B. Chip and Ribbon.cpp

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

#define int long long

signed main()
{
  int t;
  cin >> t;

  while (t--)
  {

    int n;
    cin >> n;

    vector<int> a(n);

    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
      cin >> a[i];

    long long ans = 0;
    int last = 0;

    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
      if (a[i] > last)
        ans += a[i] - last;
      last = a[i];
    }

    cout << ans - 1 << endl;
  }
}



/*

https://leetcode.com/problems/minimum-common-value/description/

2540. Minimum Common Value

*/