By default 0x uses the internal profiler of the JavaScript engine (V8).
This means native frames are omitted. This means calls made by libuv (Node's I/O library) are omitted.
Capturing these stacks requires kernel level tracing, which 0x supports
on Linux and macOS.
On Linux the host operating system must have perf(1) installed with perf support compiled into the kernel. Similarly DTrace must be installed and enabled on macOS.
0x --kernel-tracing my-app.js
In Node 8.5.0+ this approach will most likely generate flamegraphs where JavaScript functions that are known to be in the code don't appear in the flamegraph. Turning on the v8 filter will also reveal a large amount of "ByteCodeHandler" frames.
This is due to the interpreter (Ignition) and optimizing compiler (Turbofan) used by the V8 engine version that was integrated into Node 8.5.0 and above. Any frames that do not get optimized will appear in kernel level tracing output as bytecode handlers. In order to resolve this, the kernel tracing software (perf and DTrace) has to be able to jump to another memory address where the name of the JavaScript function is held, however the memory address that it the kernel profiler should jump to is not exposed by the V8 engine to the kernel profiler. This is one of the main reasons why 0x v4 uses V8 profiling instead of kernel profiling by default.
Since only optimized functions will show, one way to make more JavaScript frames appear is simply to ensure the process is put under more pressure for longer, thus forcing Turbofan to optimize more functions.
Another way to make almost all functions appear in the flamegraph is to use
the --always-opt flag:
0x -- node --always-opt my-app.js
This will cause all functions to be to be optimized, and thus appear in the flamegraph. However, this flag fundamentally changes the performance characteristics of the application, so should probably be avoided when attempting to improve the performance of an application.
Due to security reasons Docker containers tend to result in the following error:
Cannot read kernel map
perf_event_open(..., PERF_FLAG_FD_CLOEXEC) failed with unexpected error 1 (Operation not permitted)
perf_event_open(..., 0) failed unexpectedly with error 1 (Operation not permitted)
Error:
You may not have permission to collect stats.
[...]A workaround is to run the container with the --privileged option
or add privileged: true into the docker-compose.yml file.
See the Docker's doc for more info.