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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
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<h1 id="logo"><a href="#">Manon Revel</a> </h1>
<p style="text-align:center"><a href="https://idss.mit.edu/news/aligning-decision-making-processes-with-democratic-values/" style="text-decoration:none">MIT</a> | <a href="https://rebootingsocialmedia.org/person/manon-revel/" style="text-decoration:none">Harvard</a></p>
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<p align="justify"> Welcome! I am Manon, a <a href = "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/social-choice/">social choice theorist</a> (that is, an applied mathematician that models decision-making with probability and statistics). I research governance (the art of accomodating a potentially irreconcilable plurality of views) in the context of human and AI decision-making.
<!-- On the human side of things, I investigate the emergence of collective behaviors as a function of individual decisions and how these phenomena can be factored in the design of governance systems. On the AI front, I research the science of AI alignment: I want to understand how and why and on what AI models get aligned during fine-tuning. In a sense, this is about understanding how the aggregation of individual signals lead to an emergent representation of the world. It is all very fun (and mind-boggling).</p> -->
<p align="justify"> Besides mathematics, I have been inspired by the political philosophy scholarship that explores concepts of representative governance. Are mathematical theories of governance accountable to this body of work? And, may we push the boundaries of the philosophical concepts to ensure they appropriately evolve with our technological reality?</p>
<p align="justify"> I graduated from MIT in 2023 with a PhD in <a href="https://stat.mit.edu/academics/idps/idps-social-engineering-systems/"> Social and Engineering Systems and Statistics</a>. My thesis focused on <a href = "pdf/FINAL_MIThesis_ManonRevel-3.pdf"><span style="color:#86A7FC;">Diversity and Expertise in Representative Governance</span></a>. Since September 2023, I am an Employee Postdoctoral Fellow at Harvard where I lead the research portfolio in AI and Democracy for the Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society.</p>
<p align="justify"> Previously, I was a Democracy Doctoral Fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School, a co-organizer of the <a href="https://www.md4sg.com/workinggroups/civicparticipation.html">Civic Participation working group</a> for MD4SG, and an intern at Palantir, the Center for Strategic and International Studies, and the Nokia Bell Labs.</p>
<!-- <p align="justify"> Since September 2023, I have been an Employee Postdoctoral Fellow at the Berkman Klein Center at Harvard University, where I work on designing democratic spaces online.</p>
<p align="justify"> In the summer of 2023, I graduated from MIT with a Ph.D. in <a href="https://stat.mit.edu/academics/idps/idps-social-engineering-systems/"> Social and Engineering Systems and Statistics,</a> where I was fortunate to be advised by <a href="https://jadbabaie.mit.edu"> Ali Jadbabaie</a> and <a href="https://dahleh.lids.mit.edu"> Munzer Dahleh</a> and to work with <a href="https://polisci.mit.edu/people/adam-berinsky">Adam Berinsky</a>, <a href="http://procaccia.info">Ariel Procaccia,</a> and <a href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/beerbohm/home">Eric Beerbohm</a>. My graduate school research focused on <a href="#fluid"> <span style="color:#86A7FC;">analyzing and designing decision-making procedures for representative democracy</span></a> and <a href="#idr"> <span style="color:#86A7FC;">understanding information disorders</span></a>.</p>
<p align="justify"> I enjoy thinking from the philosophical underpinning of a problem to how it can be modeled and tested mathematically to how it can be solved in very concrete settings. Along those lines, I delved into applications of my research in algorithms for prediction markets, recommender systems, and AI alignment, as well as in democratic, corporate, and web3 governance.</p>
<p align="justify"> I was a Democracy Doctoral Fellow at the Ash Center at the Harvard Kennedy School for the academic year 2022-2023 and I co-organize, with <a href="https://paulgoelz.de"> Paul Gölz</a>, the <a href="https://www.md4sg.com/workinggroups/civicparticipation.html">Civic Participation working group</a> hosted by Mechanism Design for Social Good (MD4SG). I interned at Palantir, the Center for Strategic and International Studies, and Nokia Bell Labs.</p> -->
<!-- <h4>Information Disorders</h4>
<p> Growing up, I fantasized becoming a journalist. I conducted reports and the 2012 Olympics Chronicle for a local radio station (Soleil de Ré) throughout high school. Later, I launched an hour-long interview program on a webradio (Radio Parentheses) where I brought scientists and politicians' perspectives to a young audience. I became very sensible to
the financial turnmoil jourmalists experience. Coming at MIT gave me the opportunity to study quantitatively the credibility and financial crises of journalism. Further, I became keen on understanding how we, as an audience, make sense of the information online.<p>
<h4>Electoral Systems</h4> -->
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<h2>Highlights</h2>
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<span>Fall 2024</span>
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<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🥁</font> New Paper! <a href = "">Tracking Truth with Liquid Democracy</a> accepted by Management Science.</p>
<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🥁</font> New Paper! <a href = "https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.10270">SEAL: Systematic Error Analysis for Value ALignment</a> now live.</p>
<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🥁</font> New Paper! <a href = "https://sciencepolicyreview.pubpub.org/pub/22y8h1p7/release/1">Mapping the Space of Social Media Regulation</a> published by the MIT Science Policy Review.</p>
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<span>Summer 2024</span>
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<img src="images/panel.png" alt="t" style="float: right; top: 40px; max-width: 30%; margin: 1em 0 1em 1em;">
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<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🎙</font> Interviewed on <a href = "https://www.computingup.com">Computing Up</a> podcast: Democracy, A Comma in History? </p>
<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🕵</font> Taught at University of Notre Dame: <a href="#teaching_nd"> Deliberative Technologies and Computational Democracy</a>.</p>
<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🎬</font> Spoke at the <a href="https://www.sioe.org/conference/2024/ai-bootcamp">SOIE AI Bootcamp</a> at the University of Chicago: Democratic AI.</p>
<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🎬</font> Spoke at the <a href="https://thedrcenter.org/equitable-tech-summit-2024/">Equitable Tech Summit</a>: From Science Fiction to Science Reality.</p>
<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🎙</font> Interviewed <a href="https://youtu.be/5rlIslPyF30?si=-dftmEZgc6rCORgT">Lawrence Lessig and Claudia Chwalisz</a>: <a href="https://rebootingsocialmedia.org/events/democracy-and-technology/">Democracy and Technology</a>.</p>
<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🎬</font> Spoke at MIT CCC’s Trust and Human Connection in the Age of AI summit: <a href = "https://youtu.be/CFhZ1qHs4sc?si=Q3KV2KYpHNNhTySU&t=255/">Tech-enhanced Citizen Assemblies</a>.</p>
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<span>Spring 2024</span>
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<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🥁</font> New Essay! <a href = "https://ash.harvard.edu/sites/hwpi.harvard.edu/files/ash/files/340160_hvd_ash_revel_v2.pdf?m=1708526083">Can We Talk?</a> published by the Harard Kennedy School's Ash Center.</p>
<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🏔</font> Inspired by luminar discussions at the <a href = "https://campuspress.yale.edu/governingx/governing-with-ai/">Governing (with) AI</a> conference organized by Hélène Landemore.</p>
<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🥁</font> New Paper! <a href = "https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.02774">Selecting Representative Bodies: An Axiomatic View</a> at the International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems.</p>
<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🥁</font> New Paper! <a href = "https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.16863">Enabling the Digital Democratic Revival: A Research Program for Digital Democracy</a>.</p>
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<div class="timeline-info">
<span>Fall 2023</span>
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<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🎬</font> Spoke at the Online Social Choice and Welfare Seminar: <a href = "https://sites.google.com/view/2021onlinescwseminars/past-seminars/2023#h.wayj5642fpzqf">Modeling Democratic Innovations Mathematically</a>.
<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🎬</font> Spoke at the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leAl39TER-Y">Computer Science Theory Seminar at Brown University</a>.</p>
<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🏔</font> Inspired by the <a href = "https://gettingplurality.org/summit-on-ai-and-democracy/">Summit on AI and Democracy</a> at the <a href="https://www.plurality.institute">Plurality Institute</a>.</p>
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<span>Summer 2023</span>
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<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🎓</font> Defended my thesis <a href = "pdf/FINAL_MIThesis_ManonRevel-3.pdf">Diversity and Expertise in Representative Governance</a>! Featured in <a href="https://idss.mit.edu/news/aligning-decision-making-processes-with-democratic-values/">IDSS blog</a> and <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2019/mit-showcases-students-combining-ai-with-passions-0307">MIT News article</a>.</p>
<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🥁</font> New Paper! <a href = "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-risk-regulation/article/abs/how-to-open-representative-democracy-to-the-future/04DC4CB293AAC32D114F0BFC80593FBC#"> How to Open Democratic Representaton to the Future</a> out in the European Journal for Risk Regulation at the Cambridge University Press.</p>
<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🥁</font> New Paper! <a href = "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3580507.3597817">In Defense of Liquid Democracy</a> published at the 24th ACM Conference on Economics and Computation.</p>
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<img src="images/nyc.jpeg" alt="Picture from the Entretiens de New York event" style="float: right; top: 40px; max-width: 20%; margin: 1em 0 1em 1em;">
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<span>Spring 2023</span>
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<!-- <p> <font color=#86A7FC>⭑</font> Presented the Institutional, Design Problem at the <a href="https://idss-celebration.mit.edu">IDSS celebration.</a></p>
<p> <font color=#86A7FC>⭑</font> IDSS news featuring my research on <a href="https://idss.mit.edu/news/aligning-decision-making-processes-with-democratic-values/">Aligning Decision-Making Processes with Democratic Values.</a></p> -->
<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🎬</font> Spoke at <a href="https://people.math.harvard.edu/~ana/ons/">the Harvard Department of Mathematics</a>: <a href="https://www.math.harvard.edu/event/open-neighborhood-seminar-universality-for-groups-2-2-2/">The Mathematics of Democracy.</a></p>
<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🎙</font> Interviewed Garry Kasparov and Hubert Vedrine at the <a href="https://twitter.com/FrenchAmbUS/status/1636795867834503168?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1636795867834503168%7Ctwgr%5E6f2f0e025d1594f92f05c0d5481ca23685ad3478%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kasparov.com%2Fles-entretiens-de-new-york-the-consulate-of-france-in-nyc-march-17-2023%2F">Entretiens de New York</a>.
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<span>February 2023</span>
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<p> <font color=#86A7FC>⭑</font> Discussed <a href="https://archive.org/details/revel-metagov-20230222">"Liquid Democracy in Practice" (video)</a> at the <a href="https://metagov.org/">Metagov seminar</a>.</p>
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<span>January 2023</span>
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<p> <font color=#86A7FC>⭑</font> Presented my paper "How to Open Democratic Representation" (coming soon!) at the<a href="https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/events/workshop-long-term-risks-and-future-generations"> Long Term Risks and Future Generations Workshop</a> at the Maastricht University Campus Brussels.</p>
<p> <font color=#86A7FC>⭑</font> Spoke at the<a href="https://www.plurality.institute/agenda"> Plurality Research Network Conference</a> at UC Berkeley.</p>
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<span>Fall 2022</span>
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<p> <font color=#86A7FC>⭑</font> Panelist at Harvard's <a href="https://www.schneier.com/iword/agenda/">International Workshop on Reimagining Democracy</a> organized by <a href="https://www.schneier.com/blog/about/">Bruce Schneier</a>.</p>
<p> <font color=#86A7FC>🎙</font> I spoke at the <a href="https://sites.google.com/modelingtalks.org/entry/modeling-democratic-innovations-the-case-of-transitive-delegations">Alphabet Google X Modeling Talk Series</a>. Check out <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Br-XyP5EFPWfKEWK_KNLBvNRJn9tVcEo/view"> the video</a>.</p>
<!-- <p><font color=#86A7FC>⭑</font> Chatted with <a href="https://datascientest.com"> Datascientest</a> about academic research in computational social choice! Check out <a href="#media"> the video</a>.</p>
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<h2>Research</h2>
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<h3>Quick View</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#value">On Value Alignment in AI</a></li>
<li><a href="#innovations">On Democratic Innovations</a></li>
<li><a href="#fluid">Selecting Experts Democratically</a></li>
<li><a href="#congress">On the Optimal Congress Size</a></li>
<li><a href="#map">Mapping the Space of Social Media Regulation</a></li>
<li><a href="#ads">Native Ads and the Credibility of Online Publishers</a></li>
<li><a href="#resonnance">Varieties of Resonance: The Subjective Interpretations and Utilizations of Media Output in France</a></li>
<li><a href="#tinnitus">Learn about Tinnitus from Social Media</a></li>
<li><a href="#alt">Alternative Realities in Troubled Democracies</a></li>
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<h5 style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#value">On Value Alignment in AI</a></h5>
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<h5 style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#innovations">On Democratic Innovations</a></h5>
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<h5 style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#fluid">Selecting Experts Democratically</a></h5>
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<h5 style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#congress">On the Optimal Congress Size</a></h5>
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<h5 style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#map">Mapping the Space of Social Media Regulation</a></h5>
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<h5 style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#ads">Online Ads and Publishers Credibility</a></h5>
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<h5 style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#resonnance">Varieties of Resonance in French Media</a></h5>
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<h5 style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#tinnitus">Learn about Tinnitus from Social Media</a></h5>
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<h5 style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#alt">Alternative Realities in Troubled Democracies</a></h5>
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<h4 id="value" style="text-align: center">On Value Alignment in AI</h4>
<p style="text-align: center" > Joint work with <a href="https://matteocargnelutti.dev"> Matteo Cargnelutti</a>, <a href="https://eloundou.net"> Tyna Eloundou</a> and <a href="https://leppert.me"> Greg Leppert</a>.</p>
<p> <span class="image left"><img src="images/pipeline.png" alt=""/></span> Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) aims to align language models (LMs) with human values by training reward models (RMs) on binary preferences and using these RMs to fine-tune the base LMs. Despite its importance, the internal mechanisms of RLHF remain poorly understood. This paper introduces new metrics to evaluate the effectiveness of modeling and aligning human values, namely feature imprint, alignment resistance and alignment robustness. We categorize alignment datasets into target features (desired values) and spoiler features (undesired concepts). By regressing RM scores against these features, we quantify the extent to which RMs reward them – a metric we term feature imprint. We define alignment resistance as the proportion of the preference dataset where RMs fail to match human preferences, and we assess alignment robustness by analyzing RM responses to perturbed inputs. Our experiments, utilizing open-source components like the Anthropic/hh-rlhf preference dataset and OpenAssistant RMs, reveal significant imprints of target features and a notable sensitivity to spoiler features. We observed a 26% incidence of alignment resistance in portions of the dataset where LM-labelers disagreed with human preferences. Furthermore, we find that misalignment often arises from ambiguous entries within the alignment dataset. These findings underscore the importance of scrutinizing both RMs and alignment datasets for a deeper understanding of value alignment. </p>
<!-- <p style="font-size: 13pt"> <a href=""> <i class='fas fa-microphone-alt fa-fw' style='font-size:25px;color:#86A7FC'></i></a> Work presented at the Harvard International Reimagining Democracy Workshop, Workshop on Long Term Risks and Future Generations, Harvard University's Ash Center for Democratic Innovation.</p> -->
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<h4 id="innovations" style="text-align: center">On Democratic Innovations</h4>
<p> <span class="image left"><img src="images/GIF.gif" alt=""/></span> Our collective imagination has been captured by the mirage that democracy equals election. Representative democracy (as a collective decision-making process) happens in stratified layers: the filtering of candidates, the selection of representatives, the sense-making and deliberation happening amongst the representatives, and the decision time. If democracy is characterized by the inclusion and equal treatment of all group members, election concentrates these democratic qualities at the selection stage—one-person-one-vote does not guarantee that the filtering, deliberation, or decision-making happen democratically. Alternative models of democracy propose to repurpose democratic institutions aimed at a holistic account of equality and inclusion in the decision-making pipeline. Most prominently, scholars have discussed re-introducing democracy by lot—whereby randomly selected citizens deliberate to reach highly consensual decisions. </p>
<p> This system (called lottocracy, or sortition) was famously in place in the Greek city-state of Athens that accommodated up to a thousand randomly selected officials and 30,000 over-aged citizens. In modern societies, my chances of being selected in my lifetime may be less than 5%: should I feel more included as an episodical voter or as a hypothetical decision-maker? In <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-risk-regulation/article/abs/how-to-open-representative-democracy-to-the-future/04DC4CB293AAC32D114F0BFC80593FBC#"><i class='fa fa-file-text-o fa-fw' style='font-size:25px;color:#86A7FC'></i>How to Open Democratic Representation to the Future?</a> I argue that representation in democracy is due for an upgrade: we need innovative representative mechanisms as well as renewed democratic theories that account for the novel societal and technological conditions under which we live. If there is no such thing as an ultimate form of representation, there is no such thing as a static democracy.</p>
<p style="font-size: 13pt"> <a href=""> <i class='fas fa-microphone-alt fa-fw' style='font-size:25px;color:#86A7FC'></i></a> Work presented at the Harvard International Reimagining Democracy Workshop, Workshop on Long Term Risks and Future Generations, Harvard University's Ash Center for Democratic Innovation.</p>
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<h4 id="fluid" style="text-align: center">Selecting Experts Democratically</h4>
<p style="text-align: center" > Joint work with <a href="https://berinsky.mit.edu"> Adam Berinsky</a>, <a href="https://dhalpern13.github.io"> Daniel Halpern</a>, <a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/halpern/"> Joe Halpern</a>, <a href="https://jadbabaie.mit.edu"> Ali Jadbabaie</a>, <a href="http://math.mit.edu/~elmos/"> Elchanan Mossel</a> and <a href="http://procaccia.info"> Ariel Procaccia</a> </p>
<p> <span class="image left"><img src="images/fluid2.gif" alt=""/></span> Can we tap into collective intelligence to improve decision-making? Mathematicians have been interested in this question since (at least) the late 18th century, developing theoretical frameworks to benchmark different collective decision protocols. One framework assumes a correct outcome (a priori unknown) and searches aggregation rules that are most likely to find the correct outcome. Of course, this imperfect model does not pretend to be an exact model of reality. Instead, it purposes to formalize or challenge common intuitions. </p>
<p> Most prominently, Nicolas de Condorcet formalized mathematically, through this lens, Aristotle's profoundly democratic intuition that groups achieve better outcomes when more people participate under mild conditions. This result falls short when voters are not minimally informed about the decision at stake. Note, however, that this model neglects the information voters have about one another (second-order knowledge): I know little about environmental science and may not be informed enough to know how a carbon tax bill should be drafted, but I may know people I would trust to represent me in shaping environmental regulations. And this information matters both epistemically (enhancing collective intelligence and leading to better outcomes) and procedurally (generating an intrinsically fair and legitimate process). Can selection rules that tap into first- and second-order knowledge allow for the democratic selection of experts?</p>
<p> What if voters could decide between participating actively in governance or delegating (transitively) their decision to an agent they trust for a particular question? This procedure is called liquid democracy. While the literature had thus far only exhibited worst-case scenarios (which exist for any decision rules), I wanted to answer a more ambitious and interesting question: how likely is liquid democracy to succeed in different scenarios? To answer this question, my co-authors and I developed a mathematical theory that maps local delegation behaviors with macro delegation graph dynamics. Along the way, we proved a new result on infinite Polya-urn processes and a new (and weak) law of large numbers for weighted majority (<a href=https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.11868><i class='fa fa-file-text-o fa-fw' style='font-size:25px;color:#86A7FC'></i> In Defense of Liquid Democracy</a>). I further ran experiments with 12 groups and found striking alignment between the theory and the experiments (<a href=https://eaamo2022.eaamo.org/papers/revel-x1.pdf><i class='fa fa-file-text-o fa-fw' style='font-size:25px;color:#86A7FC'></i>Liquid Democracy in Practice: An Empirical Analysis of its Epistemic Performance</a>).</p>
<!-- <p> These days, I am trying to answer the following questions: how are democratic principles (such as inclusion, equality, diversity and authorization) revealed through liquid democracy? How does it compare to the electoral alternatives? To other democratic innovations, such as sortition? In which context is each procedure most legitimate? (<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-risk-regulation/article/abs/how-to-open-representative-democracy-to-the-future/04DC4CB293AAC32D114F0BFC80593FBC#"><i class='fa fa-file-text-o fa-fw' style='font-size:25px;color:#86A7FC'></i>How to Open Democratic Representation?</a>)</p>
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<p style="font-size: 13pt"> <a href=""> <i class='fas fa-microphone-alt fa-fw' style='font-size:25px;color:#86A7FC'></i></a> Work presented at the Equity and Access in Algorithms, Mechanisms, and Optimization, COMSOC Seminar, Univeristy of Zurich, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Groningen, Google X, Debating Europe, bluenove, Hypermind, Datascientest...</p>
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<h4 id="congress" style="text-align: center">On the Optimal Congress Size</h4>
<p style="text-align: center" > Joint work with <a href="https://dhalpern13.github.io"> Daniel Halpern</a> and <a href="https://tao-l.github.io"> Tao Lin</a> </p>
<p> <em> However small the Republic may be, the Representatives must be raised to a certain number, in order to guard against the cabals of a few; and however large it may be, they must be divided to certain number, in order to guard against the confusion of a multitude.</em> (Federalist Paper No.10) James Madison </p>
<!-- <p> <span class="image left"><img src="images/Congress.jpeg" alt=""/></span> We find the optimal size of a committee, taking again the epistemic view where voters decide on a binary issue with one ground truth outcome (<a href="https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/21175"><i class='fa fa-file-text-o fa-fw' style='font-size:25px;color:#86A7FC'></i>How Many Representatives Do We Need? The Optimal Size of an Epistemic Congress</a>). Each voter votes correctly according to their competence levels in [0, 1]. Assuming that we can sample the best experts (the first-order statistics) to form an epistemic congress, we find that the optimal committee size should be linear in the population size. This result is striking because it holds even when the top experts can be accurate with arbitrarily high probabilities. However, if we assume that the underlying distribution of expertise varies with the population size, such that its mean decreases <em>too fast</em>, then a single expert could asymptotically outperform a majority vote.</p>-->
<p> <span class="image left"><img src="images/Congress.jpeg" alt=""/></span> Nitzan and Paroush (1984) proved that the optimal decision rule weights the voters' votes by a logarithmic transformation of their expertise. If re-weighting is impossible, the question becomes: what is the optimal number of experts needed to maximize the probability that direct (and unweighted) majority is correct? In <a href="https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/21175"><i class='fa fa-file-text-o fa-fw' style='font-size:25px;color:#86A7FC'></i>How Many Representatives Do We Need? The Optimal Size of an Epistemic Congress</a>, we answer this precise question. Against previous conjectures that assumed this number should grow sub-linearly with the population size, we prove that the optimal congress size is a fraction of the population size.</p>
<p>Mathematically, we assume that we can sample the best experts (the first-order statistics) to form an epistemic congress, and we find that the optimal committee size should be linear in the population size. This result is striking because it holds even when the top experts can be accurate with arbitrarily high probabilities. </p>
<p>However, if we assume that the underlying distribution of expertise varies with the population size, such that its mean decreases too fast (e.g., the cost of education and information infrastructure makes it harder to keep competence constant over time), then a single expert could asymptotically outperform a majority vote.</p>
<p> If you would like to lear more about the maths of democracy, have a look at Professor Procaccia's fantastic class, <a href="https://sites.google.com/view/optdemocracy/"> Optimized Democracy</a>.</a></p>
<p style="font-size: 13pt"> <a href="https://hpi.de/wine2021/accepted-posters/"> <i class='fas fa-microphone-alt fa-fw' style='font-size:25px;color:#86A7FC'></i></a> Work presented at the 36th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, and by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QK_U_9wcUQI">Tao</a> at WINE, the Conference on Web and Internet Economics.</p>
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<h4 id="map" style="text-align: center">Mapping the Space of Social Media Regulation</h4>
<p style="text-align: center" > Joint work with <a href="http://www.natelubin.com"> Nate Lubin</a>, <a href="https://kaliemayberry.com"> Kalie Mayberry</a>, <a href="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/dylan-moses"> Dylan Moses</a>, <a href="https://www.lukethorburn.com"> Luke Thorburn</a> and <a href="https://dec.yale.edu/andrew-west"> Andrew West</a>.</p>
<p> <span class="image left"><img src="images/paper.png" alt=""/></span> Social media platforms mediate a significant fraction of human communication and attention. The impact of social media on society has been under increased scrutiny, and concerns over its effects have motivated varied and sometimes contradictory government regulation around the world. In this review article, we offer two ways of mapping the space of social media regulation: viewing social media either (i) as an architecture impacted by design choices, or (ii) as a market governed by incentives. We survey the most prominent regulatory approaches globally (both enacted and proposed), with an emphasis on the United States and the European Union, and position these options within the two maps. We conclude by discussing the fundamental trade-offs associated with different interventions, comparing jurisdictions, and highlighting paths forward in the context of the potentially-conflicting rights and interests of relevant stakeholders.</p>
<!-- <p style="font-size: 13pt"> <a href=""> <i class='fas fa-microphone-alt fa-fw' style='font-size:25px;color:#86A7FC'></i></a> Work presented at the Harvard International Reimagining Democracy Workshop, Workshop on Long Term Risks and Future Generations, Harvard University's Ash Center for Democratic Innovation.</p> -->
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<h4 id="ads" style="text-align: center">Native Ads and the Credibility of Online Publishers</h4>
<p style="text-align: center"> Joint work with <a href="https://polisci.mit.edu/people/adam-berinsky"> Adam Berinsky</a>, <a href="https://www.deaneckles.com"> Dean Eckles</a>, <a href="https://jadbabaie.mit.edu"> Ali Jadbabaie</a> and <a href="https://idss.mit.edu/staff/amir-tohidi-kalorazi/"> Amir Tohidi</a></p>
<p><span class="image left"><img src="images/News.png" alt="" /></span>The digitization of news publishing has resulted in new ways for advertisers to reach readers, including additional native advertising formats that blend in with news. However, native ads may redirect attention off-site and affect the readers' impression of the publishers. Using a combination of observations of ad content across many publishers and two large randomized experiments, we investigate the characteristics of a pervasive native ad format and compare the impact of different native ads characteristics on perceived news credibility. Analyzing 1.4 million collected ad headlines, we found that over 80% of these ad headlines use a clickbait-style and that politics is among the most common topics in ads (<a href="https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/122097"><i class='fa fa-file-text-o fa-fw' style='font-size:25px;color:#86A7FC'></i>The effects of native advertisement on the US news industry</a>).</p>
<p>In two randomized experiments (combined n=9,807), we varied the style and content of native ads embedded in news articles and asked people to assess the articles’ credibility (<a href="https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8vbup"><i class='fa fa-file-text-o fa-fw' style='font-size:25px;color:#86A7FC'></i>Native advertising and the credibility of online publishers.</a>). Experiment 1 (n=4,767) suggested that different publishers were impacted differently by the ads and motivated the more detailed design of Experiment 2 (n=5,040). This latter experiment used hundreds of unique combinations of ads, articles, and publishers to study effects of clickbait and political ads. Findings from this pre-registered experiment provide evidence that clickbait and, to a lesser extent, political ads, substantially reduce readers' perception of the articles' credibility: publishers using clickbait native ads may trade short-term revenues for audience trust.</p>
<p style="font-size: 13pt"> <a > <i class='fas fa-microphone-alt fa-fw' style='font-size:25px;color:#86A7FC'></i></a>Work presented at the International Conference on Computational Social Science (IC2S2), MIT Schwarzman College of Computing Launch, and Technology, Management, and Policy (TMP) Consortium.</p>
<p style="font-size: 13pt"> <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2020/understanding-how-people-make-sense-information-manon-revel-1116"> <i class='fa fa-newspaper-o fa-fw' style='font-size:25px;color:#86A7FC'></i></a>Covered in MIT News: Understanding how people make sense of information in the information age</p>
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<h4 id="resonnance" style="text-align: center">Varieties of Resonance: The Subjective Interpretations and Utilizations of Media Output in France</h4>
<p style="text-align: center"> Joint work with Adrien Abecassis and <a href="https://www.boyunpark.com">Bo Yun Park</a> </p>
<p><span class="image left"><img src="images/Image-1.jpg" alt="" /></span> The resonance of media output plays an important role in the age of misinformation and fake news. While scholars have extensively studied resonance, they have mostly focused on whether and why particular messages align with the predispositions of their intended audience rather than systematically analyzing how they are interpreted by the wider population. Based on a computational text analysis of the media output from more than a hundred different outlets in France and weekly surveys of what people have retained from the news during the same period, this paper investigates the ways in which media coverage trigger different types of resonance in accordance with people’s diverse interpretations and utilizations of the messages to which they have been exposed (<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304422X21000875"><i class='fa fa-file-text-o fa-fw' style='font-size:25px;color:#86A7FC'></i>Varieties of resonance: The subjective interpretations and utilizations of media output in France</a>). We theoretically argue that resonance is not just an objective alignment between a message and one’s predispositions, but also a subjective interpretation and utilization of the message heard. We empirically identify three different types of subjective resonance: one used for problem-solving, one that is problem-aggravating, and another one that is problem-generating. This research contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms of resonance by expanding on previous works on the cognitive, emotional, and interactional dimensions of resonance. </p>
<p style="font-size: 13pt"> <a ><i class='fas fa-microphone-alt fa-fw' style='font-size:25px;color:#86A7FC'></i></a>Work presented at the American Sociological Association (ASA) Communication, Information Technologies, and Media Sociology (CITAMS) by Bo Yun Park.</p>
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<h4 id="tinnitus" style="text-align: center">Learn about Tinnitus from Social Media</h4>
<p style="text-align: center"> Joint work with Ryan Boyd, Aniruddha Deshpande, Alain Londero, <a href="https://www.vinayamanchaiah.com"> Vinaya Manchaiah</a>, Guillaume Palacios and Pierre Ratinaud</p>
<p><span class="image left"><img src="images/PNG%20image.png" alt="" /></span> Individuals with tinnitus are highly heterogeneous in terms of etiology, the manifestation of symptoms, and the way they manage their condition. Most of these patients are likely to seek hearing health information and social support online via various websites or social media platforms. Indeed, information is easily accessible online. Further, in absence of evidence-based tinnitus care, patients with similar symptoms can regroup, share experiences, and exchange tips. Even after consultation with healthcare providers, some of the patients continue seeking information online when they feel they did not get satisfying information about treatment options and/or about their prognosis. The present study was aimed at examining the discussions around tinnitus in Reddit posts from 12,000 users over 8 years, using various Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques (<a href="https://pubs.asha.org/doi/abs/10.1044/2021_AJA-21-00158"><i class='fa fa-file-text-o fa-fw' style='font-size:25px;color:#86A7FC'></i>Online discussions about tinnitus: What can we learn from natural language processing of Reddit posts?</a>). We examined the free-texts posts to understand the types of conversation about tinnitus in an online forum and the way in which people with tinnitus reach out to other people for support (informational, emotional, etc.) when coping with their conditions. We hope that this can provide insights, complementary to those collected in the clinical environment, to reflect on new ways to support tinnitus patients.</p>
<p style="font-size: 13pt"> <a href="pdf/Tinnitus.pdf"> <i class='fas fa-microphone-alt fa-fw' style='font-size:25px;color:#86A7FC'></i></a>Work presented at the <a href="https://computationalaudiology.com/what-can-we-learn-about-tinnitus-from-social-media-posts/">Virtual Conference on Computational Audiology</a>, <a href="https://computationalaudiology.com/vcca2021-highlights/"> (Best Video Pitch Awards)</a>.</p>
<p style="font-size: 13pt"> <a href="https://fr.calameo.com/read/004308506867ff4330f7b"> <i class='fa fa-newspaper-o fa-fw' style='font-size:25px;color:#86A7FC'></i></a>Covered in Alter Ago Le Mag, Manon Revel: En deça et au-delà des algorithmes</p>
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<h4 id="alt" style="text-align: center">Alternative Realities in Troubled Democracies</h4>
<p>Alternative realities are troubling democracy. Eager to discuss these issues beyond academia, I organized conferences and wrote on that issue. Together with <a href="'http://zive.info">Zivvy Epstein</a> and <a href="https://mauricejakesch.com">Maurice Jakesch</a>, we organized a workshop to understand, measure and mitigate the spread of alternative realities featuring <a href="http://www.reneediresta.com"> Renee DiResta</a> and <a href="http://davidrand-cooperation.com/home">David Rand</a>. For more information, <a href="https://zivepstein.github.io/info-credibility-workshop/">click here</a>. I moderated a panel, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-d9HMT8pGk4"><i class='fas fa-microphone-alt fa-fw' style='font-size:20px;color:#86A7FC'></i>Data weaponized, data scrutinized: a war on information</a>, at the Women In Data Science Conference, featuring <a href="https://www.graphika.com/team/camille-francois/">Camille Francois</a>, <a href="https://joandonovan.org">Joan Donovan</a> and <a href="https://www.boyunpark.com">Bo Yun Park</a>. I also wrote <a href="https://lhemicycle.com/2019/09/29/internet-tu-mens/"><i class='fa fa-file-text-o fa-fw' style='font-size:25px;color:#86A7FC'></i>Internet, you lie!</a> (in French) for the French parliamentary journal L'Hémicycle.</p>
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<h4>Decentralized Society, Cooperation and Plurality</h4>
<p> Co-designed and taught <a href="https://www.ccc.mit.edu/eventopportunities/iap-2024-decentralized-society-cooperation-and-plurality/"Decentralized Society, Cooperation and Plurality seminar</a> at MIT during IAP 2024.
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<h4>Probability, Statistics, Algebra and Data Science Review</h4>
<p> I created and teach a 15-hour seminar in algebra, probability, statistics, and data science for the <a href="https://tpp.mit.edu"> MIT Technology and Policy Masters Students</a>.
<a href="pdf/Probability_and_Statistics_Annotated.pdf" class="button small icon solid fa-download">Probability and Statistics</a>
<a href="pdf/TPP_LinearAlgebra.pdf" class="button small icon solid fa-download">Linear Algrebra</a>
<a href="pdf/CodingWorkshop_Questions.pdf" class="button small icon solid fa-download">Coding Workshop</a>
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<h4>Data, Models and Decisions</h4>
<p> I co-assisted <a href="http://www.mit.edu/~gamarnik/home.html"> Profressor Gamarnik</a> in teaching an introductory class about probability, statistics and optimization for the <a href="https://mitsloan.mit.edu/mit-sloan-fellows-mba"> MIT Sloan Fellows MBAs</a>.
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<h5 id="teaching_nd">Deliberative Technologies, Computational Democracy, and Peace-building</h5>
<p>Created a curriculum for the University of Notre Dame's Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies. Covers Political Philosophy and Democratic Representation, Mathematical Theories of Representation and Algorithms for Deliberation.</p>
<div class="file-buttons">
<a href="pdf/NotreDame.pdf" class="button small icon solid fa-download">Slides</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="teaching-item">
<h5>Decentralized Society, Cooperation and Plurality</h5>
<p>Co-designed and taught <a href="https://www.ccc.mit.edu/eventopportunities/iap-2024-decentralized-society-cooperation-and-plurality/">Decentralized Society, Cooperation and Plurality seminar</a> at MIT during IAP 2024.</p>
</div>
<div class="teaching-item">
<h5>Data, Models, and Decisions</h5>
<p>Co-assisted <a href="http://www.mit.edu/~gamarnik/home.html">Professor Gamarnik</a> in teaching an introductory class about probability, statistics and optimization for the <a href="https://mitsloan.mit.edu/mit-sloan-fellows-mba">MIT Sloan Fellows MBAs</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="teaching-item">
<h5>Probability, Statistics, and Linear Algebra</h5>
<p>Created and teach a 15-hour seminar in algebra, probability, statistics, and data science for the <a href="https://tpp.mit.edu">MIT Technology and Policy Masters Students</a>.</p>
<div class="file-buttons">
<a href="pdf/Probability_and_Statistics_Annotated.pdf" class="button small icon solid fa-download">Probability and Statistics</a>
<a href="pdf/TPP_LinearAlgebra.pdf" class="button small icon solid fa-download">Linear Algebra</a>
<a href="pdf/CodingWorkshop_Questions.pdf" class="button small icon solid fa-download">Data Science</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="media">
<div class="container">
<h2>Research Media</h2>
<div class="video-grid">
<div class="video-container">
<img src="images/D3.jpg" alt="Image placeholder" width="560" height="315">
<p class="caption"><a href="https://computingup.com/manon-revel-is-democracy-a-comma-in-history-74th-conversation">Democracy, A Comma in History? (Computing Up)</a></p>
</div>
<div class="video-container">
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CFhZ1qHs4sc?si=Q3KV2KYpHNNhTySU" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe> <p class="caption">Tech-enhanced Citizen Assemblies (CCC MIT)</p>
</div>
<div class="video-container">
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5rlIslPyF30?si=-dftmEZgc6rCORgT" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<p class="caption">Democracy & Technology (Harvard)</p>
</div>
<div class="video-container">
<iframe width="360" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/leAl39TER-Y?si=nnHLFbOo0WoocaqP&start=212" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<p class="caption">CS Theory Seminar (Brown University)</p>
</div>
<div class="video-container">
<img src="images/D3.jpg" alt="Image placeholder" width="360" height="215">
<p class="caption"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1T25WzrltZOzOn5sQGVZ_UciBAk-_bjxm/view">Representative Democracies (Social Choice and Welfare)</a></p>
</div>
<div class="video-container">
<iframe width="360" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/f00m4ZFcdNc?si=sFM1dOZJnb3HIWgP" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<p class="caption">The Institutional Design Problem (MIT)</p>
</div>
<div class="video-container">
<iframe width="360" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZLhBskoICjg?si=pE-8914PK5u2i-ON" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<p class="caption">Liquid Democracy (Projet Tournesol)</p>
</div>
<div class="video-container">
<iframe width="360" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FUpsgnWDoWM?si=EIs31elSHx662PfN" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<p class="caption">Plurality Research (U.C. Berkeley)</p>
</div>
<div class="video-container">
<img src="images/D3.jpg" alt="Image placeholder" width="360" height="315">
<p class="caption"><a href="https://democracynet.eu/video-liquid-democracy-roundtable/">Liquid Democracy Panel (University of Zurich)</a></p>
</div>
<div class="video-container">
<img src="images/D3.jpg" alt="Image placeholder" width="360" height="315">
<p class="caption"><a href="https://sites.google.com/modelingtalks.org/entry/modeling-democratic-innovations-the-case-of-transitive-delegations">Modeling</a> <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Br-XyP5EFPWfKEWK_KNLBvNRJn9tVcEo/view">Talk Series</a> (Alphabet Google X)</p>
</div>
<div class="video-container">
<iframe width="360" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MBA_aIBydEg" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<p class="caption">Liquid Democracy (ComSOC Seminar)</p>
</div>
<div class="video-container">
<iframe width="360" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/b182vUukcLY" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in- picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<p class="caption">Data and Models for Democracy (Datascientest)</p>
</div>
<div class="video-container">
<iframe width="360" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CkwtptqPxR8" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in- picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<p class="caption">Futures of Democracy (Debating Europe)</p>
</div>
<div class="video-container">
<iframe width="360" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CjQbW3Da6-A" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<p class="caption">Mathematics & Democracy (CentraleSupelec, in French)</p>
</div>
<div class="video-container">
<iframe width="360" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1v9aWWgTVws" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in- picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<p class="caption">Virtual Conference on Computational Audiology</p>
</div>
<div class="video-container">
<iframe width="360" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-d9HMT8pGk4" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<p class="caption">Information Wars (WiDS Conference)</p>
</div>
<!-- <div class="video-container">
<iframe width="336" height="189" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Br-XyP5EFPWfKEWK_KNLBvNRJn9tVcEo/view" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<p class="caption"><a href="https://sites.google.com/modelingtalks.org/entry/modeling-democratic-innovations-the-case-of-transitive-delegations">Alphabet Google X Modeling Talk Series</a>. (<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Br-XyP5EFPWfKEWK_KNLBvNRJn9tVcEo/view">Click here</a>)</p>
</div>
<div class="video-container">
<iframe width="336" height="189" src="https://democracynet.eu/video-liquid-democracy-roundtable/" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<p class="caption">Moderator at the Liquid Democracy workshop on Liquid Democracy. (<a href="https://democracynet.eu/video-liquid-democracy-roundtable/">Click here</a>).</p>
</div>-->
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Extra -->
<section id="extra">
<div class="container">
<h2>Miscellaneous</h2>
<p align="justify"> I love playing basketball, running and windsurfing. The basketball community brought me more than I could tell, and I wanted to give back launching the <a href="photos.html"> BeeGames</a> association in 2015 to foster cross-functional collaboration between companies, universities, and basketball professionals. Recruiters, former professional athletes and students met on court, <a href="BeeGames/3.Programme_BeeGames.pdf"> in the adversity of a basketball game</a>. </p>
<p align="justify"> Also, growing up, I fantasized becoming a journalist. Over summers, I conducted local reportages on books fairs, fireworks, concerts... and hosted the 2012 Olympics chronicle for a local radio, Soleil de Re. I also launched an interview program on the webradio Radio Parentheses, where I asked scientists and politicians to share their perspectives with highschoolers. As I moved to the other side of the Atlantic, I told stories about my discovery of the US through my show <a href="https://www.himalaya.com/album/terre-am-ricaine-588804"> Terre Américaine</a>. I created my <a href = 'https://lycee-henri4.com/actu/the-fool-on-the-hill/'> high school's newspaper</a> in 2013, that has been tremedously improved by generations of students. </p>
<!-- <h4>Information Disorders</h4>
<p> Growing up, I fantasized becoming a journalist. I conducted reports and the 2012 Olympics Chronicle for a local radio station (Soleil de Ré) throughout high school. Later, I launched an hour-long interview program on a webradio (Radio Parentheses) where I brought scientists and politicians' perspectives to a young audience. I became very sensible to
the financial turnmoil jourmalists experience. Coming at MIT gave me the opportunity to study quantitatively the credibility and financial crises of journalism. Further, I became keen on understanding how we, as an audience, make sense of the information online.<p>
<h4>Electoral Systems</h4> -->
</div>
</section>
<!-- Three -->
<section id="cv">
<div class="container">
<a href="pdf/CV_ManonRevel.pdf" class="button icon solid fa-download">CV (Updated: October 2024)</a>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Ni
<section id="ni">
<div class="container">
<h3>Contact Me</h3>
<p> You can reach me @ mrevel at mit dot edu</p>
</div>
</section> -->
<!--<form method="post" action="#">
<div class="row gtr-uniform">
<div class="col-6 col-12-xsmall"><input type="text" name="name" id="name" placeholder="Name" /></div>
<div class="col-6 col-12-xsmall"><input type="email" name="email" id="email" placeholder="Email" /></div>
<div class="col-12"><input type="text" name="subject" id="subject" placeholder="Subject" /></div>
<div class="col-12"><textarea name="message" id="message" placeholder="Message" rows="6"></textarea></div>
<div class="col-12">
<ul class="actions">
<li><input type="submit" class="primary" value="Send Message" /></li>
<li><input type="reset" value="Reset Form" /></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</section>-->
<!-- Five
<section id="five">
<div class="container">
<h3>Elements</h3>
<section>
<h4>Text</h4>
<p>This is <b>bold</b> and this is <strong>strong</strong>. This is <i>italic</i> and this is <em>emphasized</em>.
This is <sup>superscript</sup> text and this is <sub>subscript</sub> text.
This is <u>underlined</u> and this is code: <code>for (;;) { ... }</code>. Finally, <a href="#">this is a link</a>.</p>
<hr />
<header>
<h4>Heading with a Subtitle</h4>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet nullam id egestas urna aliquam</p>
</header>
<p>Nunc lacinia ante nunc ac lobortis. Interdum adipiscing gravida odio porttitor sem non mi integer non faucibus ornare mi ut ante amet placerat aliquet. Volutpat eu sed ante lacinia sapien lorem accumsan varius montes viverra nibh in adipiscing blandit tempus accumsan.</p>
<header>
<h5>Heading with a Subtitle</h5>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet nullam id egestas urna aliquam</p>
</header>
<p>Nunc lacinia ante nunc ac lobortis. Interdum adipiscing gravida odio porttitor sem non mi integer non faucibus ornare mi ut ante amet placerat aliquet. Volutpat eu sed ante lacinia sapien lorem accumsan varius montes viverra nibh in adipiscing blandit tempus accumsan.</p>
<hr />
<h2>Heading Level 2</h2>
<h3>Heading Level 3</h3>
<h4>Heading Level 4</h4>
<h5>Heading Level 5</h5>
<h6>Heading Level 6</h6>
<hr />
<h5>Blockquote</h5>
<blockquote>Fringilla nisl. Donec accumsan interdum nisi, quis tincidunt felis sagittis eget tempus euismod. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus vestibulum. Blandit adipiscing eu felis iaculis volutpat ac adipiscing accumsan faucibus. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus lorem ipsum dolor sit amet nullam adipiscing eu felis.</blockquote>
<h5>Preformatted</h5>
<pre><code>i = 0;
while (!deck.isInOrder()) {
print 'Iteration ' + i;
deck.shuffle();
i++;
}
print 'It took ' + i + ' iterations to sort the deck.';</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h4>Lists</h4>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-6 col-12-xsmall">
<h5>Unordered</h5>
<ul>
<li>Dolor pulvinar etiam magna etiam.</li>
<li>Sagittis adipiscing lorem eleifend.</li>
<li>Felis enim feugiat dolore viverra.</li>
</ul>
<h5>Alternate</h5>
<ul class="alt">
<li>Dolor pulvinar etiam magna etiam.</li>
<li>Sagittis adipiscing lorem eleifend.</li>
<li>Felis enim feugiat dolore viverra.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-6 col-12-xsmall">
<h5>Ordered</h5>
<ol>
<li>Dolor pulvinar etiam magna etiam.</li>
<li>Etiam vel felis at lorem sed viverra.</li>
<li>Felis enim feugiat dolore viverra.</li>
<li>Dolor pulvinar etiam magna etiam.</li>
<li>Etiam vel felis at lorem sed viverra.</li>
<li>Felis enim feugiat dolore viverra.</li>
</ol>
<h5>Icons</h5>
<ul class="icons">
<li><a href="#" class="icon brands fa-twitter"><span class="label">Twitter</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="icon brands fa-facebook-f"><span class="label">Facebook</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="icon brands fa-instagram"><span class="label">Instagram</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="icon brands fa-github"><span class="label">Github</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="icon brands fa-dribbble"><span class="label">Dribbble</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="icon brands fa-tumblr"><span class="label">Tumblr</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<h5>Actions</h5>
<ul class="actions">
<li><a href="#" class="button primary">Default</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button">Default</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button alt">Default</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="actions small">
<li><a href="#" class="button primary small">Small</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button small">Small</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button alt small">Small</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-3 col-6-medium col-12-xsmall">
<ul class="actions stacked">
<li><a href="#" class="button primary">Default</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button">Default</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button alt">Default</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-3 col-6 col-12-xsmall">
<ul class="actions stacked">
<li><a href="#" class="button primary small">Small</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button small">Small</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button alt small">Small</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-3 col-6-medium col-12-xsmall">
<ul class="actions stacked">
<li><a href="#" class="button primary fit">Default</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button fit">Default</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button alt fit">Default</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-3 col-6-medium col-12-xsmall">
<ul class="actions stacked">
<li><a href="#" class="button primary small fit">Small</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button small fit">Small</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button alt small fit">Small</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<h4>Table</h4>
<h5>Default</h5>
<div class="table-wrapper">
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Description</th>
<th>Price</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Item One</td>
<td>Ante turpis integer aliquet porttitor.</td>
<td>29.99</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Item Two</td>
<td>Vis ac commodo adipiscing arcu aliquet.</td>
<td>19.99</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Item Three</td>
<td> Morbi faucibus arcu accumsan lorem.</td>
<td>29.99</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Item Four</td>
<td>Vitae integer tempus condimentum.</td>
<td>19.99</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Item Five</td>
<td>Ante turpis integer aliquet porttitor.</td>
<td>29.99</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td>100.00</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
</table>
</div>
<h5>Alternate</h5>
<div class="table-wrapper">
<table class="alt">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Description</th>
<th>Price</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Item One</td>
<td>Ante turpis integer aliquet porttitor.</td>
<td>29.99</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Item Two</td>
<td>Vis ac commodo adipiscing arcu aliquet.</td>
<td>19.99</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Item Three</td>
<td> Morbi faucibus arcu accumsan lorem.</td>
<td>29.99</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Item Four</td>
<td>Vitae integer tempus condimentum.</td>
<td>19.99</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Item Five</td>
<td>Ante turpis integer aliquet porttitor.</td>
<td>29.99</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td>100.00</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
</table>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<h4>Buttons</h4>
<ul class="actions">
<li><a href="#" class="button primary">Primary</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button">Default</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button alt">Alternate</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="actions">
<li><a href="#" class="button primary large">Large</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button">Default</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button alt small">Small</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="actions fit">
<li><a href="#" class="button primary fit">Fit</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button fit">Fit</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button alt fit">Fit</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="actions fit small">
<li><a href="#" class="button primary fit small">Fit + Small</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button fit small">Fit + Small</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button alt fit small">Fit + Small</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="actions">
<li><a href="#" class="button primary icon solid fa-download">Icon</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button icon solid fa-download">Icon</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="button alt icon solid fa-check">Icon</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="actions">
<li><span class="button primary disabled">Primary</span></li>
<li><span class="button disabled">Default</span></li>
<li><span class="button alt disabled">Alternate</span></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h4>Form</h4>
<form method="post" action="#">
<div class="row gtr-uniform">
<div class="col-6 col-12-xsmall">
<input type="text" name="demo-name" id="demo-name" value="" placeholder="Name" />
</div>
<div class="col-6 col-12-xsmall">
<input type="email" name="demo-email" id="demo-email" value="" placeholder="Email" />
</div>
<div class="col-12">
<select name="demo-category" id="demo-category">
<option value="">- Category -</option>
<option value="1">Manufacturing</option>
<option value="1">Shipping</option>
<option value="1">Administration</option>
<option value="1">Human Resources</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="col-4 col-12-medium">
<input type="radio" id="demo-priority-low" name="demo-priority" checked>
<label for="demo-priority-low">Low Priority</label>
</div>
<div class="col-4 col-12-medium">
<input type="radio" id="demo-priority-normal" name="demo-priority">
<label for="demo-priority-normal">Normal Priority</label>
</div>
<div class="col-4 col-12-medium">
<input type="radio" id="demo-priority-high" name="demo-priority">
<label for="demo-priority-high">High Priority</label>
</div>
<div class="col-6 col-12-medium">
<input type="checkbox" id="demo-copy" name="demo-copy">
<label for="demo-copy">Email me a copy of this message</label>
</div>
<div class="col-6 col-12-medium">
<input type="checkbox" id="demo-human" name="demo-human" checked>
<label for="demo-human">I am a human and not a robot</label>
</div>
<div class="col-12">
<textarea name="demo-message" id="demo-message" placeholder="Enter your message" rows="6"></textarea>
</div>
<div class="col-12">
<ul class="actions">
<li><input type="submit" value="Send Message" /></li>
<li><input type="reset" value="Reset" class="alt" /></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</form>
</section>
<section>
<h4>Image</h4>
<h5>Fit</h5>
<span class="image fit"><img src="images/banner.jpg" alt="" /></span>
<div class="box alt">
<div class="row gtr-50 gtr-uniform">
<div class="col-4"><span class="image fit"><img src="images/pic01.jpg" alt="" /></span></div>
<div class="col-4"><span class="image fit"><img src="images/pic02.jpg" alt="" /></span></div>
<div class="col-4"><span class="image fit"><img src="images/pic03.jpg" alt="" /></span></div>
<div class="col-4"><span class="image fit"><img src="images/pic02.jpg" alt="" /></span></div>
<div class="col-4"><span class="image fit"><img src="images/pic03.jpg" alt="" /></span></div>
<div class="col-4"><span class="image fit"><img src="images/pic01.jpg" alt="" /></span></div>
<div class="col-4"><span class="image fit"><img src="images/pic03.jpg" alt="" /></span></div>
<div class="col-4"><span class="image fit"><img src="images/pic01.jpg" alt="" /></span></div>
<div class="col-4"><span class="image fit"><img src="images/pic02.jpg" alt="" /></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<h5>Left & Right</h5>
<p><span class="image left"><img src="images/avatar.jpg" alt="" /></span>Fringilla nisl. Donec accumsan interdum nisi, quis tincidunt felis sagittis eget. tempus euismod. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus vestibulum. Blandit adipiscing eu felis iaculis volutpat ac adipiscing accumsan eu faucibus. Integer ac pellentesque praesent tincidunt felis sagittis eget. tempus euismod. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus vestibulum. Blandit adipiscing eu felis iaculis volutpat ac adipiscing accumsan eu faucibus. Integer ac pellentesque praesent. Donec accumsan interdum nisi, quis tincidunt felis sagittis eget. tempus euismod. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus vestibulum. Blandit adipiscing eu felis iaculis volutpat ac adipiscing accumsan eu faucibus. Integer ac pellentesque praesent tincidunt felis sagittis eget. tempus euismod. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus vestibulum. Blandit adipiscing eu felis iaculis volutpat ac adipiscing accumsan eu faucibus. Integer ac pellentesque praesent.</p>
<p><span class="image right"><img src="images/avatar.jpg" alt="" /></span>Fringilla nisl. Donec accumsan interdum nisi, quis tincidunt felis sagittis eget. tempus euismod. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus vestibulum. Blandit adipiscing eu felis iaculis volutpat ac adipiscing accumsan eu faucibus. Integer ac pellentesque praesent tincidunt felis sagittis eget. tempus euismod. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus vestibulum. Blandit adipiscing eu felis iaculis volutpat ac adipiscing accumsan eu faucibus. Integer ac pellentesque praesent. Donec accumsan interdum nisi, quis tincidunt felis sagittis eget. tempus euismod. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus vestibulum. Blandit adipiscing eu felis iaculis volutpat ac adipiscing accumsan eu faucibus. Integer ac pellentesque praesent tincidunt felis sagittis eget. tempus euismod. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus vestibulum. Blandit adipiscing eu felis iaculis volutpat ac adipiscing accumsan eu faucibus. Integer ac pellentesque praesent.</p>
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