td>1369 </td><td>1254 </td><td>  115</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2059 </td><td>2311 </td><td>166  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>OKC  </td><td>1391 </td><td>1259 </td><td>  132</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2059 </td><td>2253 </td><td>153  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>MSY  </td><td>1373 </td><td>1259 </td><td>  114</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2104 </td><td>2304 </td><td>154  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>TUL  </td><td>1384 </td><td>1264 </td><td>  120</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2104 </td><td>2205 </td><td>105  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>MDW  </td><td>1325 </td><td>1264 </td><td>   61</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2105 </td><td>2329 </td><td>175  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>IAH  </td><td>1409 </td><td>1265 </td><td>  144</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2110 </td><td>  51 </td><td>361  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>PDX  </td><td>  51 </td><td>1270 </td><td>-1219</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2114 </td><td>2304 </td><td>145  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>MSP  </td><td>1384 </td><td>1274 </td><td>  110</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2119 </td><td>2310 </td><td>147  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>MCI  </td><td>1390 </td><td>1279 </td><td>  111</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2121 </td><td>2349 </td><td>296  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>LAX  </td><td>1429 </td><td>1281 </td><td>  148</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2128 </td><td>2328 </td><td>213  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>DEN  </td><td>1408 </td><td>1288 </td><td>  120</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2140 </td><td>  10 </td><td>298  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>LAX  </td><td>  10 </td><td>1300 </td><td>-1290</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2145 </td><td> 115 </td><td>192  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>SJU  </td><td>  75 </td><td>1305 </td><td>-1230</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2147 </td><td>  30 </td><td>139  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>FLL  </td><td>  30 </td><td>1307 </td><td>-1277</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2207 </td><td>2257 </td><td> 97  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>BNA  </td><td>1377 </td><td>1327 </td><td>   50</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2211 </td><td>2339 </td><td>120  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>STL  </td><td>1419 </td><td>1331 </td><td>   88</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2233 </td><td> 112 </td><td>318  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>SFO  </td><td>  72 </td><td>1353 </td><td>-1281</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2235 </td><td>  59 </td><td>123  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>MCO  </td><td>  59 </td><td>1355 </td><td>-1296</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2349 </td><td> 325 </td><td>196  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>PSE  </td><td> 205 </td><td>1429 </td><td>-1224</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllll}\n",
       " year & month & day & dep\\_time & arr\\_time & air\\_time & origin & dest & new\\_arr & new\\_dep & total\\_time\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 517  &  830 & 227  & EWR  & IAH  & 510  & 317  & 193 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 533  &  850 & 227  & LGA  & IAH  & 530  & 333  & 197 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 554  &  740 & 150  & EWR  & ORD  & 460  & 354  & 106 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  753 & 138  & LGA  & ORD  & 473  & 358  & 115 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  924 & 345  & JFK  & LAX  & 564  & 358  & 206 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 558  &  923 & 361  & EWR  & SFO  & 563  & 358  & 205 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 559  &  941 & 257  & LGA  & DFW  & 581  & 359  & 222 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 559  &  854 & 337  & EWR  & LAS  & 534  & 359  & 175 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 602  &  812 & 170  & LGA  & MSP  & 492  & 362  & 130 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 608  &  807 & 139  & EWR  & ORD  & 487  & 368  & 119 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 611  &  945 & 366  & JFK  & SFO  & 585  & 371  & 214 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 622  & 1017 & 342  & EWR  & PHX  & 617  & 382  & 235 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 623  &  933 & 229  & LGA  & IAH  & 573  & 383  & 190 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 624  &  909 & 190  & EWR  & MSP  & 549  & 384  & 165 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 624  &  840 & 166  & LGA  & MSP  & 520  & 384  & 136 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 627  & 1018 & 330  & JFK  & PHX  & 618  & 387  & 231 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 628  & 1016 & 366  & EWR  & LAX  & 616  & 388  & 228 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 629  &  824 & 140  & LGA  & ORD  & 504  & 389  & 115 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 635  & 1028 & 248  & LGA  & DFW  & 628  & 395  & 233 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 646  &  910 & 243  & LGA  & DEN  & 550  & 406  & 144 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 646  & 1023 & 380  & EWR  & SNA  & 623  & 406  & 217 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 651  &  936 & 323  & JFK  & LAS  & 576  & 411  & 165 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 652  &  932 & 191  & JFK  & MSY  & 572  & 412  & 160 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 655  & 1021 & 294  & JFK  & SLC  & 621  & 415  & 206 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 655  & 1037 & 362  & JFK  & SFO  & 637  & 415  & 222 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 656  &  854 & 143  & LGA  & ORD  & 534  & 416  & 118 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 656  & 1007 & 233  & LGA  & XNA  & 607  & 416  & 191 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 658  & 1027 & 361  & JFK  & LAX  & 627  & 418  & 209 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 702  & 1058 & 381  & JFK  & LAX  & 658  & 422  & 236 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2013 & 1    & 1    & 709  &  852 & 135  & LGA  & ORD  & 532  & 429  & 103 \\\\\n",
       "\t ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2017  & 2132  & 112   & JFK   & ORD   & 1292  & 1217  &    75\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2017  & 2253  & 304   & JFK   & LAX   & 1373  & 1217  &   156\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2019  & 2225  & 149   & EWR   & OMA   & 1345  & 1219  &   126\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2023  & 2315  & 327   & JFK   & SFO   & 1395  & 1223  &   172\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2028  & 2255  & 294   & JFK   & LAX   & 1375  & 1228  &   147\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2032  & 2147  & 105   & LGA   & ORD   & 1307  & 1232  &    75\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2033  & 2143  &  97   & EWR   & MDW   & 1303  & 1233  &    70\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2035  & 2318  & 191   & EWR   & AUS   & 1398  & 1235  &   163\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2050  &   20  & 188   & JFK   & SJU   &   20  & 1250  & -1230\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2051  & 2348  & 304   & JFK   & LAX   & 1428  & 1251  &   177\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2052  & 2306  & 175   & JFK   & AUS   & 1386  & 1252  &   134\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2054  & 2249  & 142   & EWR   & MSY   & 1369  & 1254  &   115\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2059  & 2311  & 166   & EWR   & OKC   & 1391  & 1259  &   132\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2059  & 2253  & 153   & JFK   & MSY   & 1373  & 1259  &   114\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2104  & 2304  & 154   & EWR   & TUL   & 1384  & 1264  &   120\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2104  & 2205  & 105   & LGA   & MDW   & 1325  & 1264  &    61\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2105  & 2329  & 175   & EWR   & IAH   & 1409  & 1265  &   144\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2110  &   51  & 361   & JFK   & PDX   &   51  & 1270  & -1219\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2114  & 2304  & 145   & EWR   & MSP   & 1384  & 1274  &   110\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2119  & 2310  & 147   & EWR   & MCI   & 1390  & 1279  &   111\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2121  & 2349  & 296   & JFK   & LAX   & 1429  & 1281  &   148\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2128  & 2328  & 213   & JFK   & DEN   & 1408  & 1288  &   120\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2140  &   10  & 298   & JFK   & LAX   &   10  & 1300  & -1290\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2145  &  115  & 192   & JFK   & SJU   &   75  & 1305  & -1230\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2147  &   30  & 139   & LGA   & FLL   &   30  & 1307  & -1277\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2207  & 2257  &  97   & LGA   & BNA   & 1377  & 1327  &    50\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2211  & 2339  & 120   & EWR   & STL   & 1419  & 1331  &    88\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2233  &  112  & 318   & EWR   & SFO   &   72  & 1353  & -1281\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2235  &   59  & 123   & JFK   & MCO   &   59  & 1355  & -1296\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2349  &  325  & 196   & JFK   & PSE   &  205  & 1429  & -1224\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "year | month | day | dep_time | arr_time | air_time | origin | dest | new_arr | new_dep | total_time | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 517  |  830 | 227  | EWR  | IAH  | 510  | 317  | 193  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 533  |  850 | 227  | LGA  | IAH  | 530  | 333  | 197  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 554  |  740 | 150  | EWR  | ORD  | 460  | 354  | 106  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  753 | 138  | LGA  | ORD  | 473  | 358  | 115  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  924 | 345  | JFK  | LAX  | 564  | 358  | 206  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 558  |  923 | 361  | EWR  | SFO  | 563  | 358  | 205  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 559  |  941 | 257  | LGA  | DFW  | 581  | 359  | 222  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 559  |  854 | 337  | EWR  | LAS  | 534  | 359  | 175  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 602  |  812 | 170  | LGA  | MSP  | 492  | 362  | 130  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 608  |  807 | 139  | EWR  | ORD  | 487  | 368  | 119  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 611  |  945 | 366  | JFK  | SFO  | 585  | 371  | 214  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 622  | 1017 | 342  | EWR  | PHX  | 617  | 382  | 235  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 623  |  933 | 229  | LGA  | IAH  | 573  | 383  | 190  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 624  |  909 | 190  | EWR  | MSP  | 549  | 384  | 165  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 624  |  840 | 166  | LGA  | MSP  | 520  | 384  | 136  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 627  | 1018 | 330  | JFK  | PHX  | 618  | 387  | 231  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 628  | 1016 | 366  | EWR  | LAX  | 616  | 388  | 228  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 629  |  824 | 140  | LGA  | ORD  | 504  | 389  | 115  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 635  | 1028 | 248  | LGA  | DFW  | 628  | 395  | 233  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 646  |  910 | 243  | LGA  | DEN  | 550  | 406  | 144  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 646  | 1023 | 380  | EWR  | SNA  | 623  | 406  | 217  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 651  |  936 | 323  | JFK  | LAS  | 576  | 411  | 165  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 652  |  932 | 191  | JFK  | MSY  | 572  | 412  | 160  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 655  | 1021 | 294  | JFK  | SLC  | 621  | 415  | 206  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 655  | 1037 | 362  | JFK  | SFO  | 637  | 415  | 222  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 656  |  854 | 143  | LGA  | ORD  | 534  | 416  | 118  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 656  | 1007 | 233  | LGA  | XNA  | 607  | 416  | 191  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 658  | 1027 | 361  | JFK  | LAX  | 627  | 418  | 209  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 702  | 1058 | 381  | JFK  | LAX  | 658  | 422  | 236  | \n",
       "| 2013 | 1    | 1    | 709  |  852 | 135  | LGA  | ORD  | 532  | 429  | 103  | \n",
       "| ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2017  | 2132  | 112   | JFK   | ORD   | 1292  | 1217  |    75 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2017  | 2253  | 304   | JFK   | LAX   | 1373  | 1217  |   156 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2019  | 2225  | 149   | EWR   | OMA   | 1345  | 1219  |   126 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2023  | 2315  | 327   | JFK   | SFO   | 1395  | 1223  |   172 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2028  | 2255  | 294   | JFK   | LAX   | 1375  | 1228  |   147 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2032  | 2147  | 105   | LGA   | ORD   | 1307  | 1232  |    75 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2033  | 2143  |  97   | EWR   | MDW   | 1303  | 1233  |    70 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2035  | 2318  | 191   | EWR   | AUS   | 1398  | 1235  |   163 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2050  |   20  | 188   | JFK   | SJU   |   20  | 1250  | -1230 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2051  | 2348  | 304   | JFK   | LAX   | 1428  | 1251  |   177 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2052  | 2306  | 175   | JFK   | AUS   | 1386  | 1252  |   134 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2054  | 2249  | 142   | EWR   | MSY   | 1369  | 1254  |   115 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2059  | 2311  | 166   | EWR   | OKC   | 1391  | 1259  |   132 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2059  | 2253  | 153   | JFK   | MSY   | 1373  | 1259  |   114 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2104  | 2304  | 154   | EWR   | TUL   | 1384  | 1264  |   120 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2104  | 2205  | 105   | LGA   | MDW   | 1325  | 1264  |    61 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2105  | 2329  | 175   | EWR   | IAH   | 1409  | 1265  |   144 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2110  |   51  | 361   | JFK   | PDX   |   51  | 1270  | -1219 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2114  | 2304  | 145   | EWR   | MSP   | 1384  | 1274  |   110 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2119  | 2310  | 147   | EWR   | MCI   | 1390  | 1279  |   111 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2121  | 2349  | 296   | JFK   | LAX   | 1429  | 1281  |   148 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2128  | 2328  | 213   | JFK   | DEN   | 1408  | 1288  |   120 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2140  |   10  | 298   | JFK   | LAX   |   10  | 1300  | -1290 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2145  |  115  | 192   | JFK   | SJU   |   75  | 1305  | -1230 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2147  |   30  | 139   | LGA   | FLL   |   30  | 1307  | -1277 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2207  | 2257  |  97   | LGA   | BNA   | 1377  | 1327  |    50 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2211  | 2339  | 120   | EWR   | STL   | 1419  | 1331  |    88 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2233  |  112  | 318   | EWR   | SFO   |   72  | 1353  | -1281 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2235  |   59  | 123   | JFK   | MCO   |   59  | 1355  | -1296 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2349  |  325  | 196   | JFK   | PSE   |  205  | 1429  | -1224 | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       year month day dep_time arr_time air_time origin dest new_arr new_dep\n",
       "1      2013 1     1   517       830     227      EWR    IAH  510     317    \n",
       "2      2013 1     1   533       850     227      LGA    IAH  530     333    \n",
       "3      2013 1     1   554       740     150      EWR    ORD  460     354    \n",
       "4      2013 1     1   558       753     138      LGA    ORD  473     358    \n",
       "5      2013 1     1   558       924     345      JFK    LAX  564     358    \n",
       "6      2013 1     1   558       923     361      EWR    SFO  563     358    \n",
       "7      2013 1     1   559       941     257      LGA    DFW  581     359    \n",
       "8      2013 1     1   559       854     337      EWR    LAS  534     359    \n",
       "9      2013 1     1   602       812     170      LGA    MSP  492     362    \n",
       "10     2013 1     1   608       807     139      EWR    ORD  487     368    \n",
       "11     2013 1     1   611       945     366      JFK    SFO  585     371    \n",
       "12     2013 1     1   622      1017     342      EWR    PHX  617     382    \n",
       "13     2013 1     1   623       933     229      LGA    IAH  573     383    \n",
       "14     2013 1     1   624       909     190      EWR    MSP  549     384    \n",
       "15     2013 1     1   624       840     166      LGA    MSP  520     384    \n",
       "16     2013 1     1   627      1018     330      JFK    PHX  618     387    \n",
       "17     2013 1     1   628      1016     366      EWR    LAX  616     388    \n",
       "18     2013 1     1   629       824     140      LGA    ORD  504     389    \n",
       "19     2013 1     1   635      1028     248      LGA    DFW  628     395    \n",
       "20     2013 1     1   646       910     243      LGA    DEN  550     406    \n",
       "21     2013 1     1   646      1023     380      EWR    SNA  623     406    \n",
       "22     2013 1     1   651       936     323      JFK    LAS  576     411    \n",
       "23     2013 1     1   652       932     191      JFK    MSY  572     412    \n",
       "24     2013 1     1   655      1021     294      JFK    SLC  621     415    \n",
       "25     2013 1     1   655      1037     362      JFK    SFO  637     415    \n",
       "26     2013 1     1   656       854     143      LGA    ORD  534     416    \n",
       "27     2013 1     1   656      1007     233      LGA    XNA  607     416    \n",
       "28     2013 1     1   658      1027     361      JFK    LAX  627     418    \n",
       "29     2013 1     1   702      1058     381      JFK    LAX  658     422    \n",
       "30     2013 1     1   709       852     135      LGA    ORD  532     429    \n",
       "⋮      ⋮    ⋮     ⋮   ⋮        ⋮        ⋮        ⋮      ⋮    ⋮       ⋮      \n",
       "137238 2013 9     30  2017     2132     112      JFK    ORD  1292    1217   \n",
       "137239 2013 9     30  2017     2253     304      JFK    LAX  1373    1217   \n",
       "137240 2013 9     30  2019     2225     149      EWR    OMA  1345    1219   \n",
       "137241 2013 9     30  2023     2315     327      JFK    SFO  1395    1223   \n",
       "137242 2013 9     30  2028     2255     294      JFK    LAX  1375    1228   \n",
       "137243 2013 9     30  2032     2147     105      LGA    ORD  1307    1232   \n",
       "137244 2013 9     30  2033     2143      97      EWR    MDW  1303    1233   \n",
       "137245 2013 9     30  2035     2318     191      EWR    AUS  1398    1235   \n",
       "137246 2013 9     30  2050       20     188      JFK    SJU    20    1250   \n",
       "137247 2013 9     30  2051     2348     304      JFK    LAX  1428    1251   \n",
       "137248 2013 9     30  2052     2306     175      JFK    AUS  1386    1252   \n",
       "137249 2013 9     30  2054     2249     142      EWR    MSY  1369    1254   \n",
       "137250 2013 9     30  2059     2311     166      EWR    OKC  1391    1259   \n",
       "137251 2013 9     30  2059     2253     153      JFK    MSY  1373    1259   \n",
       "137252 2013 9     30  2104     2304     154      EWR    TUL  1384    1264   \n",
       "137253 2013 9     30  2104     2205     105      LGA    MDW  1325    1264   \n",
       "137254 2013 9     30  2105     2329     175      EWR    IAH  1409    1265   \n",
       "137255 2013 9     30  2110       51     361      JFK    PDX    51    1270   \n",
       "137256 2013 9     30  2114     2304     145      EWR    MSP  1384    1274   \n",
       "137257 2013 9     30  2119     2310     147      EWR    MCI  1390    1279   \n",
       "137258 2013 9     30  2121     2349     296      JFK    LAX  1429    1281   \n",
       "137259 2013 9     30  2128     2328     213      JFK    DEN  1408    1288   \n",
       "137260 2013 9     30  2140       10     298      JFK    LAX    10    1300   \n",
       "137261 2013 9     30  2145      115     192      JFK    SJU    75    1305   \n",
       "137262 2013 9     30  2147       30     139      LGA    FLL    30    1307   \n",
       "137263 2013 9     30  2207     2257      97      LGA    BNA  1377    1327   \n",
       "137264 2013 9     30  2211     2339     120      EWR    STL  1419    1331   \n",
       "137265 2013 9     30  2233      112     318      EWR    SFO    72    1353   \n",
       "137266 2013 9     30  2235       59     123      JFK    MCO    59    1355   \n",
       "137267 2013 9     30  2349      325     196      JFK    PSE   205    1429   \n",
       "       total_time\n",
       "1      193       \n",
       "2      197       \n",
       "3      106       \n",
       "4      115       \n",
       "5      206       \n",
       "6      205       \n",
       "7      222       \n",
       "8      175       \n",
       "9      130       \n",
       "10     119       \n",
       "11     214       \n",
       "12     235       \n",
       "13     190       \n",
       "14     165       \n",
       "15     136       \n",
       "16     231       \n",
       "17     228       \n",
       "18     115       \n",
       "19     233       \n",
       "20     144       \n",
       "21     217       \n",
       "22     165       \n",
       "23     160       \n",
       "24     206       \n",
       "25     222       \n",
       "26     118       \n",
       "27     191       \n",
       "28     209       \n",
       "29     236       \n",
       "30     103       \n",
       "⋮      ⋮         \n",
       "137238    75     \n",
       "137239   156     \n",
       "137240   126     \n",
       "137241   172     \n",
       "137242   147     \n",
       "137243    75     \n",
       "137244    70     \n",
       "137245   163     \n",
       "137246 -1230     \n",
       "137247   177     \n",
       "137248   134     \n",
       "137249   115     \n",
       "137250   132     \n",
       "137251   114     \n",
       "137252   120     \n",
       "137253    61     \n",
       "137254   144     \n",
       "137255 -1219     \n",
       "137256   110     \n",
       "137257   111     \n",
       "137258   148     \n",
       "137259   120     \n",
       "137260 -1290     \n",
       "137261 -1230     \n",
       "137262 -1277     \n",
       "137263    50     \n",
       "137264    88     \n",
       "137265 -1281     \n",
       "137266 -1296     \n",
       "137267 -1224     "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "filter(my_flights_total, total_time < air_time)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We also have some negative values for total time for flight that departed late in the day and arrived early morning next day."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>year</th><th scope=col>month</th><th scope=col>day</th><th scope=col>dep_time</th><th scope=col>arr_time</th><th scope=col>air_time</th><th scope=col>origin</th><th scope=col>dest</th><th scope=col>new_arr</th><th scope=col>new_dep</th><th scope=col>total_time</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>1929 </td><td>  3  </td><td>192  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>BQN  </td><td>  3  </td><td>1169 </td><td>-1166</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>1939 </td><td> 29  </td><td> NA  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>DFW  </td><td> 29  </td><td>1179 </td><td>-1150</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2058 </td><td>  8  </td><td>159  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>TPA  </td><td>  8  </td><td>1258 </td><td>-1250</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2102 </td><td>146  </td><td>199  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>SJU  </td><td>106  </td><td>1262 </td><td>-1156</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2108 </td><td> 25  </td><td>354  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>SFO  </td><td> 25  </td><td>1268 </td><td>-1243</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2120 </td><td> 16  </td><td>160  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>FLL  </td><td> 16  </td><td>1280 </td><td>-1264</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2121 </td><td>  6  </td><td>143  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>MCO  </td><td>  6  </td><td>1281 </td><td>-1275</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2128 </td><td> 26  </td><td>338  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>LAX  </td><td> 26  </td><td>1288 </td><td>-1262</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2134 </td><td> 20  </td><td>152  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>FLL  </td><td> 20  </td><td>1294 </td><td>-1274</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2136 </td><td> 25  </td><td>154  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>FLL  </td><td> 25  </td><td>1296 </td><td>-1271</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2140 </td><td>210  </td><td>189  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>SJU  </td><td>130  </td><td>1300 </td><td>-1170</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2157 </td><td> 43  </td><td>140  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>MCO  </td><td> 43  </td><td>1317 </td><td>-1274</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2205 </td><td> 46  </td><td>146  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>MIA  </td><td> 46  </td><td>1325 </td><td>-1279</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2209 </td><td> 58  </td><td>143  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>PBI  </td><td> 58  </td><td>1329 </td><td>-1271</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2217 </td><td>249  </td><td>191  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>SJU  </td><td>169  </td><td>1337 </td><td>-1168</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2217 </td><td>140  </td><td>163  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>TPA  </td><td>100  </td><td>1337 </td><td>-1237</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2229 </td><td>149  </td><td>153  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>FLL  </td><td>109  </td><td>1349 </td><td>-1240</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2306 </td><td> 28  </td><td> 59  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>ROC  </td><td> 28  </td><td>1386 </td><td>-1358</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2307 </td><td> 32  </td><td> 59  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>BTV  </td><td> 32  </td><td>1387 </td><td>-1355</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2310 </td><td> 24  </td><td> 57  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>BUF  </td><td> 24  </td><td>1390 </td><td>-1366</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2312 </td><td> 21  </td><td> 44  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>DCA  </td><td> 21  </td><td>1392 </td><td>-1371</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2323 </td><td> 22  </td><td> 44  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>BTV  </td><td> 22  </td><td>1403 </td><td>-1381</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2326 </td><td>131  </td><td>290  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>LAS  </td><td> 91  </td><td>1406 </td><td>-1315</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2327 </td><td> 32  </td><td> 45  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>SYR  </td><td> 32  </td><td>1407 </td><td>-1375</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2343 </td><td>314  </td><td>222  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>MCI  </td><td>194  </td><td>1423 </td><td>-1229</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2353 </td><td>425  </td><td>195  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>PSE  </td><td>265  </td><td>1433 </td><td>-1168</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2353 </td><td>418  </td><td>185  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>SJU  </td><td>258  </td><td>1433 </td><td>-1175</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>2356 </td><td>425  </td><td>186  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>BQN  </td><td>265  </td><td>1436 </td><td>-1171</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>2    </td><td>2030 </td><td> 13  </td><td>259  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>AUS  </td><td> 13  </td><td>1230 </td><td>-1217</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>1    </td><td>2    </td><td>2030 </td><td>  8  </td><td>252  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>AUS  </td><td>  8  </td><td>1230 </td><td>-1222</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>28   </td><td>2217 </td><td>205  </td><td>213  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>SJU  </td><td>125  </td><td>1337 </td><td>-1212</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>28   </td><td>2255 </td><td>  8  </td><td> 48  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>BTV  </td><td>  8  </td><td>1375 </td><td>-1367</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>28   </td><td>2351 </td><td>407  </td><td>218  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>PSE  </td><td>247  </td><td>1431 </td><td>-1184</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>29   </td><td>2036 </td><td> 32  </td><td>212  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>SJU  </td><td> 32  </td><td>1236 </td><td>-1204</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>29   </td><td>2054 </td><td> 27  </td><td>346  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>PDX  </td><td> 27  </td><td>1254 </td><td>-1227</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>29   </td><td>2058 </td><td> 17  </td><td>326  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>LAX  </td><td> 17  </td><td>1258 </td><td>-1241</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>29   </td><td>2059 </td><td>  1  </td><td>202  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>AUS  </td><td>  1  </td><td>1259 </td><td>-1258</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>29   </td><td>2102 </td><td>  6  </td><td>336  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>SEA  </td><td>  6  </td><td>1262 </td><td>-1256</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>29   </td><td>2132 </td><td>117  </td><td>206  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>BQN  </td><td> 77  </td><td>1292 </td><td>-1215</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>29   </td><td>2135 </td><td>  6  </td><td>295  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>LAX  </td><td>  6  </td><td>1295 </td><td>-1289</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>29   </td><td>2154 </td><td>151  </td><td>208  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>SJU  </td><td>111  </td><td>1314 </td><td>-1203</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>29   </td><td>2204 </td><td> 23  </td><td>117  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>MCO  </td><td> 23  </td><td>1324 </td><td>-1301</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>29   </td><td>2209 </td><td>  2  </td><td>208  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>DEN  </td><td>  2  </td><td>1329 </td><td>-1327</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>29   </td><td>2223 </td><td> 13  </td><td> 87  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>CVG  </td><td> 13  </td><td>1343 </td><td>-1330</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>29   </td><td>2224 </td><td> 47  </td><td>128  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>FLL  </td><td> 47  </td><td>1344 </td><td>-1297</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>29   </td><td>2245 </td><td> 27  </td><td>141  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>MSP  </td><td> 27  </td><td>1365 </td><td>-1338</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>29   </td><td>2253 </td><td>121  </td><td>303  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>LAX  </td><td> 81  </td><td>1373 </td><td>-1292</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>29   </td><td>2314 </td><td> 11  </td><td> 39  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>DCA  </td><td> 11  </td><td>1394 </td><td>-1383</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>29   </td><td>2318 </td><td> 15  </td><td> 44  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>PWM  </td><td> 15  </td><td>1398 </td><td>-1383</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>29   </td><td>2324 </td><td> 39  </td><td> 61  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>RDU  </td><td> 39  </td><td>1404 </td><td>-1365</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>29   </td><td>2327 </td><td>153  </td><td>129  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>FLL  </td><td>113  </td><td>1407 </td><td>-1294</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>29   </td><td>2356 </td><td>341  </td><td>204  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>PSE  </td><td>221  </td><td>1436 </td><td>-1215</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2050 </td><td> 20  </td><td>188  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>SJU  </td><td> 20  </td><td>1250 </td><td>-1230</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2110 </td><td> 51  </td><td>361  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>PDX  </td><td> 51  </td><td>1270 </td><td>-1219</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2140 </td><td> 10  </td><td>298  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>LAX  </td><td> 10  </td><td>1300 </td><td>-1290</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2145 </td><td>115  </td><td>192  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>SJU  </td><td> 75  </td><td>1305 </td><td>-1230</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2147 </td><td> 30  </td><td>139  </td><td>LGA  </td><td>FLL  </td><td> 30  </td><td>1307 </td><td>-1277</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2233 </td><td>112  </td><td>318  </td><td>EWR  </td><td>SFO  </td><td> 72  </td><td>1353 </td><td>-1281</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2235 </td><td> 59  </td><td>123  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>MCO  </td><td> 59  </td><td>1355 </td><td>-1296</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2013 </td><td>9    </td><td>30   </td><td>2349 </td><td>325  </td><td>196  </td><td>JFK  </td><td>PSE  </td><td>205  </td><td>1429 </td><td>-1224</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllll}\n",
       " year & month & day & dep\\_time & arr\\_time & air\\_time & origin & dest & new\\_arr & new\\_dep & total\\_time\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 1929  &   3   & 192   & EWR   & BQN   &   3   & 1169  & -1166\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 1939  &  29   &  NA   & JFK   & DFW   &  29   & 1179  & -1150\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2058  &   8   & 159   & EWR   & TPA   &   8   & 1258  & -1250\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2102  & 146   & 199   & EWR   & SJU   & 106   & 1262  & -1156\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2108  &  25   & 354   & EWR   & SFO   &  25   & 1268  & -1243\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2120  &  16   & 160   & LGA   & FLL   &  16   & 1280  & -1264\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2121  &   6   & 143   & EWR   & MCO   &   6   & 1281  & -1275\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2128  &  26   & 338   & JFK   & LAX   &  26   & 1288  & -1262\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2134  &  20   & 152   & EWR   & FLL   &  20   & 1294  & -1274\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2136  &  25   & 154   & EWR   & FLL   &  25   & 1296  & -1271\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2140  & 210   & 189   & JFK   & SJU   & 130   & 1300  & -1170\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2157  &  43   & 140   & JFK   & MCO   &  43   & 1317  & -1274\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2205  &  46   & 146   & EWR   & MIA   &  46   & 1325  & -1279\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2209  &  58   & 143   & JFK   & PBI   &  58   & 1329  & -1271\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2217  & 249   & 191   & JFK   & SJU   & 169   & 1337  & -1168\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2217  & 140   & 163   & JFK   & TPA   & 100   & 1337  & -1237\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2229  & 149   & 153   & JFK   & FLL   & 109   & 1349  & -1240\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2306  &  28   &  59   & JFK   & ROC   &  28   & 1386  & -1358\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2307  &  32   &  59   & JFK   & BTV   &  32   & 1387  & -1355\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2310  &  24   &  57   & JFK   & BUF   &  24   & 1390  & -1366\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2312  &  21   &  44   & EWR   & DCA   &  21   & 1392  & -1371\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2323  &  22   &  44   & EWR   & BTV   &  22   & 1403  & -1381\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2326  & 131   & 290   & JFK   & LAS   &  91   & 1406  & -1315\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2327  &  32   &  45   & JFK   & SYR   &  32   & 1407  & -1375\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2343  & 314   & 222   & EWR   & MCI   & 194   & 1423  & -1229\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2353  & 425   & 195   & JFK   & PSE   & 265   & 1433  & -1168\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2353  & 418   & 185   & JFK   & SJU   & 258   & 1433  & -1175\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 1     & 2356  & 425   & 186   & JFK   & BQN   & 265   & 1436  & -1171\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 2     & 2030  &  13   & 259   & JFK   & AUS   &  13   & 1230  & -1217\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 1     & 2     & 2030  &   8   & 252   & EWR   & AUS   &   8   & 1230  & -1222\\\\\n",
       "\t ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 28    & 2217  & 205   & 213   & JFK   & SJU   & 125   & 1337  & -1212\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 28    & 2255  &   8   &  48   & JFK   & BTV   &   8   & 1375  & -1367\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 28    & 2351  & 407   & 218   & JFK   & PSE   & 247   & 1431  & -1184\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 29    & 2036  &  32   & 212   & JFK   & SJU   &  32   & 1236  & -1204\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 29    & 2054  &  27   & 346   & JFK   & PDX   &  27   & 1254  & -1227\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 29    & 2058  &  17   & 326   & JFK   & LAX   &  17   & 1258  & -1241\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 29    & 2059  &   1   & 202   & JFK   & AUS   &   1   & 1259  & -1258\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 29    & 2102  &   6   & 336   & JFK   & SEA   &   6   & 1262  & -1256\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 29    & 2132  & 117   & 206   & EWR   & BQN   &  77   & 1292  & -1215\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 29    & 2135  &   6   & 295   & JFK   & LAX   &   6   & 1295  & -1289\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 29    & 2154  & 151   & 208   & JFK   & SJU   & 111   & 1314  & -1203\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 29    & 2204  &  23   & 117   & LGA   & MCO   &  23   & 1324  & -1301\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 29    & 2209  &   2   & 208   & JFK   & DEN   &   2   & 1329  & -1327\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 29    & 2223  &  13   &  87   & LGA   & CVG   &  13   & 1343  & -1330\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 29    & 2224  &  47   & 128   & LGA   & FLL   &  47   & 1344  & -1297\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 29    & 2245  &  27   & 141   & EWR   & MSP   &  27   & 1365  & -1338\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 29    & 2253  & 121   & 303   & JFK   & LAX   &  81   & 1373  & -1292\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 29    & 2314  &  11   &  39   & JFK   & DCA   &  11   & 1394  & -1383\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 29    & 2318  &  15   &  44   & JFK   & PWM   &  15   & 1398  & -1383\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 29    & 2324  &  39   &  61   & LGA   & RDU   &  39   & 1404  & -1365\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 29    & 2327  & 153   & 129   & LGA   & FLL   & 113   & 1407  & -1294\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 29    & 2356  & 341   & 204   & JFK   & PSE   & 221   & 1436  & -1215\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2050  &  20   & 188   & JFK   & SJU   &  20   & 1250  & -1230\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2110  &  51   & 361   & JFK   & PDX   &  51   & 1270  & -1219\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2140  &  10   & 298   & JFK   & LAX   &  10   & 1300  & -1290\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2145  & 115   & 192   & JFK   & SJU   &  75   & 1305  & -1230\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2147  &  30   & 139   & LGA   & FLL   &  30   & 1307  & -1277\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2233  & 112   & 318   & EWR   & SFO   &  72   & 1353  & -1281\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2235  &  59   & 123   & JFK   & MCO   &  59   & 1355  & -1296\\\\\n",
       "\t 2013  & 9     & 30    & 2349  & 325   & 196   & JFK   & PSE   & 205   & 1429  & -1224\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "year | month | day | dep_time | arr_time | air_time | origin | dest | new_arr | new_dep | total_time | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 1929  |   3   | 192   | EWR   | BQN   |   3   | 1169  | -1166 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 1939  |  29   |  NA   | JFK   | DFW   |  29   | 1179  | -1150 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2058  |   8   | 159   | EWR   | TPA   |   8   | 1258  | -1250 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2102  | 146   | 199   | EWR   | SJU   | 106   | 1262  | -1156 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2108  |  25   | 354   | EWR   | SFO   |  25   | 1268  | -1243 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2120  |  16   | 160   | LGA   | FLL   |  16   | 1280  | -1264 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2121  |   6   | 143   | EWR   | MCO   |   6   | 1281  | -1275 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2128  |  26   | 338   | JFK   | LAX   |  26   | 1288  | -1262 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2134  |  20   | 152   | EWR   | FLL   |  20   | 1294  | -1274 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2136  |  25   | 154   | EWR   | FLL   |  25   | 1296  | -1271 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2140  | 210   | 189   | JFK   | SJU   | 130   | 1300  | -1170 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2157  |  43   | 140   | JFK   | MCO   |  43   | 1317  | -1274 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2205  |  46   | 146   | EWR   | MIA   |  46   | 1325  | -1279 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2209  |  58   | 143   | JFK   | PBI   |  58   | 1329  | -1271 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2217  | 249   | 191   | JFK   | SJU   | 169   | 1337  | -1168 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2217  | 140   | 163   | JFK   | TPA   | 100   | 1337  | -1237 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2229  | 149   | 153   | JFK   | FLL   | 109   | 1349  | -1240 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2306  |  28   |  59   | JFK   | ROC   |  28   | 1386  | -1358 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2307  |  32   |  59   | JFK   | BTV   |  32   | 1387  | -1355 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2310  |  24   |  57   | JFK   | BUF   |  24   | 1390  | -1366 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2312  |  21   |  44   | EWR   | DCA   |  21   | 1392  | -1371 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2323  |  22   |  44   | EWR   | BTV   |  22   | 1403  | -1381 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2326  | 131   | 290   | JFK   | LAS   |  91   | 1406  | -1315 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2327  |  32   |  45   | JFK   | SYR   |  32   | 1407  | -1375 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2343  | 314   | 222   | EWR   | MCI   | 194   | 1423  | -1229 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2353  | 425   | 195   | JFK   | PSE   | 265   | 1433  | -1168 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2353  | 418   | 185   | JFK   | SJU   | 258   | 1433  | -1175 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 1     | 2356  | 425   | 186   | JFK   | BQN   | 265   | 1436  | -1171 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 2     | 2030  |  13   | 259   | JFK   | AUS   |  13   | 1230  | -1217 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 1     | 2     | 2030  |   8   | 252   | EWR   | AUS   |   8   | 1230  | -1222 | \n",
       "| ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 28    | 2217  | 205   | 213   | JFK   | SJU   | 125   | 1337  | -1212 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 28    | 2255  |   8   |  48   | JFK   | BTV   |   8   | 1375  | -1367 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 28    | 2351  | 407   | 218   | JFK   | PSE   | 247   | 1431  | -1184 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 29    | 2036  |  32   | 212   | JFK   | SJU   |  32   | 1236  | -1204 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 29    | 2054  |  27   | 346   | JFK   | PDX   |  27   | 1254  | -1227 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 29    | 2058  |  17   | 326   | JFK   | LAX   |  17   | 1258  | -1241 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 29    | 2059  |   1   | 202   | JFK   | AUS   |   1   | 1259  | -1258 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 29    | 2102  |   6   | 336   | JFK   | SEA   |   6   | 1262  | -1256 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 29    | 2132  | 117   | 206   | EWR   | BQN   |  77   | 1292  | -1215 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 29    | 2135  |   6   | 295   | JFK   | LAX   |   6   | 1295  | -1289 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 29    | 2154  | 151   | 208   | JFK   | SJU   | 111   | 1314  | -1203 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 29    | 2204  |  23   | 117   | LGA   | MCO   |  23   | 1324  | -1301 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 29    | 2209  |   2   | 208   | JFK   | DEN   |   2   | 1329  | -1327 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 29    | 2223  |  13   |  87   | LGA   | CVG   |  13   | 1343  | -1330 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 29    | 2224  |  47   | 128   | LGA   | FLL   |  47   | 1344  | -1297 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 29    | 2245  |  27   | 141   | EWR   | MSP   |  27   | 1365  | -1338 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 29    | 2253  | 121   | 303   | JFK   | LAX   |  81   | 1373  | -1292 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 29    | 2314  |  11   |  39   | JFK   | DCA   |  11   | 1394  | -1383 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 29    | 2318  |  15   |  44   | JFK   | PWM   |  15   | 1398  | -1383 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 29    | 2324  |  39   |  61   | LGA   | RDU   |  39   | 1404  | -1365 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 29    | 2327  | 153   | 129   | LGA   | FLL   | 113   | 1407  | -1294 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 29    | 2356  | 341   | 204   | JFK   | PSE   | 221   | 1436  | -1215 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2050  |  20   | 188   | JFK   | SJU   |  20   | 1250  | -1230 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2110  |  51   | 361   | JFK   | PDX   |  51   | 1270  | -1219 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2140  |  10   | 298   | JFK   | LAX   |  10   | 1300  | -1290 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2145  | 115   | 192   | JFK   | SJU   |  75   | 1305  | -1230 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2147  |  30   | 139   | LGA   | FLL   |  30   | 1307  | -1277 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2233  | 112   | 318   | EWR   | SFO   |  72   | 1353  | -1281 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2235  |  59   | 123   | JFK   | MCO   |  59   | 1355  | -1296 | \n",
       "| 2013  | 9     | 30    | 2349  | 325   | 196   | JFK   | PSE   | 205   | 1429  | -1224 | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "      year month day dep_time arr_time air_time origin dest new_arr new_dep\n",
       "1     2013 1     1   1929       3      192      EWR    BQN    3     1169   \n",
       "2     2013 1     1   1939      29       NA      JFK    DFW   29     1179   \n",
       "3     2013 1     1   2058       8      159      EWR    TPA    8     1258   \n",
       "4     2013 1     1   2102     146      199      EWR    SJU  106     1262   \n",
       "5     2013 1     1   2108      25      354      EWR    SFO   25     1268   \n",
       "6     2013 1     1   2120      16      160      LGA    FLL   16     1280   \n",
       "7     2013 1     1   2121       6      143      EWR    MCO    6     1281   \n",
       "8     2013 1     1   2128      26      338      JFK    LAX   26     1288   \n",
       "9     2013 1     1   2134      20      152      EWR    FLL   20     1294   \n",
       "10    2013 1     1   2136      25      154      EWR    FLL   25     1296   \n",
       "11    2013 1     1   2140     210      189      JFK    SJU  130     1300   \n",
       "12    2013 1     1   2157      43      140      JFK    MCO   43     1317   \n",
       "13    2013 1     1   2205      46      146      EWR    MIA   46     1325   \n",
       "14    2013 1     1   2209      58      143      JFK    PBI   58     1329   \n",
       "15    2013 1     1   2217     249      191      JFK    SJU  169     1337   \n",
       "16    2013 1     1   2217     140      163      JFK    TPA  100     1337   \n",
       "17    2013 1     1   2229     149      153      JFK    FLL  109     1349   \n",
       "18    2013 1     1   2306      28       59      JFK    ROC   28     1386   \n",
       "19    2013 1     1   2307      32       59      JFK    BTV   32     1387   \n",
       "20    2013 1     1   2310      24       57      JFK    BUF   24     1390   \n",
       "21    2013 1     1   2312      21       44      EWR    DCA   21     1392   \n",
       "22    2013 1     1   2323      22       44      EWR    BTV   22     1403   \n",
       "23    2013 1     1   2326     131      290      JFK    LAS   91     1406   \n",
       "24    2013 1     1   2327      32       45      JFK    SYR   32     1407   \n",
       "25    2013 1     1   2343     314      222      EWR    MCI  194     1423   \n",
       "26    2013 1     1   2353     425      195      JFK    PSE  265     1433   \n",
       "27    2013 1     1   2353     418      185      JFK    SJU  258     1433   \n",
       "28    2013 1     1   2356     425      186      JFK    BQN  265     1436   \n",
       "29    2013 1     2   2030      13      259      JFK    AUS   13     1230   \n",
       "30    2013 1     2   2030       8      252      EWR    AUS    8     1230   \n",
       "⋮     ⋮    ⋮     ⋮   ⋮        ⋮        ⋮        ⋮      ⋮    ⋮       ⋮      \n",
       "10604 2013 9     28  2217     205      213      JFK    SJU  125     1337   \n",
       "10605 2013 9     28  2255       8       48      JFK    BTV    8     1375   \n",
       "10606 2013 9     28  2351     407      218      JFK    PSE  247     1431   \n",
       "10607 2013 9     29  2036      32      212      JFK    SJU   32     1236   \n",
       "10608 2013 9     29  2054      27      346      JFK    PDX   27     1254   \n",
       "10609 2013 9     29  2058      17      326      JFK    LAX   17     1258   \n",
       "10610 2013 9     29  2059       1      202      JFK    AUS    1     1259   \n",
       "10611 2013 9     29  2102       6      336      JFK    SEA    6     1262   \n",
       "10612 2013 9     29  2132     117      206      EWR    BQN   77     1292   \n",
       "10613 2013 9     29  2135       6      295      JFK    LAX    6     1295   \n",
       "10614 2013 9     29  2154     151      208      JFK    SJU  111     1314   \n",
       "10615 2013 9     29  2204      23      117      LGA    MCO   23     1324   \n",
       "10616 2013 9     29  2209       2      208      JFK    DEN    2     1329   \n",
       "10617 2013 9     29  2223      13       87      LGA    CVG   13     1343   \n",
       "10618 2013 9     29  2224      47      128      LGA    FLL   47     1344   \n",
       "10619 2013 9     29  2245      27      141      EWR    MSP   27     1365   \n",
       "10620 2013 9     29  2253     121      303      JFK    LAX   81     1373   \n",
       "10621 2013 9     29  2314      11       39      JFK    DCA   11     1394   \n",
       "10622 2013 9     29  2318      15       44      JFK    PWM   15     1398   \n",
       "10623 2013 9     29  2324      39       61      LGA    RDU   39     1404   \n",
       "10624 2013 9     29  2327     153      129      LGA    FLL  113     1407   \n",
       "10625 2013 9     29  2356     341      204      JFK    PSE  221     1436   \n",
       "10626 2013 9     30  2050      20      188      JFK    SJU   20     1250   \n",
       "10627 2013 9     30  2110      51      361      JFK    PDX   51     1270   \n",
       "10628 2013 9     30  2140      10      298      JFK    LAX   10     1300   \n",
       "10629 2013 9     30  2145     115      192      JFK    SJU   75     1305   \n",
       "10630 2013 9     30  2147      30      139      LGA    FLL   30     1307   \n",
       "10631 2013 9     30  2233     112      318      EWR    SFO   72     1353   \n",
       "10632 2013 9     30  2235      59      123      JFK    MCO   59     1355   \n",
       "10633 2013 9     30  2349     325      196      JFK    PSE  205     1429   \n",
       "      total_time\n",
       "1     -1166     \n",
       "2     -1150     \n",
       "3     -1250     \n",
       "4     -1156     \n",
       "5     -1243     \n",
       "6     -1264     \n",
       "7     -1275     \n",
       "8     -1262     \n",
       "9     -1274     \n",
       "10    -1271     \n",
       "11    -1170     \n",
       "12    -1274     \n",
       "13    -1279     \n",
       "14    -1271     \n",
       "15    -1168     \n",
       "16    -1237     \n",
       "17    -1240     \n",
       "18    -1358     \n",
       "19    -1355     \n",
       "20    -1366     \n",
       "21    -1371     \n",
       "22    -1381     \n",
       "23    -1315     \n",
       "24    -1375     \n",
       "25    -1229     \n",
       "26    -1168     \n",
       "27    -1175     \n",
       "28    -1171     \n",
       "29    -1217     \n",
       "30    -1222     \n",
       "⋮     ⋮         \n",
       "10604 -1212     \n",
       "10605 -1367     \n",
       "10606 -1184     \n",
       "10607 -1204     \n",
       "10608 -1227     \n",
       "10609 -1241     \n",
       "10610 -1258     \n",
       "10611 -1256     \n",
       "10612 -1215     \n",
       "10613 -1289     \n",
       "10614 -1203     \n",
       "10615 -1301     \n",
       "10616 -1327     \n",
       "10617 -1330     \n",
       "10618 -1297     \n",
       "10619 -1338     \n",
       "10620 -1292     \n",
       "10621 -1383     \n",
       "10622 -1383     \n",
       "10623 -1365     \n",
       "10624 -1294     \n",
       "10625 -1215     \n",
       "10626 -1230     \n",
       "10627 -1219     \n",
       "10628 -1290     \n",
       "10629 -1230     \n",
       "10630 -1277     \n",
       "10631 -1281     \n",
       "10632 -1296     \n",
       "10633 -1224     "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "filter(my_flights_total, total_time < 0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We can fix the negative values by adding 24\\*60 to them (we keep the positive values as is).\n",
    "\n",
    "Note that `transmute()` will only keep the new variables."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>arr_time</th><th scope=col>dep_time</th><th scope=col>new_total_time</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 830</td><td>517 </td><td>193 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 850</td><td>533 </td><td>197 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 923</td><td>542 </td><td>221 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1004</td><td>544 </td><td>260 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 812</td><td>554 </td><td>138 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 740</td><td>554 </td><td>106 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 913</td><td>555 </td><td>198 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 709</td><td>557 </td><td> 72 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 838</td><td>557 </td><td>161 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 753</td><td>558 </td><td>115 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 849</td><td>558 </td><td>171 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 853</td><td>558 </td><td>175 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 924</td><td>558 </td><td>206 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 923</td><td>558 </td><td>205 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 941</td><td>559 </td><td>222 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 702</td><td>559 </td><td> 63 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 854</td><td>559 </td><td>175 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 851</td><td>600 </td><td>171 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 837</td><td>600 </td><td>157 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 844</td><td>601 </td><td>163 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 812</td><td>602 </td><td>130 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 821</td><td>602 </td><td>139 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 858</td><td>606 </td><td>172 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 837</td><td>606 </td><td>151 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 858</td><td>607 </td><td>171 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 807</td><td>608 </td><td>119 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 945</td><td>611 </td><td>214 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 925</td><td>613 </td><td>192 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1039</td><td>615 </td><td>264 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 833</td><td>615 </td><td>138 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2223</td><td>2123</td><td> 60 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2314</td><td>2127</td><td>107 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2328</td><td>2128</td><td>120 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2230</td><td>2129</td><td> 61 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2225</td><td>2131</td><td> 54 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>  10</td><td>2140</td><td>150 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2250</td><td>2142</td><td> 68 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 115</td><td>2145</td><td>210 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>  30</td><td>2147</td><td>163 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2245</td><td>2149</td><td> 56 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2250</td><td>2150</td><td> 60 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2344</td><td>2159</td><td>105 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2339</td><td>2203</td><td> 96 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2257</td><td>2207</td><td> 50 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2339</td><td>2211</td><td> 88 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2335</td><td>2231</td><td> 64 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 112</td><td>2233</td><td>159 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>  59</td><td>2235</td><td>144 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2345</td><td>2237</td><td> 68 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2334</td><td>2240</td><td> 54 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2347</td><td>2240</td><td> 67 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2345</td><td>2241</td><td> 64 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2359</td><td>2307</td><td> 52 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 325</td><td>2349</td><td>216 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td><td> NA </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td><td> NA </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td><td> NA </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td><td> NA </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td><td> NA </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>  NA</td><td>  NA</td><td> NA </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lll}\n",
       " arr\\_time & dep\\_time & new\\_total\\_time\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t  830 & 517  & 193 \\\\\n",
       "\t  850 & 533  & 197 \\\\\n",
       "\t  923 & 542  & 221 \\\\\n",
       "\t 1004 & 544  & 260 \\\\\n",
       "\t  812 & 554  & 138 \\\\\n",
       "\t  740 & 554  & 106 \\\\\n",
       "\t  913 & 555  & 198 \\\\\n",
       "\t  709 & 557  &  72 \\\\\n",
       "\t  838 & 557  & 161 \\\\\n",
       "\t  753 & 558  & 115 \\\\\n",
       "\t  849 & 558  & 171 \\\\\n",
       "\t  853 & 558  & 175 \\\\\n",
       "\t  924 & 558  & 206 \\\\\n",
       "\t  923 & 558  & 205 \\\\\n",
       "\t  941 & 559  & 222 \\\\\n",
       "\t  702 & 559  &  63 \\\\\n",
       "\t  854 & 559  & 175 \\\\\n",
       "\t  851 & 600  & 171 \\\\\n",
       "\t  837 & 600  & 157 \\\\\n",
       "\t  844 & 601  & 163 \\\\\n",
       "\t  812 & 602  & 130 \\\\\n",
       "\t  821 & 602  & 139 \\\\\n",
       "\t  858 & 606  & 172 \\\\\n",
       "\t  837 & 606  & 151 \\\\\n",
       "\t  858 & 607  & 171 \\\\\n",
       "\t  807 & 608  & 119 \\\\\n",
       "\t  945 & 611  & 214 \\\\\n",
       "\t  925 & 613  & 192 \\\\\n",
       "\t 1039 & 615  & 264 \\\\\n",
       "\t  833 & 615  & 138 \\\\\n",
       "\t ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮\\\\\n",
       "\t 2223 & 2123 &  60 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2314 & 2127 & 107 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2328 & 2128 & 120 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2230 & 2129 &  61 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2225 & 2131 &  54 \\\\\n",
       "\t   10 & 2140 & 150 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2250 & 2142 &  68 \\\\\n",
       "\t  115 & 2145 & 210 \\\\\n",
       "\t   30 & 2147 & 163 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2245 & 2149 &  56 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2250 & 2150 &  60 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2344 & 2159 & 105 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2339 & 2203 &  96 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2257 & 2207 &  50 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2339 & 2211 &  88 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2335 & 2231 &  64 \\\\\n",
       "\t  112 & 2233 & 159 \\\\\n",
       "\t   59 & 2235 & 144 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2345 & 2237 &  68 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2334 & 2240 &  54 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2347 & 2240 &  67 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2345 & 2241 &  64 \\\\\n",
       "\t 2359 & 2307 &  52 \\\\\n",
       "\t  325 & 2349 & 216 \\\\\n",
       "\t   NA &   NA &  NA \\\\\n",
       "\t   NA &   NA &  NA \\\\\n",
       "\t   NA &   NA &  NA \\\\\n",
       "\t   NA &   NA &  NA \\\\\n",
       "\t   NA &   NA &  NA \\\\\n",
       "\t   NA &   NA &  NA \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "arr_time | dep_time | new_total_time | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "|  830 | 517  | 193  | \n",
       "|  850 | 533  | 197  | \n",
       "|  923 | 542  | 221  | \n",
       "| 1004 | 544  | 260  | \n",
       "|  812 | 554  | 138  | \n",
       "|  740 | 554  | 106  | \n",
       "|  913 | 555  | 198  | \n",
       "|  709 | 557  |  72  | \n",
       "|  838 | 557  | 161  | \n",
       "|  753 | 558  | 115  | \n",
       "|  849 | 558  | 171  | \n",
       "|  853 | 558  | 175  | \n",
       "|  924 | 558  | 206  | \n",
       "|  923 | 558  | 205  | \n",
       "|  941 | 559  | 222  | \n",
       "|  702 | 559  |  63  | \n",
       "|  854 | 559  | 175  | \n",
       "|  851 | 600  | 171  | \n",
       "|  837 | 600  | 157  | \n",
       "|  844 | 601  | 163  | \n",
       "|  812 | 602  | 130  | \n",
       "|  821 | 602  | 139  | \n",
       "|  858 | 606  | 172  | \n",
       "|  837 | 606  | 151  | \n",
       "|  858 | 607  | 171  | \n",
       "|  807 | 608  | 119  | \n",
       "|  945 | 611  | 214  | \n",
       "|  925 | 613  | 192  | \n",
       "| 1039 | 615  | 264  | \n",
       "|  833 | 615  | 138  | \n",
       "| ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | \n",
       "| 2223 | 2123 |  60  | \n",
       "| 2314 | 2127 | 107  | \n",
       "| 2328 | 2128 | 120  | \n",
       "| 2230 | 2129 |  61  | \n",
       "| 2225 | 2131 |  54  | \n",
       "|   10 | 2140 | 150  | \n",
       "| 2250 | 2142 |  68  | \n",
       "|  115 | 2145 | 210  | \n",
       "|   30 | 2147 | 163  | \n",
       "| 2245 | 2149 |  56  | \n",
       "| 2250 | 2150 |  60  | \n",
       "| 2344 | 2159 | 105  | \n",
       "| 2339 | 2203 |  96  | \n",
       "| 2257 | 2207 |  50  | \n",
       "| 2339 | 2211 |  88  | \n",
       "| 2335 | 2231 |  64  | \n",
       "|  112 | 2233 | 159  | \n",
       "|   59 | 2235 | 144  | \n",
       "| 2345 | 2237 |  68  | \n",
       "| 2334 | 2240 |  54  | \n",
       "| 2347 | 2240 |  67  | \n",
       "| 2345 | 2241 |  64  | \n",
       "| 2359 | 2307 |  52  | \n",
       "|  325 | 2349 | 216  | \n",
       "|   NA |   NA |  NA  | \n",
       "|   NA |   NA |  NA  | \n",
       "|   NA |   NA |  NA  | \n",
       "|   NA |   NA |  NA  | \n",
       "|   NA |   NA |  NA  | \n",
       "|   NA |   NA |  NA  | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       arr_time dep_time new_total_time\n",
       "1       830     517      193           \n",
       "2       850     533      197           \n",
       "3       923     542      221           \n",
       "4      1004     544      260           \n",
       "5       812     554      138           \n",
       "6       740     554      106           \n",
       "7       913     555      198           \n",
       "8       709     557       72           \n",
       "9       838     557      161           \n",
       "10      753     558      115           \n",
       "11      849     558      171           \n",
       "12      853     558      175           \n",
       "13      924     558      206           \n",
       "14      923     558      205           \n",
       "15      941     559      222           \n",
       "16      702     559       63           \n",
       "17      854     559      175           \n",
       "18      851     600      171           \n",
       "19      837     600      157           \n",
       "20      844     601      163           \n",
       "21      812     602      130           \n",
       "22      821     602      139           \n",
       "23      858     606      172           \n",
       "24      837     606      151           \n",
       "25      858     607      171           \n",
       "26      807     608      119           \n",
       "27      945     611      214           \n",
       "28      925     613      192           \n",
       "29     1039     615      264           \n",
       "30      833     615      138           \n",
       "⋮      ⋮        ⋮        ⋮             \n",
       "336747 2223     2123      60           \n",
       "336748 2314     2127     107           \n",
       "336749 2328     2128     120           \n",
       "336750 2230     2129      61           \n",
       "336751 2225     2131      54           \n",
       "336752   10     2140     150           \n",
       "336753 2250     2142      68           \n",
       "336754  115     2145     210           \n",
       "336755   30     2147     163           \n",
       "336756 2245     2149      56           \n",
       "336757 2250     2150      60           \n",
       "336758 2344     2159     105           \n",
       "336759 2339     2203      96           \n",
       "336760 2257     2207      50           \n",
       "336761 2339     2211      88           \n",
       "336762 2335     2231      64           \n",
       "336763  112     2233     159           \n",
       "336764   59     2235     144           \n",
       "336765 2345     2237      68           \n",
       "336766 2334     2240      54           \n",
       "336767 2347     2240      67           \n",
       "336768 2345     2241      64           \n",
       "336769 2359     2307      52           \n",
       "336770  325     2349     216           \n",
       "336771   NA       NA      NA           \n",
       "336772   NA       NA      NA           \n",
       "336773   NA       NA      NA           \n",
       "336774   NA       NA      NA           \n",
       "336775   NA       NA      NA           \n",
       "336776   NA       NA      NA           "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "transmute(my_flights_total, arr_time, dep_time,\n",
    "          new_total_time = (total_time < 0)*(total_time + 24*60) + (total_time >= 0)*total_time)"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "R",
   "language": "R",
   "name": "ir"
  },
  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": "r",
   "file_extension": ".r",
   "mimetype": "text/x-r-source",
   "name": "R",
   "pygments_lexer": "r",
   "version": "3.4.1"
  }
 },
 "nbformat": 4,
 "nbformat_minor": 1
}