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<h2> <a href="science.html"> ⇦ Back to Science chapter list</a></h2>
<section class="sv-section">
<h1>Intermolecular forces</h1>
<section class="sv-section">
<h2>1. Intermolecular and interatomic forces</h2>
<hr><section class="sv-section sv-question sv-table"><br><div class="id4442-4358">ID is: 4442 Seed is: 4358<br><form name="questions" action="https://www.emas.com/sandbox/nigeria-chapter/55027bec-8bdc-5c2f-bc6d-860c3eccfd08" method="POST"><span class="worked_example"><h3 class="sv-heading">Boiling points and rates of evaporation</h3>
</span><div class="multi-part"><div class="multi-part-header">
<p>
<span class="colored" style="color:gray"><em>Adapted from DBE Nov 2016 Grade 11, P2, Q3</em></span><br>
<a url="/info/physical-constants" href="https://www.emas.com/info/physical-constants">Physical constants</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-1" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-2"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-3" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-1">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/chemistry-formulas" href="https://www.emas.com/info/chemistry-formulas">Chemistry formulas</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-4" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-5"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-6" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-2">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/periodic-table-of-the-elements" href="https://www.emas.com/info/periodic-table-of-the-elements">Periodic table</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-7" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-8"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-9" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-3">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/standard-electrode-potentials" href="https://www.emas.com/info/standard-electrode-potentials">Standard reduction potentials</a>
</p>
<p>
Scientists conduct an experiment to investigate the effects of
intermolecular forces on boiling points. They use <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-4-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>365</mtext><mtext>&#xA0;</mtext><mtext>mL</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-10" style="width: 3.867em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.165em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1003.16em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-11"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-12" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">365</span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-13" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;"> </span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-14" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">mL</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>365</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext>mL</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-4">\text{365}\ \text{mL}</script></span>
of five substances in identical test tubes in their investigation. The results are
shown in the table below:
</p>
<table border="1">
<tbody><tr style="background:lightsteelblue">
<td align="center">
<strong>Substance</strong>
</td>
<td align="center">
<strong>Boiling point</strong><br>
<strong>(<span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-5-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>&#xB0;C</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-15" style="width: 1.291em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.057em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-16"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-17" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">°C</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>°C</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-5">\text{°C}</script></span>)</strong>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>castor oil</td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-6-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>315</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-18" style="width: 1.876em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.525em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001.47em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-19"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-20" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">315</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>315</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-6">\text{315}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pentane</td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-7-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>36</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-21" style="width: 1.232em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.998em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1000.94em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-22"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-23" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">36</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>36</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-7">\text{36}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>acetone</td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-8-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>57</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-24" style="width: 1.232em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.998em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1000.94em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-25"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-26" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">57</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>57</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-8">\text{57}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>glycerol</td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-9-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>287</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-27" style="width: 1.876em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.525em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001.47em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-28"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-29" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">287</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>287</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-9">\text{287}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ethanal</td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-10-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>20</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-30" style="width: 1.232em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.998em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-31"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-32" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">20</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>20</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-10">\text{20}</script></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<ol class="multi-part-entries"><li class="multi-part-entry">
<div class="problem">
<p>
Which substance in the table above will have the <strong>highest</strong>
rate of evaporation? Give a reason for your answer.
</p>
</div>
<div class="response"><a name="next-response"> </a><div class="response-query"><div class="response-query-body"><span class="emphasis-bold answer">Answer:</span>
<p>
<select name="question1a" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0">Castor oil</option><option value="1">Pentane</option><option value="2">Acetone</option><option value="3">Glycerol</option><option value="4" selected="">Ethanal</option></select> will have the <strong>highest</strong>
rate of evaporation. We know this because ...
</p>
<div class="sv-radio-button-group" name="radio-question1b"><ul class="sv-list"><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1bA"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1bA" name="question1b" type="radio" value="0"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1bA">it has the highest boiling point, which means it has the weakest intermolecular forces.</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1bB"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1bB" name="question1b" type="radio" value="1"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1bB">it has the highest boiling point, which means it has the strongest intermolecular forces.</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1bC"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1bC" name="question1b" type="radio" value="2" checked=""><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1bC">it has the lowest boiling point, which means it has the weakest intermolecular forces.</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1bD"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1bD" name="question1b" type="radio" value="3"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1bD">it has the lowest boiling point, which means it has the strongest intermolecular forces.</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item" style="display:none;"><div class="sv-radio-button"><input id="hidden" name="question1b" type="radio" value=""></div></li></ul></div>
</div></div></div>
</li>
<li class="multi-part-entry">
<div class="problem">
<div class="quote">
Acetone is a polar substance and its molecules experience dipole-dipole forces. Pentane is a non-polar substance and its molecules experience London dispersion forces.
</div>
<p>
Explain why the boiling point of acetone is higher
than the boiling point of pentane.
</p>
</div>
<div class="response"><div class="response-query"><div class="response-query-body"><span class="emphasis-bold answer">Answer:</span>
<div class="sv-radio-button-group" name="radio-question2a"><ul class="sv-list"><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-2aA"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-2aA" name="question2a" type="radio" value="0"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-2aA">Acetone has a much smaller molecular mass than pentane.</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-2aB"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-2aB" name="question2a" type="radio" value="1"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-2aB">The dipole-dipole forces between acetone molecules are weaker than the London dispersion forces between pentane molecules.</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-2aC"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-2aC" name="question2a" type="radio" value="2" checked=""><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-2aC">The dipole-dipole forces between acetone molecules are stronger than the London dispersion forces between pentane molecules.</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-2aD"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-2aD" name="question2a" type="radio" value="3"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-2aD">Acetone contains covalent bonds, unlike pentane.</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item" style="display:none;"><div class="sv-radio-button"><input id="hidden" name="question2a" type="radio" value=""></div></li></ul></div>
</div></div></div>
</li>
</ol></div><input name="response_hash" type="hidden" value="2019-04-16T17:29:38.830231"><div class="sv"><div class="sv-form__actions" id="nav-buttons"></div></div></form></div></section><section class="sv-section sv-question sv-table"><br><div class="id4442-3396">ID is: 4442 Seed is: 3396<br><form name="questions" action="https://www.emas.com/sandbox/nigeria-chapter/55027bec-8bdc-5c2f-bc6d-860c3eccfd08" method="POST"><span class="worked_example"><h3 class="sv-heading">Boiling points and rates of evaporation</h3>
</span><div class="multi-part"><div class="multi-part-header">
<p>
<span class="colored" style="color:gray"><em>Adapted from DBE Nov 2016 Grade 11, P2, Q3</em></span><br>
<a url="/info/physical-constants" href="https://www.emas.com/info/physical-constants">Physical constants</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-11-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-33" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-34"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-35" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-11">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/chemistry-formulas" href="https://www.emas.com/info/chemistry-formulas">Chemistry formulas</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-12-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-36" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-37"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-38" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-12">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/periodic-table-of-the-elements" href="https://www.emas.com/info/periodic-table-of-the-elements">Periodic table</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-13-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-39" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-40"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-41" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-13">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/standard-electrode-potentials" href="https://www.emas.com/info/standard-electrode-potentials">Standard reduction potentials</a>
</p>
<p>
Scientists conduct an experiment to investigate the effects of
intermolecular forces on boiling points. They use <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-14-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>55</mtext><mtext>&#xA0;</mtext><mrow><mtext>dm</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><msup><mi></mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mrow></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-42" style="width: 3.574em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.93em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.525em, 1002.93em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-43"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-44" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">55</span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-45" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;"> </span><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-46"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-47" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">dm</span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-48"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-49"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-50"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.413em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.809em, 1000em, 4.16em, -999.997em); top: -3.978em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-51"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.984em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -4.33em; left: 0em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-52"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-53"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-54" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: STIXGeneral;">3</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.984em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.218em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>55</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mrow><mtext>dm</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><msup><mi></mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mrow></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-14">\text{55}\ \text{dm$^{3}$}</script></span>
of five substances in identical test tubes in their investigation. The results are
shown in the table below:
</p>
<table border="1">
<tbody><tr style="background:lightsteelblue">
<td align="center">
<strong>Substance</strong>
</td>
<td align="center">
<strong>Boiling point</strong><br>
<strong>(<span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-15-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>&#xB0;C</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-55" style="width: 1.291em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.057em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-56"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-57" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">°C</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>°C</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-15">\text{°C}</script></span>)</strong>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>mineral oil</td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-16-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>559</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-58" style="width: 1.876em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.525em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001.47em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-59"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-60" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">559</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>559</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-16">\text{559}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>petroleum jelly</td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-17-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>318</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-61" style="width: 1.876em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.525em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001.47em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-62"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-63" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">318</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>318</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-17">\text{318}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pentane</td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-18-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>36</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-64" style="width: 1.232em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.998em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1000.94em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-65"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-66" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">36</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>36</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-18">\text{36}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>paraffin wax</td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-19-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>364</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-67" style="width: 1.876em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.525em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001.52em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-68"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-69" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">364</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>364</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-19">\text{364}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ethanal</td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-20-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>20</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-70" style="width: 1.232em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.998em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-71"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-72" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">20</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>20</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-20">\text{20}</script></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<ol class="multi-part-entries"><li class="multi-part-entry">
<div class="problem">
<p>
Which substance in the table above will have the <strong>lowest</strong>
rate of evaporation? Give a reason for your answer.
</p>
</div>
<div class="response"><a name="next-response"> </a><div class="response-query"><div class="response-query-body"><span class="emphasis-bold answer">Answer:</span>
<p>
<select name="question1a" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0" selected="">Mineral oil</option><option value="1">Petroleum jelly</option><option value="2">Pentane</option><option value="3">Paraffin wax</option><option value="4">Ethanal</option></select> will have the <strong>lowest</strong>
rate of evaporation. We know this because ...
</p>
<div class="sv-radio-button-group" name="radio-question1b"><ul class="sv-list"><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1bA"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1bA" name="question1b" type="radio" value="0"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1bA">it has the lowest boiling point, which means it has the weakest intermolecular forces.</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1bB"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1bB" name="question1b" type="radio" value="1"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1bB">it has the lowest boiling point, which means it has the strongest intermolecular forces.</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1bC"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1bC" name="question1b" type="radio" value="2"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1bC">it has the highest boiling point, which means it has the weakest intermolecular forces.</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1bD"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1bD" name="question1b" type="radio" value="3" checked=""><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1bD">it has the highest boiling point, which means it has the strongest intermolecular forces.</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item" style="display:none;"><div class="sv-radio-button"><input id="hidden" name="question1b" type="radio" value=""></div></li></ul></div>
</div></div></div>
</li>
<li class="multi-part-entry">
<div class="problem">
<div class="quote">
Ethanal is a polar substance and its molecules experience dipole-dipole forces. Paraffin wax is a non-polar substance and its molecules experience induced-dipole forces.
</div>
<p>
Explain why the boiling point of ethanal is lower
than the boiling point of paraffin wax.
</p>
</div>
<div class="response"><div class="response-query"><div class="response-query-body"><span class="emphasis-bold answer">Answer:</span>
<div class="sv-radio-button-group" name="radio-question2a"><ul class="sv-list"><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-2aA"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-2aA" name="question2a" type="radio" value="0" checked=""><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-2aA">Ethanal has a much smaller molecular mass than paraffin wax.</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-2aB"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-2aB" name="question2a" type="radio" value="1"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-2aB">The dipole-dipole forces in ethanal are a weaker type of intermolecular force than the induced-dipole forces in paraffin wax.</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-2aC"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-2aC" name="question2a" type="radio" value="2"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-2aC">Ethanal does not contain covalent bonds, but paraffin wax does.</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-2aD"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-2aD" name="question2a" type="radio" value="3"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-2aD">Ethanal has a much larger molecular mass than paraffin wax.</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item" style="display:none;"><div class="sv-radio-button"><input id="hidden" name="question2a" type="radio" value=""></div></li></ul></div>
</div></div></div>
</li>
</ol></div><input name="response_hash" type="hidden" value="2019-04-16T17:29:38.862237"><div class="sv"><div class="sv-form__actions" id="nav-buttons"></div></div></form></div></section><hr><section class="sv-section sv-question sv-table"><br><div class="id1487-2357">ID is: 1487 Seed is: 2357<br><form name="questions" action="https://www.emas.com/sandbox/nigeria-chapter/55027bec-8bdc-5c2f-bc6d-860c3eccfd08" method="POST"><span class="worked_example"><h3 class="sv-heading">Intermolecular forces</h3>
</span><div class="multi-part"><div class="multi-part-header">
<p>Bongani is trying to work out what intermolecular forces occur in <strong>phosphorus trichloride (<span class="chemical-compound">PCl<sub>3</sub></span>)</strong>. Help him determine this by answering the following questions.</p>
</div>
<ol class="multi-part-entries"><li class="multi-part-entry">
<div class="problem">
<p>What is the shape of the molecule?</p>
</div>
<div class="response"><a name="next-response"> </a><div class="response-query"><div class="response-query-body"><span class="emphasis-bold answer">Answer:</span>
<div class="sv-radio-button-group" name="radio-question1a"><ul class="sv-list"><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1aA"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1aA" name="question1a" type="radio" value="0"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1aA">linear</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1aB"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1aB" name="question1a" type="radio" value="1"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1aB">trigonal planar</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1aC"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1aC" name="question1a" type="radio" value="2"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1aC">tetrahedral</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1aD"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1aD" name="question1a" type="radio" value="3"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1aD">trigonal bipyramidal</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1aE"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1aE" name="question1a" type="radio" value="4"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1aE">octahedral</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1aF"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1aF" name="question1a" type="radio" value="5"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1aF">bent (or angular)</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1aG"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1aG" name="question1a" type="radio" value="6" checked=""><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1aG">trigonal pyramidal</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item" style="display:none;"><div class="sv-radio-button"><input id="hidden" name="question1a" type="radio" value=""></div></li></ul></div>
</div></div></div>
</li>
<li class="multi-part-entry">
<div class="problem">
<p>Is the molecule polar or non-polar?</p>
</div>
<div class="response"><div class="response-query"><div class="response-query-body"><span class="emphasis-bold answer">Answer:</span>
<p>
The molecule is <select name="question2a" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0" selected="">polar</option><option value="1">non-polar</option></select>.
</p>
</div></div></div>
</li>
<li class="multi-part-entry">
<div class="problem">
<p>What is the strongest kind of intermolecular force experienced by molecules of phosphorus trichloride?</p>
</div>
<div class="response"><div class="response-query"><div class="response-query-body"><span class="emphasis-bold answer">Answer:</span>
<p>
The strongest kind of intermolecular force molecules of phosphorus trichloride experience are <select name="question3a" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="1">induced dipole forces</option><option value="2">hydrogen bonds</option><option value="0" selected="">dipole-dipole forces</option></select>.
</p>
</div></div></div>
</li>
</ol></div><input name="response_hash" type="hidden" value="2019-04-16T17:29:38.893108"><div class="sv"><div class="sv-form__actions" id="nav-buttons"></div></div></form></div></section><section class="sv-section sv-question sv-table"><br><div class="id1487-9441">ID is: 1487 Seed is: 9441<br><form name="questions" action="https://www.emas.com/sandbox/nigeria-chapter/55027bec-8bdc-5c2f-bc6d-860c3eccfd08" method="POST"><span class="worked_example"><h3 class="sv-heading">Intermolecular forces</h3>
</span><div class="multi-part"><div class="multi-part-header">
<p>Azubuike is trying to work out what intermolecular forces occur in <strong>carbon monoxide (<span class="chemical-compound">CO</span>)</strong>. Help him determine this by answering the following questions.</p>
</div>
<ol class="multi-part-entries"><li class="multi-part-entry">
<div class="problem">
<p>What is the shape of the molecule?</p>
</div>
<div class="response"><a name="next-response"> </a><div class="response-query"><div class="response-query-body"><span class="emphasis-bold answer">Answer:</span>
<div class="sv-radio-button-group" name="radio-question1a"><ul class="sv-list"><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1aA"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1aA" name="question1a" type="radio" value="0" checked=""><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1aA">linear</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1aB"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1aB" name="question1a" type="radio" value="1"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1aB">trigonal planar</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1aC"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1aC" name="question1a" type="radio" value="2"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1aC">tetrahedral</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1aD"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1aD" name="question1a" type="radio" value="3"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1aD">trigonal bipyramidal</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1aE"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1aE" name="question1a" type="radio" value="4"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1aE">octahedral</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1aF"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1aF" name="question1a" type="radio" value="5"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1aF">bent (or angular)</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item"><div class="sv-radio-button" id="radio-node-1aG"><div class="sv-radio-button__input-faux"><input autocomplete="off" class="sv-radio-button__input" id="radio-button-1aG" name="question1a" type="radio" value="6"><span class="sv-radio-button__box"></span></div><label class="sv-radio-button__label" for="radio-button-1aG">trigonal pyramidal</label>
</div></li><li class="sv-list-item" style="display:none;"><div class="sv-radio-button"><input id="hidden" name="question1a" type="radio" value=""></div></li></ul></div>
</div></div></div>
</li>
<li class="multi-part-entry">
<div class="problem">
<p>Is the molecule polar or non-polar?</p>
</div>
<div class="response"><div class="response-query"><div class="response-query-body"><span class="emphasis-bold answer">Answer:</span>
<p>
The molecule is <select name="question2a" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="1">non-polar</option><option value="0" selected="">polar</option></select>.
</p>
</div></div></div>
</li>
<li class="multi-part-entry">
<div class="problem">
<p>What is the strongest kind of intermolecular force experienced by molecules of carbon monoxide?</p>
</div>
<div class="response"><div class="response-query"><div class="response-query-body"><span class="emphasis-bold answer">Answer:</span>
<p>
The strongest kind of intermolecular force molecules of carbon monoxide experience are <select name="question3a" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0" selected="">dipole-dipole forces</option><option value="1">induced dipole forces</option><option value="2">hydrogen bonds</option></select>.
</p>
</div></div></div>
</li>
</ol></div><input name="response_hash" type="hidden" value="2019-04-16T17:29:38.918068"><div class="sv"><div class="sv-form__actions" id="nav-buttons"></div></div></form></div></section><hr><section class="sv-section sv-question sv-table"><br><div class="id4222-665">ID is: 4222 Seed is: 665<br><form name="questions" action="https://www.emas.com/sandbox/nigeria-chapter/55027bec-8bdc-5c2f-bc6d-860c3eccfd08" method="POST"><span class="worked_example"><h3 class="sv-heading">Intermolecular forces and boiling points</h3>
</span><div class="multi-part"><div class="multi-part-header">
<p>
<span class="colored" style="color:gray"><em>Adapted from DBE Nov 2015 Grade 11, P2, Q3.1</em></span><br>
<a url="/info/physical-constants" href="https://www.emas.com/info/physical-constants">Physical constants</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-21-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-73" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-74"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-75" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-21">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/chemistry-formulae" href="https://www.emas.com/info/chemistry-formulae">Chemistry formulas</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-22-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-76" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-77"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-78" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-22">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/periodic-table-of-the-elements" href="https://www.emas.com/info/periodic-table-of-the-elements">Periodic table</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-23-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-79" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-80"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-81" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-23">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/standard-electrode-potentials" href="https://www.emas.com/info/standard-electrode-potentials">Standard reduction potentials</a>
</p>
<p>The boiling points of Compounds <strong>A</strong> to <strong>E</strong> are given in the table below.</p>
<table border="1">
<tbody><tr style="background:lightsteelblue">
<td></td>
<td align="center"><strong>Molecular formula</strong></td>
<td align="center"><strong>Boiling point<br>(<span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-24-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>&#xB0;C</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-82" style="width: 1.291em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.057em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-83"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-84" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">°C</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>°C</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-24">\text{°C}</script></span>)</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:lightsteelblue"><strong>A</strong></td>
<td><span class="chemical-compound">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-25-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>131</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-85" style="width: 1.876em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.525em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001.41em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-86"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-87" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">131</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>131</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-25">\text{131}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:lightsteelblue"><strong>B</strong></td>
<td><span class="chemical-compound">C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-26-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>103</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-88" style="width: 1.876em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.525em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001.47em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-89"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-90" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">103</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>103</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-26">\text{103}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:lightsteelblue"><strong>C</strong></td>
<td><span class="chemical-compound">C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-27-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>75</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-91" style="width: 1.232em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.998em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1000.94em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-92"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-93" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">75</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>75</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-27">\text{75}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:lightsteelblue"><strong>D</strong></td>
<td><span class="chemical-compound">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-28-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>20</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-94" style="width: 1.232em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.998em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-95"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-96" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">20</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>20</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-28">\text{20}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:lightsteelblue"><strong>E</strong></td>
<td><span class="chemical-compound">CH<sub>2</sub>O</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-29-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mtext>19</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-97" style="width: 2.111em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.701em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001.64em, 2.813em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-98"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-99" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">−</span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-100" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">19</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.211em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.146em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>−</mo><mtext>19</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-29">-\text{19}</script></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Use these data to answer the questions that follow.</p>
<div class="note instruction"><span class="note-header">INSTRUCTION:</span>
You must use this <a url="/info/periodic-table-of-the-elements" href="https://www.emas.com/info/periodic-table-of-the-elements">periodic table</a> for any values you might need.
</div>
</div>
<ol class="multi-part-entries"><li class="multi-part-entry">
<div class="problem">
<ol>
<li>Calculate the molecular mass of Compound <strong>B</strong>.</li>
<li>The melting point of Compound <strong>C</strong> is <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-30-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mtext>97</mtext><mtext>&#xB0;C</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-101" style="width: 3.399em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.755em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1002.7em, 2.813em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-102"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-103" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">−</span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-104" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">97</span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-105" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">°C</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.211em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.146em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>−</mo><mtext>97</mtext><mtext>°C</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-30">-\text{97}\text{°C}</script></span>. In what phase is Compound <strong>C</strong> at <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-31-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mtext>120</mtext><mtext>&#xB0;C</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-106" style="width: 4.043em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.282em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1003.22em, 2.813em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-107"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-108" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">−</span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-109" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">120</span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-110" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">°C</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.211em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.146em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>−</mo><mtext>120</mtext><mtext>°C</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-31">-\text{120}\text{°C}</script></span>?</li>
<li>Below is a structural representation of Compound <strong>E</strong>:
<div class="figure"><a href="https://www.emas.com/practice/isolated_image/4222/665/0"><img src="./CAPS-Science-Grade-11-4-Intermolecular-forces_files/0"></a></div>
<p>What is the <strong>strongest</strong> type of intermolecular force between molecules of Compound <strong>E</strong>?</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="response"><a name="next-response"> </a><div class="response-query"><div class="response-query-body"><span class="emphasis-bold answer">Answer:</span>
<ol>
<li><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-32-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>M</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mtext>C</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>5</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mtext>H</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>10</mn></mrow></msub><mtext>O</mtext><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-111" style="width: 7.439em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 6.092em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1006.03em, 2.872em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-112"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-113" style="font-family: STIXGeneral; font-style: italic;">𝑀<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.061em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-114" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-115"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.115em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.106em, 1000.65em, 4.16em, -999.997em); top: -3.978em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-116" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">C</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.984em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.803em; left: 0.647em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-117"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-118"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-119" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: STIXGeneral;">5</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.984em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-120"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.525em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.165em, 1000.71em, 4.16em, -999.997em); top: -3.978em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-121" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">H</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.984em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.803em; left: 0.706em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-122"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-123"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-124" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: STIXGeneral;">10</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.984em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-125" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">O</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-126" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">)</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-127" style="font-family: STIXGeneral; padding-left: 0.296em;">=</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.282em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.218em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>M</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mtext>C</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>5</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mtext>H</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>10</mn></mrow></msub><mtext>O</mtext><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-32">M(\text{C}_{5}\text{H}_{10}\text{O}) =</script></span> <input name="question1a" class="response-query-input" type="text" autocapitalize="none" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" spellcheck="false" value="86,1" size="10"> <select name="question1b" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="3">dm³</option><option value="2">g·mol</option><option value="0" selected="">g·mol⁻¹</option><option value="1">mol</option></select></li>
<li>Compound <strong>C</strong> is a <select name="question1c" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0">gas</option><option value="1">liquid</option><option value="2" selected="">solid</option></select> at <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-33-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mtext>120</mtext><mtext>&#xB0;C</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-128" style="width: 4.043em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.282em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1003.22em, 2.813em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-129"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-130" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">−</span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-131" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">120</span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-132" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">°C</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.211em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.146em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>−</mo><mtext>120</mtext><mtext>°C</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-33">-\text{120}\text{°C}</script></span>.</li>
<li>The <strong>strongest</strong> type of intermolecular force between molecules of Compound <strong>E</strong> is <select name="question1d" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0">London dispersion forces</option><option value="3">weakly polar covalent bonds</option><option value="1" selected="">dipole-dipole forces</option><option value="2">hydrogen bonds</option></select>.</li>
</ol>
<div class="response-type">one-of<div class="response-subtype">type(numeric.abserror(0.01))</div></div></div></div></div>
</li>
<li class="multi-part-entry">
<div class="problem">
<table border="1">
<tbody><tr style="background:lightsteelblue">
<td></td>
<td align="center"><strong>Molecular formula</strong></td>
<td align="center"><strong>Boiling point<br>(<span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-34-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>&#xB0;C</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-133" style="width: 1.291em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.057em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-134"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-135" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">°C</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>°C</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-34">\text{°C}</script></span>)</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:lightsteelblue"><strong>A</strong></td>
<td><span class="chemical-compound">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-35-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>131</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-136" style="width: 1.876em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.525em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001.41em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-137"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-138" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">131</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>131</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-35">\text{131}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:lightsteelblue"><strong>B</strong></td>
<td><span class="chemical-compound">C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-36-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>103</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-139" style="width: 1.876em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.525em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001.47em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-140"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-141" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">103</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>103</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-36">\text{103}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:lightsteelblue"><strong>C</strong></td>
<td><span class="chemical-compound">C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-37-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>75</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-142" style="width: 1.232em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.998em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1000.94em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-143"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-144" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">75</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>75</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-37">\text{75}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:lightsteelblue"><strong>D</strong></td>
<td><span class="chemical-compound">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-38-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>20</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-145" style="width: 1.232em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.998em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-146"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-147" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">20</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>20</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-38">\text{20}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:lightsteelblue"><strong>E</strong></td>
<td><span class="chemical-compound">CH<sub>2</sub>O</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-39-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mtext>19</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-148" style="width: 2.111em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.701em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001.64em, 2.813em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-149"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-150" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">−</span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-151" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">19</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.211em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.146em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>−</mo><mtext>19</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-39">-\text{19}</script></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Explain why the boiling point decreases from Compound <strong>A</strong> to <strong>E</strong>.</p>
</div>
<div class="response"><div class="response-query"><div class="response-query-body"><span class="emphasis-bold answer">Answer:</span>
<p>The molecular mass of the substances <select name="question2a" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0">increases</option><option value="1" selected="">decreases</option><option value="2">does not change</option></select> from <strong>A</strong> to <strong>E</strong>. This means that the intermolecular forces are <select name="question2b" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0">stronger</option><option value="1" selected="">weaker</option><option value="2">the same</option></select> as you go down the table. So <select name="question2c" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0">more</option><option value="1" selected="">less</option><option value="2">the same amount of</option></select> energy is needed to overcome the intermolecular forces.</p>
</div></div></div>
</li>
<li class="multi-part-entry">
<div class="problem">
<p>How does the vapour pressure of Compound <strong>A</strong> compare to the vapour pressure of Compound <strong>C</strong>?</p>
</div>
<div class="response"><div class="response-query"><div class="response-query-body"><span class="emphasis-bold answer">Answer:</span>
<p>The vapour pressure of Compound <strong>A</strong> is <select name="question3a" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0">higher than</option><option value="1" selected="">lower than</option><option value="2">equal to</option></select> the vapour pressure of Compound <strong>C</strong>.</p>
</div></div></div>
</li>
</ol></div><input name="response_hash" type="hidden" value="2019-04-16T17:29:38.970549"><div class="sv"><div class="sv-form__actions" id="nav-buttons"></div></div></form></div></section><section class="sv-section sv-question sv-table"><br><div class="id4222-3678">ID is: 4222 Seed is: 3678<br><form name="questions" action="https://www.emas.com/sandbox/nigeria-chapter/55027bec-8bdc-5c2f-bc6d-860c3eccfd08" method="POST"><span class="worked_example"><h3 class="sv-heading">Intermolecular forces and boiling points</h3>
</span><div class="multi-part"><div class="multi-part-header">
<p>
<span class="colored" style="color:gray"><em>Adapted from DBE Nov 2015 Grade 11, P2, Q3.1</em></span><br>
<a url="/info/physical-constants" href="https://www.emas.com/info/physical-constants">Physical constants</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-40-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-152" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-153"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-154" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-40">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/chemistry-formulae" href="https://www.emas.com/info/chemistry-formulae">Chemistry formulas</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-41-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-155" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-156"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-157" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-41">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/periodic-table-of-the-elements" href="https://www.emas.com/info/periodic-table-of-the-elements">Periodic table</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-42-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-158" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-159"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-160" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-42">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/standard-electrode-potentials" href="https://www.emas.com/info/standard-electrode-potentials">Standard reduction potentials</a>
</p>
<p>The boiling points of Compounds <strong>A</strong> to <strong>E</strong> are given in the table below.</p>
<table border="1">
<tbody><tr style="background:lightsteelblue">
<td></td>
<td align="center"><strong>Molecular formula</strong></td>
<td align="center"><strong>Boiling point<br>(<span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-43-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>&#xB0;C</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-161" style="width: 1.291em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.057em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-162"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-163" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">°C</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>°C</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-43">\text{°C}</script></span>)</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:lightsteelblue"><strong>A</strong></td>
<td><span class="chemical-compound">CH<sub>4</sub>O</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-44-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>65</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-164" style="width: 1.232em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.998em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1000.94em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-165"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-166" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">65</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>65</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-44">\text{65}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:lightsteelblue"><strong>B</strong></td>
<td><span class="chemical-compound">C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-45-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>98</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-167" style="width: 1.232em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.998em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1000.94em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-168"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-169" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">98</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>98</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-45">\text{98}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:lightsteelblue"><strong>C</strong></td>
<td><span class="chemical-compound">C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-46-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>138</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-170" style="width: 1.876em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.525em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001.47em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-171"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-172" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">138</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>138</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-46">\text{138}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:lightsteelblue"><strong>D</strong></td>
<td><span class="chemical-compound">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub>O</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-47-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>157</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-173" style="width: 1.876em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.525em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001.47em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-174"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-175" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">157</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>157</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-47">\text{157}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:lightsteelblue"><strong>E</strong></td>
<td><span class="chemical-compound">C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub>O</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-48-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>195</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-176" style="width: 1.876em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.525em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001.47em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-177"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-178" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">195</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>195</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-48">\text{195}</script></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Use these data to answer the questions that follow.</p>
<div class="note instruction"><span class="note-header">INSTRUCTION:</span>
You must use this <a url="/info/periodic-table-of-the-elements" href="https://www.emas.com/info/periodic-table-of-the-elements">periodic table</a> for any values you might need.
</div>
</div>
<ol class="multi-part-entries"><li class="multi-part-entry">
<div class="problem">
<ol>
<li>Calculate the molecular mass of Compound <strong>B</strong>.</li>
<li>The melting point of Compound <strong>E</strong> is <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-49-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mtext>16</mtext><mtext>&#xB0;C</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-179" style="width: 3.399em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.755em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1002.7em, 2.813em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-180"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-181" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">−</span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-182" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">16</span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-183" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">°C</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.211em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.146em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>−</mo><mtext>16</mtext><mtext>°C</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-49">-\text{16}\text{°C}</script></span>. In what phase is Compound <strong>E</strong> at <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-50-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>156</mtext><mtext>&#xB0;C</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-184" style="width: 3.165em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.579em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1002.52em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-185"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-186" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">156</span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-187" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">°C</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>156</mtext><mtext>°C</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-50">\text{156}\text{°C}</script></span>?</li>
<li>Below is a structural representation of Compound <strong>A</strong>:
<div class="figure"><a href="https://www.emas.com/practice/isolated_image/4222/3678/0"><img src="./CAPS-Science-Grade-11-4-Intermolecular-forces_files/0(1)"></a></div>
<p>What is the <strong>strongest</strong> type of intermolecular force between molecules of Compound <strong>A</strong>?</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="response"><a name="next-response"> </a><div class="response-query"><div class="response-query-body"><span class="emphasis-bold answer">Answer:</span>
<ol>
<li><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-51-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>M</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mtext>C</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mtext>H</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>8</mn></mrow></msub><mtext>O</mtext><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-188" style="width: 7.029em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 5.741em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1005.68em, 2.872em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-189"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-190" style="font-family: STIXGeneral; font-style: italic;">𝑀<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.061em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-191" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-192"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.115em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.106em, 1000.65em, 4.16em, -999.997em); top: -3.978em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-193" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">C</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.984em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.803em; left: 0.647em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-194"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-195"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-196" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: STIXGeneral;">3</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.984em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-197"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.174em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.165em, 1000.71em, 4.16em, -999.997em); top: -3.978em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-198" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">H</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.984em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.803em; left: 0.706em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-199"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-200"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-201" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: STIXGeneral;">8</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.984em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-202" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">O</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-203" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">)</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-204" style="font-family: STIXGeneral; padding-left: 0.296em;">=</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.282em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.218em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>M</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mtext>C</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mtext>H</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>8</mn></mrow></msub><mtext>O</mtext><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-51">M(\text{C}_{3}\text{H}_{8}\text{O}) =</script></span> <input name="question1a" class="response-query-input" type="text" autocapitalize="none" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" spellcheck="false" value="60,08" size="10"> <select name="question1b" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0" selected="">g·mol⁻¹</option><option value="3">dm³</option><option value="2">g·mol</option><option value="1">mol·dm⁻³</option></select></li>
<li>Compound <strong>E</strong> is a <select name="question1c" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0">gas</option><option value="1" selected="">liquid</option><option value="2">solid</option></select> at <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-52-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>156</mtext><mtext>&#xB0;C</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-205" style="width: 3.165em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.579em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1002.52em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-206"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-207" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">156</span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-208" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">°C</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>156</mtext><mtext>°C</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-52">\text{156}\text{°C}</script></span>.</li>
<li>The <strong>strongest</strong> type of intermolecular force between molecules of Compound <strong>A</strong> is <select name="question1d" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0">London dispersion forces</option><option value="3">polar covalent bonds</option><option value="1">dipole-dipole forces</option><option value="2" selected="">hydrogen bonds</option></select>.</li>
</ol>
<div class="response-type">one-of<div class="response-subtype">type(numeric.abserror(0.01))</div></div></div></div></div>
</li>
<li class="multi-part-entry">
<div class="problem">
<table border="1">
<tbody><tr style="background:lightsteelblue">
<td></td>
<td align="center"><strong>Molecular formula</strong></td>
<td align="center"><strong>Boiling point<br>(<span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-53-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>&#xB0;C</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-209" style="width: 1.291em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.057em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-210"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-211" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">°C</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>°C</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-53">\text{°C}</script></span>)</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:lightsteelblue"><strong>A</strong></td>
<td><span class="chemical-compound">CH<sub>4</sub>O</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-54-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>65</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-212" style="width: 1.232em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.998em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1000.94em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-213"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-214" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">65</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>65</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-54">\text{65}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:lightsteelblue"><strong>B</strong></td>
<td><span class="chemical-compound">C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-55-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>98</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-215" style="width: 1.232em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.998em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1000.94em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-216"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-217" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">98</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>98</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-55">\text{98}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:lightsteelblue"><strong>C</strong></td>
<td><span class="chemical-compound">C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-56-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>138</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-218" style="width: 1.876em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.525em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001.47em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-219"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-220" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">138</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>138</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-56">\text{138}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:lightsteelblue"><strong>D</strong></td>
<td><span class="chemical-compound">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub>O</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-57-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>157</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-221" style="width: 1.876em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.525em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001.47em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-222"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-223" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">157</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>157</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-57">\text{157}</script></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:lightsteelblue"><strong>E</strong></td>
<td><span class="chemical-compound">C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub>O</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-58-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>195</mtext></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-224" style="width: 1.876em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.525em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.642em, 1001.47em, 2.696em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-225"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-226" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">195</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.068em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>195</mtext></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-58">\text{195}</script></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Explain why the boiling point increases from Compound <strong>A</strong> to <strong>E</strong>.</p>
</div>
<div class="response"><div class="response-query"><div class="response-query-body"><span class="emphasis-bold answer">Answer:</span>
<p>The molecular mass of the substances <select name="question2a" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0" selected="">increases</option><option value="1">decreases</option><option value="2">does not change</option></select> from <strong>A</strong> to <strong>E</strong>. This means that the intermolecular forces are <select name="question2b" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0" selected="">stronger</option><option value="1">weaker</option><option value="2">the same</option></select> as you go down the table. So <select name="question2c" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0" selected="">more</option><option value="1">less</option><option value="2">the same amount of</option></select> energy is needed to overcome the intermolecular forces.</p>
</div></div></div>
</li>
<li class="multi-part-entry">
<div class="problem">
<p>How does the vapour pressure of Compound <strong>A</strong> compare to the vapour pressure of Compound <strong>B</strong>?</p>
</div>
<div class="response"><div class="response-query"><div class="response-query-body"><span class="emphasis-bold answer">Answer:</span>
<p>The vapour pressure of Compound <strong>A</strong> is <select name="question3a" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0" selected="">higher than</option><option value="1">lower than</option><option value="2">equal to</option></select> the vapour pressure of Compound <strong>B</strong>.</p>
</div></div></div>
</li>
</ol></div><input name="response_hash" type="hidden" value="2019-04-16T17:29:39.025554"><div class="sv"><div class="sv-form__actions" id="nav-buttons"></div></div></form></div></section><hr><section class="sv-section sv-question sv-table"><br><div class="id4443-4100">ID is: 4443 Seed is: 4100<br><form name="questions" action="https://www.emas.com/sandbox/nigeria-chapter/55027bec-8bdc-5c2f-bc6d-860c3eccfd08" method="POST">
<span class="worked_example"><h3 class="sv-heading">Multiple choice: Intermolecular forces between small molecules</h3>
</span><div class="problem">
<p>
<span class="colored" style="color:gray"><em>Adapted from DBE Nov 2016 Grade 11, P2, Q1.3</em></span><br>
<a url="/info/physical-constants" href="https://www.emas.com/info/physical-constants">Physical constants</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-59-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-227" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-228"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-229" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-59">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/chemistry-formulas" href="https://www.emas.com/info/chemistry-formulas">Chemistry formulas</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-60-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-230" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-231"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-232" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-60">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/periodic-table-of-the-elements" href="https://www.emas.com/info/periodic-table-of-the-elements">Periodic table</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-61-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-233" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-234"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-235" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-61">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/standard-electrode-potentials" href="https://www.emas.com/info/standard-electrode-potentials">Standard reduction potentials</a>
</p>
<p>
The <strong>strongest</strong> type of intermolecular forces experienced
by molecules of water, <span class="chemical-compound">H<sub>2</sub>O</span>, are ...
</p>
<table border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:lightgray"><strong>A</strong></td> <td>induced-dipole forces</td></tr><tr> <td style="background:lightgray"><strong>B</strong></td> <td>hydrogen bonding</td></tr><tr> <td style="background:lightgray"><strong>C</strong></td> <td>dipole-dipole forces</td></tr><tr> <td style="background:lightgray"><strong>D</strong></td> <td>ion-dipole forces</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="response"><a name="next-response"> </a><div class="response-query"><div class="response-query-body"><span class="emphasis-bold answer">Answer:</span>
<select name="question1a" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0">A</option><option value="1" selected="">B</option><option value="2">C</option><option value="3">D</option></select>
</div></div></div>
<input name="response_hash" type="hidden" value="2019-04-16T17:29:39.076800"><div class="sv"><div class="sv-form__actions" id="nav-buttons"></div></div></form>
</div></section><section class="sv-section sv-question sv-table"><br><div class="id4443-6678">ID is: 4443 Seed is: 6678<br><form name="questions" action="https://www.emas.com/sandbox/nigeria-chapter/55027bec-8bdc-5c2f-bc6d-860c3eccfd08" method="POST">
<span class="worked_example"><h3 class="sv-heading">Multiple choice: Intermolecular forces between small molecules</h3>
</span><div class="problem">
<p>
<span class="colored" style="color:gray"><em>Adapted from DBE Nov 2016 Grade 11, P2, Q1.3</em></span><br>
<a url="/info/physical-constants" href="https://www.emas.com/info/physical-constants">Physical constants</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-62-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-236" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-237"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-238" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-62">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/chemistry-formulas" href="https://www.emas.com/info/chemistry-formulas">Chemistry formulas</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-63-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-239" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-240"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-241" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-63">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/periodic-table-of-the-elements" href="https://www.emas.com/info/periodic-table-of-the-elements">Periodic table</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-64-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-242" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-243"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-244" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-64">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/standard-electrode-potentials" href="https://www.emas.com/info/standard-electrode-potentials">Standard reduction potentials</a>
</p>
<p>
The <strong>strongest</strong> type of intermolecular forces experienced
by molecules of oxygen difluoride, <span class="chemical-compound">OF<sub>2</sub></span>, are ...
</p>
<table border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:lightgray"><strong>A</strong></td> <td>hydrogen bonds</td></tr><tr> <td style="background:lightgray"><strong>B</strong></td> <td>ion-dipole forces</td></tr><tr> <td style="background:lightgray"><strong>C</strong></td> <td>induced-dipole forces</td></tr><tr> <td style="background:lightgray"><strong>D</strong></td> <td>dipole-dipole forces</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="response"><a name="next-response"> </a><div class="response-query"><div class="response-query-body"><span class="emphasis-bold answer">Answer:</span>
<select name="question1a" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0">A</option><option value="1">B</option><option value="2">C</option><option value="3" selected="">D</option></select>
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<span class="worked_example"><h3 class="sv-heading">Multiple choice: Intermolecular forces</h3>
</span><div class="problem">
<p>
<span class="colored" style="color:gray"><em>Adapted from DBE Nov 2015 Grade 11, P2, Q1.3</em></span><br>
<a url="/info/physical-constants" href="https://www.emas.com/info/physical-constants">Physical constants</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-65-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-245" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-246"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-247" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-65">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/chemistry-formulae" href="https://www.emas.com/info/chemistry-formulae">Chemistry formulas</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-66-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-248" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-249"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-250" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-66">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/periodic-table-of-the-elements" href="https://www.emas.com/info/periodic-table-of-the-elements">Periodic table</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-67-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-251" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-252"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-253" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-67">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/standard-electrode-potentials" href="https://www.emas.com/info/standard-electrode-potentials">Standard reduction potentials</a>
</p>
<p>Which <strong>one</strong> of the following has the <strong>lowest</strong> vapour pressure?</p>
<table border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:lightgray"><strong>A</strong></td> <td><span class="chemical-compound">F<sub>2</sub></span></td></tr><tr> <td style="background:lightgray"><strong>B</strong></td> <td><span class="chemical-compound">Br<sub>2</sub></span></td></tr><tr> <td style="background:lightgray"><strong>C</strong></td> <td><span class="chemical-compound">I<sub>2</sub></span></td></tr><tr> <td style="background:lightgray"><strong>D</strong></td> <td><span class="chemical-compound">Cl<sub>2</sub></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="response"><a name="next-response"> </a><div class="response-query"><div class="response-query-body"><span class="emphasis-bold answer">Answer:</span>
<p><select name="question1a" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0">A</option><option value="1">B</option><option value="2" selected="">C</option><option value="3">D</option></select></p>
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<span class="worked_example"><h3 class="sv-heading">Multiple choice: Intermolecular forces</h3>
</span><div class="problem">
<p>
<span class="colored" style="color:gray"><em>Adapted from DBE Nov 2015 Grade 11, P2, Q1.3</em></span><br>
<a url="/info/physical-constants" href="https://www.emas.com/info/physical-constants">Physical constants</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-68-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-254" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-255"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-256" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-68">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/chemistry-formulae" href="https://www.emas.com/info/chemistry-formulae">Chemistry formulas</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-69-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-257" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-258"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-259" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-69">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/periodic-table-of-the-elements" href="https://www.emas.com/info/periodic-table-of-the-elements">Periodic table</a> <span class="latex-math"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-70-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#xB7;</mo></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-260" style="width: 0.296em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.237em; height: 0px; font-size: 122%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.052em, 1000.18em, 2.52em, -999.997em); top: -2.515em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-261"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-262" style="font-family: STIXGeneral;">·</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.52em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0.146em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>·</mo></math></span></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-70">·</script></span>
<a url="/info/standard-electrode-potentials" href="https://www.emas.com/info/standard-electrode-potentials">Standard reduction potentials</a>
</p>
<p>Which <strong>one</strong> of the following has the <strong>strongest</strong> intermolecular forces between particles?</p>
<table border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:lightgray"><strong>A</strong></td> <td><span class="chemical-compound">Ar</span></td></tr><tr> <td style="background:lightgray"><strong>B</strong></td> <td><span class="chemical-compound">Ne</span></td></tr><tr> <td style="background:lightgray"><strong>C</strong></td> <td><span class="chemical-compound">He</span></td></tr><tr> <td style="background:lightgray"><strong>D</strong></td> <td><span class="chemical-compound">Kr</span></td></tr></tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="response"><a name="next-response"> </a><div class="response-query"><div class="response-query-body"><span class="emphasis-bold answer">Answer:</span>
<p><select name="question1a" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0">A</option><option value="1">B</option><option value="2">C</option><option value="3" selected="">D</option></select></p>
</div></div></div>
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<span class="worked_example"><h3 class="sv-heading">Intermolecular forces</h3>
</span><div class="problem">
<p>Select the true statement from the list below:</p>
<table border="1">
<tbody><tr>
<td align="center" style="vertical-align:middle;background=#DDD"><strong>A</strong></td>
<td>Ion-dipole forces exist between molecules of nitrogen dioxide.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="vertical-align:middle;background=#DDD"><strong>B</strong></td>
<td>Induced dipole forces exist between molecules of carbon tetrachloride.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="vertical-align:middle;background=#DDD"><strong>C</strong></td>
<td>Carbon monoxide is a non-polar molecule.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="vertical-align:middle;background=#DDD"><strong>D</strong></td>
<td>At room temperature hydrogen is usually a liquid.</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="response"><a name="next-response"> </a><div class="response-query"><div class="response-query-body"><span class="emphasis-bold answer">Answer:</span><select name="question1a" class="response-query-input" autocomplete="off"><option value="">Select</option><option value="0">A</option><option value="1" selected="">B</option><option value="2">C</option><option value="3">D</option></select></div></div></div>
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<span class="worked_example"><h3 class="sv-heading">Intermolecular forces</h3>
</span><div class="problem">
<p>Select the true statement from the list below:</p>
<table border="1">
<tbody><tr>
<td align="center" style="vertical-align:middle;background=#DDD"><strong>A</strong></td>
<td>Dipole-dipole forces exist between molecules of carbon tetrachloride.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="vertical-align:middle;background=#DDD"><strong>B</strong></td>
<td>Carbon monoxide is a non-polar molecule.</td>
</tr>
<tr>