From 9b759b85d200c66541d98f6693beb19c5834a1f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Deadintegral Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 23:25:32 +0900 Subject: [PATCH 01/16] docs: translate what is a webhook --- translations/README-kr.md | 1740 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 1740 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translations/README-kr.md diff --git a/translations/README-kr.md b/translations/README-kr.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5df8f36 --- /dev/null +++ b/translations/README-kr.md @@ -0,0 +1,1740 @@ +

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+ ใ€ + + ๐Ÿ‘จ๐Ÿปโ€๐Ÿ’ป YouTube + | + + ๐Ÿ“ฎ Newsletter + ใ€‘ +

+ +ByteByteGoHq%2Fsystem-design-101 | Trendshift + +# System Design 101 + +์‹œ๊ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +Whether you're preparing for a System Design Interview or you simply want to understand how systems work beneath the surface, we hope this repository will help you achieve that. +์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋””์ž์ธ ๋ฉด์ ‘์„ ์ค€๋น„ ์ค‘์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹  ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +# Table of Contents + + + +- [Communication protocols](#communication-protocols) + - [REST API vs. GraphQL](#rest-api-vs-graphql) + - [gRPC๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#how-does-grpc-work) + - [webhook์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#what-is-a-webhook) + - [API ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#how-to-improve-api-performance) + - [HTTP 1.0 -\> HTTP 1.1 -\> HTTP 2.0 -\> HTTP 3.0 (QUIC)](#http-10---http-11---http-20---http-30-quic) + - [SOAP vs REST vs GraphQL vs RPC](#soap-vs-rest-vs-graphql-vs-rpc) + - [Code First vs. API First](#code-first-vs-api-first) + - [HTTP status codes](#http-status-codes) + - [API gateway๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#what-does-api-gateway-do) + - [ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ API๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?](#how-do-we-design-effective-and-safe-apis) + - [TCP/IP encapsulation](#tcpip-encapsulation) + - [์™œ Nginx๋ฅผ "reverse" ํ”„๋ก์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋‚˜์š”?](#why-is-nginx-called-a-reverse-proxy) + - [์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์‹ฑ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#what-are-the-common-load-balancing-algorithms) + - [URL, URI, URN - ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?](#url-uri-urn---do-you-know-the-differences) +- [CI/CD](#cicd) + - [์‰ฌ์šด ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” CI/CD ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋ผ์ธ](#cicd-pipeline-explained-in-simple-terms) + - [๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค ํ…Œํฌ ์Šคํƒ (CI/CD Pipeline)](#netflix-tech-stack-cicd-pipeline) +- [์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ ํŒจํ„ด](#architecture-patterns) + - [MVC, MVP, MVVM, MVVM-C, and VIPER](#mvc-mvp-mvvm-mvvm-c-and-viper) + - [18 Key Design Patterns Every Developer Should Know](#18-key-design-patterns-every-developer-should-know) +- [Database](#database) + - [A nice cheat sheet of different databases in cloud services](#a-nice-cheat-sheet-of-different-databases-in-cloud-services) + - [8 Data Structures That Power Your Databases](#8-data-structures-that-power-your-databases) + - [How is an SQL statement executed in the database?](#how-is-an-sql-statement-executed-in-the-database) + - [CAP theorem](#cap-theorem) + - [Types of Memory and Storage](#types-of-memory-and-storage) + - [Visualizing a SQL query](#visualizing-a-sql-query) + - [SQL language](#sql-language) +- [Cache](#cache) + - [Data is cached everywhere](#data-is-cached-everywhere) + - [Why is Redis so fast?](#why-is-redis-so-fast) + - [How can Redis be used?](#how-can-redis-be-used) + - [Top caching strategies](#top-caching-strategies) +- [Microservice architecture](#microservice-architecture) + - [What does a typical microservice architecture look like?](#what-does-a-typical-microservice-architecture-look-like) + - [Microservice Best Practices](#microservice-best-practices) + - [What tech stack is commonly used for microservices?](#what-tech-stack-is-commonly-used-for-microservices) + - [Why is Kafka fast](#why-is-kafka-fast) +- [Payment systems](#payment-systems) + - [How to learn payment systems?](#how-to-learn-payment-systems) + - [Why is the credit card called โ€œthe most profitable product in banksโ€? How does VISA/Mastercard make money?](#why-is-the-credit-card-called-the-most-profitable-product-in-banks-how-does-visamastercard-make-money) + - [How does VISA work when we swipe a credit card at a merchantโ€™s shop?](#how-does-visa-work-when-we-swipe-a-credit-card-at-a-merchants-shop) + - [Payment Systems Around The World Series (Part 1): Unified Payments Interface (UPI) in India](#payment-systems-around-the-world-series-part-1-unified-payments-interface-upi-in-india) +- [DevOps](#devops) + - [DevOps vs. SRE vs. Platform Engineering. What is the difference?](#devops-vs-sre-vs-platform-engineering-what-is-the-difference) + - [What is k8s (Kubernetes)?](#what-is-k8s-kubernetes) + - [Docker vs. Kubernetes. Which one should we use?](#docker-vs-kubernetes-which-one-should-we-use) + - [How does Docker work?](#how-does-docker-work) +- [GIT](#git) + - [How Git Commands work](#how-git-commands-work) + - [How does Git Work?](#how-does-git-work) + - [Git merge vs. Git rebase](#git-merge-vs-git-rebase) +- [Cloud Services](#cloud-services) + - [A nice cheat sheet of different cloud services (2023 edition)](#a-nice-cheat-sheet-of-different-cloud-services-2023-edition) + - [What is cloud native?](#what-is-cloud-native) +- [Developer productivity tools](#developer-productivity-tools) + - [Visualize JSON files](#visualize-json-files) + - [Automatically turn code into architecture diagrams](#automatically-turn-code-into-architecture-diagrams) +- [Linux](#linux) + - [Linux file system explained](#linux-file-system-explained) + - [18 Most-used Linux Commands You Should Know](#18-most-used-linux-commands-you-should-know) +- [Security](#security) + - [How does HTTPS work?](#how-does-https-work) + - [Oauth 2.0 Explained With Simple Terms.](#oauth-20-explained-with-simple-terms) + - [Top 4 Forms of Authentication Mechanisms](#top-4-forms-of-authentication-mechanisms) + - [Session, cookie, JWT, token, SSO, and OAuth 2.0 - what are they?](#session-cookie-jwt-token-sso-and-oauth-20---what-are-they) + - [How to store passwords safely in the database and how to validate a password?](#how-to-store-passwords-safely-in-the-database-and-how-to-validate-a-password) + - [Explaining JSON Web Token (JWT) to a 10 year old Kid](#explaining-json-web-token-jwt-to-a-10-year-old-kid) + - [How does Google Authenticator (or other types of 2-factor authenticators) work?](#how-does-google-authenticator-or-other-types-of-2-factor-authenticators-work) +- [Real World Case Studies](#real-world-case-studies) + - [Netflix's Tech Stack](#netflixs-tech-stack) + - [Twitter Architecture 2022](#twitter-architecture-2022) + - [Evolution of Airbnbโ€™s microservice architecture over the past 15 years](#evolution-of-airbnbs-microservice-architecture-over-the-past-15-years) + - [Monorepo vs. Microrepo.](#monorepo-vs-microrepo) + - [How will you design the Stack Overflow website?](#how-will-you-design-the-stack-overflow-website) + - [Why did Amazon Prime Video monitoring move from serverless to monolithic? How can it save 90% cost?](#why-did-amazon-prime-video-monitoring-move-from-serverless-to-monolithic-how-can-it-save-90-cost) + - [How does Disney Hotstar capture 5 Billion Emojis during a tournament?](#how-does-disney-hotstar-capture-5-billion-emojis-during-a-tournament) + - [How Discord Stores Trillions Of Messages](#how-discord-stores-trillions-of-messages) + - [How do video live streamings work on YouTube, TikTok live, or Twitch?](#how-do-video-live-streamings-work-on-youtube-tiktok-live-or-twitch) + + + +## Communication protocols + +์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์€ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค(API)์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ •์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ API๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ, ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ์˜ ์‰ฌ์šด ํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +

+ +

+ +- SOAP:ย  + + ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ณ , ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ด๊ณ , XML ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ + + ์—”ํ„ฐํ”„๋ผ์ด์ฆˆ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉ + +- RESTful:ย  + + ์ธ๊ธฐ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ณ , HTTP methodsย  + + ์›น ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ์ด์ƒ์ ย  + +- GraphQL:ย  + + ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์–ธ์–ด, ํŠน์ • ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์š”์ฒญย  + + ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ—ค๋“œ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‘๋‹ต + +- gRPC:ย  + + Modern, high-performance, Protocol Buffersย  + + ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์— ์ ํ•ฉ + +- WebSocket:ย  + + ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ, ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ + + ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์งง์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉ + +- Webhook:ย  + + ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜, HTTP ์ฝœ๋ฐฑ, ๋น„๋™๊ธฐ์‹ย  + + ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์•Œ๋ฆผ + + +### REST API vs. GraphQL + +API ์„ค๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ REST์™€ GraphQL์€ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์žฅ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ REST์™€ GraphQL์„ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +

+ +

+ +REST + +- CRUD ์ž‘์—…์— GET, POST, PUT, DELETE์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ‘œ์ค€ HTTP ๋ฉ”์„œ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค/์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ์บ์‹ฑ ์ „๋žต์€ ๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์—”๋“œํฌ์ธํŠธ์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์™•๋ณต์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +GraphQL + +- ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ์—”๋“œํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ฒฉ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํ•„๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด ์„œ๋ฒ„๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ํ•„๋“œ๋งŒ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ํŽ˜์ด๋กœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฎคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•Œ๋ฆผ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋…์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์†Œ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‘์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋ŸฐํŠธ์—”๋“œ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ์ž˜ ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์„ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ์ธก์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์•…์˜์ ์ธ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ์บ์‹ฑ ์ „๋žต์€ REST๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํŒ€์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ REST์™€ GraphQL ์ค‘ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. GraphQL์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๋Š” ํ”„๋ŸฐํŠธ์—”๋“œ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, REST๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ์„ ํ˜ธ๋˜๋Š” ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +๋‘ API ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์€์ด์•Œ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ๊ณผ ์žฅ๋‹จ์ ์„ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. REST์™€ GraphQL์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋…ธ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์‹  ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์œ ํšจํ•œ ์˜ต์…˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + + +### How does gRPC work? + +RPC(Remote Procedure Call)๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„œ๋ฒ„์— ๋ฐฐํฌ๋  ๋•Œ ์›๊ฒฉ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— "**remote**"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋กœ์ปฌ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ํ˜ธ์ถœ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ **gRPC**์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +

+ +

+ +1๋‹จ๊ณ„: ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์—์„œ REST ํ˜ธ์ถœ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. request body๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ JSON ํฌ๋งท์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +2-4๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์ฃผ๋ฌธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค(gRPC ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ)๊ฐ€ REST ํ˜ธ์ถœ์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— RPC ํ˜ธ์ถœ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. gRPC๋Š” **client stub**์„ ๋ฐ”์ด๋„ˆ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋กœ์šฐ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŠธ๋žœ์ŠคํฌํŠธ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋กœ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +5๋‹จ๊ณ„: gRPC๊ฐ€ HTTP2๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด๋„ˆ๋ฆฌ ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ๊ณผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด gRPC๋Š” JSON๋ณด๋‹ค 5๋ฐฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +6-8๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค(gRPC ์„œ๋ฒ„)๊ฐ€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋””์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•œ ํ›„ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ํ˜ธ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +9-11๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์„œ๋ฒ„ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠธ๋žœ์ŠคํฌํŠธ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +12-14๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์ฃผ๋ฌธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋””์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +### What is a webhook? + +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ํด๋ง๊ณผ ์›นํ›…์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +

+ +

+ +์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ฌธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ฉด, ์ฃผ๋ฌธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ œ ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ณต๊ธ‰์—…์ฒด(PSP)์™€ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +์™ธ๋ถ€ PSP์™€์˜ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +**1. ์ˆ ํด๋ง Short polling**ย  + +๊ฒฐ์ œ ์š”์ฒญ์„ PSP์— ์ „์†กํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ PSP์— ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฌป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด PSP๋Š” ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  + +์ˆ ํด๋ง์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +* ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํด๋งํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +* ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์™€ ์ง์ ‘ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์ทจ์•ฝ์ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +**2. ์›นํ›… Webhook**ย  + +์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ์›นํ›…์„ ๋“ฑ๋กํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์š”์ฒญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํŠน์ • URL๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ˜ธ์ถœํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PSP๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•˜๋ฉด HTTP ์š”์ฒญ์„ ํ˜ธ์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํด๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‚ญ๋น„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +PSP๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? ๋งค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์šฐ์Šคํ‚คํ•‘ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +์›นํ›…์€ ์„œ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์— HTTP ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„์Šค API ๋˜๋Š” ํ‘ธ์‹œ API๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›นํ›…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ์ฃผ์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +1. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ API๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +2. ๋ณด์•ˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด์— ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +3. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ URL์„ ๋“ฑ๋กํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +### How to improve API performance? + +The diagram below shows 5 common tricks to improve API performance. + +

+ +

+ +Pagination + +This is a common optimization when the size of the result is large. The results are streaming back to the client to improve the service responsiveness. + +Asynchronous Logging + +Synchronous logging deals with the disk for every call and can slow down the system. Asynchronous logging sends logs to a lock-free buffer first and immediately returns. The logs will be flushed to the disk periodically. This significantly reduces the I/O overhead. + +Caching + +We can store frequently accessed data into a cache. The client can query the cache first instead of visiting the database directly. If there is a cache miss, the client can query from the database. Caches like Redis store data in memory, so the data access is much faster than the database. + +Payload Compression + +The requests and responses can be compressed using gzip etc so that the transmitted data size is much smaller. This speeds up the upload and download. + +Connection Pool + +When accessing resources, we often need to load data from the database. Opening the closing db connections adds significant overhead. So we should connect to the db via a pool of open connections. The connection pool is responsible for managing the connection lifecycle. + +### HTTP 1.0 -> HTTP 1.1 -> HTTP 2.0 -> HTTP 3.0 (QUIC) + +What problem does each generation of HTTP solve? + +The diagram below illustrates the key features. + +

+ +

+ +- HTTP 1.0 was finalized and fully documented in 1996. Every request to the same server requires a separate TCP connection. + +- HTTP 1.1 was published in 1997. A TCP connection can be left open for reuse (persistent connection), but it doesnโ€™t solve the HOL (head-of-line) blocking issue. + + HOL blocking - when the number of allowed parallel requests in the browser is used up, subsequent requests need to wait for the former ones to complete. + +- HTTP 2.0 was published in 2015. It addresses HOL issue through request multiplexing, which eliminates HOL blocking at the application layer, but HOL still exists at the transport (TCP) layer. + + As you can see in the diagram, HTTP 2.0 introduced the concept of HTTP โ€œstreamsโ€: an abstraction that allows multiplexing different HTTP exchanges onto the same TCP connection. Each stream doesnโ€™t need to be sent in order. + +- HTTP 3.0 first draft was published in 2020. It is the proposed successor to HTTP 2.0. It uses QUIC instead of TCP for the underlying transport protocol, thus removing HOL blocking in the transport layer. + +QUIC is based on UDP. It introduces streams as first-class citizens at the transport layer. QUIC streams share the same QUIC connection, so no additional handshakes and slow starts are required to create new ones, but QUIC streams are delivered independently such that in most cases packet loss affecting one stream doesn't affect others. + +### SOAP vs REST vs GraphQL vs RPC + +The diagram below illustrates the API timeline and API styles comparison. + +Over time, different API architectural styles are released. Each of them has its own patterns of standardizing data exchange. + +You can check out the use cases of each style in the diagram. + +

+ +

+ + +### Code First vs. API First + +The diagram below shows the differences between code-first development and API-first development. Why do we want to consider API first design? + +

+ +

+ + +- Microservices increase system complexity and we have separate services to serve different functions of the system. While this kind of architecture facilitates decoupling and segregation of duty, we need to handle the various communications among services. + +It is better to think through the system's complexity before writing the code and carefully defining the boundaries of the services. + +- Separate functional teams need to speak the same language and the dedicated functional teams are only responsible for their own components and services. It is recommended that the organization speak the same language via API design. + +We can mock requests and responses to validate the API design before writing code. + +- Improve software quality and developer productivity Since we have ironed out most of the uncertainties when the project starts, the overall development process is smoother, and the software quality is greatly improved. + +Developers are happy about the process as well because they can focus on functional development instead of negotiating sudden changes. + +The possibility of having surprises toward the end of the project lifecycle is reduced. + +Because we have designed the API first, the tests can be designed while the code is being developed. In a way, we also have TDD (Test Driven Design) when using API first development. + +### HTTP status codes + +

+ +

+ + +The response codes for HTTP are divided into five categories: + +Informational (100-199) +Success (200-299) +Redirection (300-399) +Client Error (400-499) +Server Error (500-599) + +### What does API gateway do? + +The diagram below shows the details. + +

+ +

+ +Step 1 - The client sends an HTTP request to the API gateway. + +Step 2 - The API gateway parses and validates the attributes in the HTTP request. + +Step 3 - The API gateway performs allow-list/deny-list checks. + +Step 4 - The API gateway talks to an identity provider for authentication and authorization. + +Step 5 - The rate limiting rules are applied to the request. If it is over the limit, the request is rejected. + +Steps 6 and 7 - Now that the request has passed basic checks, the API gateway finds the relevant service to route to by path matching. + +Step 8 - The API gateway transforms the request into the appropriate protocol and sends it to backend microservices. + +Steps 9-12: The API gateway can handle errors properly, and deals with faults if the error takes a longer time to recover (circuit break). It can also leverage ELK (Elastic-Logstash-Kibana) stack for logging and monitoring. We sometimes cache data in the API gateway. + +### How do we design effective and safe APIs? + +The diagram below shows typical API designs with a shopping cart example. + +

+ +

+ + +Note that API design is not just URL path design. Most of the time, we need to choose the proper resource names, identifiers, and path patterns. It is equally important to design proper HTTP header fields or to design effective rate-limiting rules within the API gateway. + +### TCP/IP encapsulation + +How is data sent over the network? Why do we need so many layers in the OSI model? + +The diagram below shows how data is encapsulated and de-encapsulated when transmitting over the network. + +

+ +

+ +Step 1: When Device A sends data to Device B over the network via the HTTP protocol, it is first added an HTTP header at the application layer. + +Step 2: Then a TCP or a UDP header is added to the data. It is encapsulated into TCP segments at the transport layer. The header contains the source port, destination port, and sequence number. + +Step 3: The segments are then encapsulated with an IP header at the network layer. The IP header contains the source/destination IP addresses. + +Step 4: The IP datagram is added a MAC header at the data link layer, with source/destination MAC addresses. + +Step 5: The encapsulated frames are sent to the physical layer and sent over the network in binary bits. + +Steps 6-10: When Device B receives the bits from the network, it performs the de-encapsulation process, which is a reverse processing of the encapsulation process. The headers are removed layer by layer, and eventually, Device B can read the data. + +We need layers in the network model because each layer focuses on its own responsibilities. Each layer can rely on the headers for processing instructions and does not need to know the meaning of the data from the last layer. + +### Why is Nginx called a โ€œreverseโ€ proxy? + +The diagram below shows the differences between a ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ฐ๐š๐ซ๐ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฑ๐ฒ and a ๐ซ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐ž ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฑ๐ฒ. + +

+ +

+ +A forward proxy is a server that sits between user devices and the internet. + +A forward proxy is commonly used for: + +1. Protecting clients +2. Circumventing browsing restrictions +3. Blocking access to certain content + +A reverse proxy is a server that accepts a request from the client, forwards the request to web servers, and returns the results to the client as if the proxy server had processed the request. + +A reverse proxy is good for: + +1. Protecting servers +2. Load balancing +3. Caching static contents +4. Encrypting and decrypting SSL communications + +### What are the common load-balancing algorithms? + +The diagram below shows 6 common algorithms. + +

+ +

+ +- Static Algorithms + +1. Round robin + + The client requests are sent to different service instances in sequential order. The services are usually required to be stateless. + +3. Sticky round-robin + + This is an improvement of the round-robin algorithm. If Aliceโ€™s first request goes to service A, the following requests go to service A as well. + +4. Weighted round-robin + + The admin can specify the weight for each service. The ones with a higher weight handle more requests than others. + +6. Hash + + This algorithm applies a hash function on the incoming requestsโ€™ IP or URL. The requests are routed to relevant instances based on the hash function result. + +- Dynamic Algorithms + +5. Least connections + + A new request is sent to the service instance with the least concurrent connections. + +7. Least response time + + A new request is sent to the service instance with the fastest response time. + +### URL, URI, URN - Do you know the differences? + +The diagram below shows a comparison of URL, URI, and URN. + +

+ +

+ +- URI + +URI stands for Uniform Resource Identifier. It identifies a logical or physical resource on the web. URL and URN are subtypes of URI. URL locates a resource, while URN names a resource. + +A URI is composed of the following parts: +scheme:[//authority]path[?query][#fragment] + +- URL + +URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, the key concept of HTTP. It is the address of a unique resource on the web. It can be used with other protocols like FTP and JDBC. + +- URN + +URN stands for Uniform Resource Name. It uses the urn scheme. URNs cannot be used to locate a resource. A simple example given in the diagram is composed of a namespace and a namespace-specific string. + +If you would like to learn more detail on the subject, I would recommend [W3Cโ€™s clarification](https://www.w3.org/TR/uri-clarification/). + +## CI/CD + +### CI/CD Pipeline Explained in Simple Terms + +

+ +

+ +Section 1 - SDLC with CI/CD + +The software development life cycle (SDLC) consists of several key stages: development, testing, deployment, and maintenance. CI/CD automates and integrates these stages to enable faster and more reliable releases. + +When code is pushed to a git repository, it triggers an automated build and test process. End-to-end (e2e) test cases are run to validate the code. If tests pass, the code can be automatically deployed to staging/production. If issues are found, the code is sent back to development for bug fixing. This automation provides fast feedback to developers and reduces the risk of bugs in production. + +Section 2 - Difference between CI and CD + +Continuous Integration (CI) automates the build, test, and merge process. It runs tests whenever code is committed to detect integration issues early. This encourages frequent code commits and rapid feedback. + +Continuous Delivery (CD) automates release processes like infrastructure changes and deployment. It ensures software can be released reliably at any time through automated workflows. CD may also automate the manual testing and approval steps required before production deployment. + +Section 3 - CI/CD Pipeline + +A typical CI/CD pipeline has several connected stages: +- The developer commits code changes to the source control +- CI server detects changes and triggers the build +- Code is compiled, and tested (unit, integration tests) +- Test results reported to the developer +- On success, artifacts are deployed to staging environments +- Further testing may be done on staging before release +- CD system deploys approved changes to production + +### Netflix Tech Stack (CI/CD Pipeline) + +

+ +

+ +Planning: Netflix Engineering uses JIRA for planning and Confluence for documentation. + +Coding: Java is the primary programming language for the backend service, while other languages are used for different use cases. + +Build: Gradle is mainly used for building, and Gradle plugins are built to support various use cases. + +Packaging: Package and dependencies are packed into an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) for release. + +Testing: Testing emphasizes the production culture's focus on building chaos tools. + +Deployment: Netflix uses its self-built Spinnaker for canary rollout deployment. + +Monitoring: The monitoring metrics are centralized in Atlas, and Kayenta is used to detect anomalies. + +Incident report: Incidents are dispatched according to priority, and PagerDuty is used for incident handling. + +## Architecture patterns + +### MVC, MVP, MVVM, MVVM-C, and VIPER +These architecture patterns are among the most commonly used in app development, whether on iOS or Android platforms. Developers have introduced them to overcome the limitations of earlier patterns. So, how do they differ? + +

+ +

+ +- MVC, the oldest pattern, dates back almost 50 years +- Every pattern has a "view" (V) responsible for displaying content and receiving user input +- Most patterns include a "model" (M) to manage business data +- "Controller," "presenter," and "view-model" are translators that mediate between the view and the model ("entity" in the VIPER pattern) + +### 18 Key Design Patterns Every Developer Should Know + +Patterns are reusable solutions to common design problems, resulting in a smoother, more efficient development process. They serve as blueprints for building better software structures. These are some of the most popular patterns: + +

+ +

+ +- Abstract Factory: Family Creator - Makes groups of related items. +- Builder: Lego Master - Builds objects step by step, keeping creation and appearance separate. +- Prototype: Clone Maker - Creates copies of fully prepared examples. +- Singleton: One and Only - A special class with just one instance. +- Adapter: Universal Plug - Connects things with different interfaces. +- Bridge: Function Connector - Links how an object works to what it does. +- Composite: Tree Builder - Forms tree-like structures of simple and complex parts. +- Decorator: Customizer - Adds features to objects without changing their core. +- Facade: One-Stop-Shop - Represents a whole system with a single, simplified interface. +- Flyweight: Space Saver - Shares small, reusable items efficiently. +- Proxy: Stand-In Actor - Represents another object, controlling access or actions. +- Chain of Responsibility: Request Relay - Passes a request through a chain of objects until handled. +- Command: Task Wrapper - Turns a request into an object, ready for action. +- Iterator: Collection Explorer - Accesses elements in a collection one by one. +- Mediator: Communication Hub - Simplifies interactions between different classes. +- Memento: Time Capsule - Captures and restores an object's state. +- Observer: News Broadcaster - Notifies classes about changes in other objects. +- Visitor: Skillful Guest - Adds new operations to a class without altering it. + +## Database + +### A nice cheat sheet of different databases in cloud services + +

+ +

+ +Choosing the right database for your project is a complex task. Many database options, each suited to distinct use cases, can quickly lead to decision fatigue. + +We hope this cheat sheet provides high-level direction to pinpoint the right service that aligns with your project's needs and avoid potential pitfalls. + +Note: Google has limited documentation for their database use cases. Even though we did our best to look at what was available and arrived at the best option, some of the entries may need to be more accurate. + +### 8 Data Structures That Power Your Databases + +The answer will vary depending on your use case. Data can be indexed in memory or on disk. Similarly, data formats vary, such as numbers, strings, geographic coordinates, etc. The system might be write-heavy or read-heavy. All of these factors affect your choice of database index format. + +

+ +

+ +The following are some of the most popular data structures used for indexing data: + +- Skiplist: a common in-memory index type. Used in Redis +- Hash index: a very common implementation of the โ€œMapโ€ data structure (or โ€œCollectionโ€) +- SSTable: immutable on-disk โ€œMapโ€ implementation +- LSM tree: Skiplist + SSTable. High write throughput +- B-tree: disk-based solution. Consistent read/write performance +- Inverted index: used for document indexing. Used in Lucene +- Suffix tree: for string pattern search +- R-tree: multi-dimension search, such as finding the nearest neighbor + +### How is an SQL statement executed in the database? + +The diagram below shows the process. Note that the architectures for different databases are different, the diagram demonstrates some common designs. + +

+ +

+ + +Step 1 - A SQL statement is sent to the database via a transport layer protocol (e.g.TCP). + +Step 2 - The SQL statement is sent to the command parser, where it goes through syntactic and semantic analysis, and a query tree is generated afterward. + +Step 3 - The query tree is sent to the optimizer. The optimizer creates an execution plan. + +Step 4 - The execution plan is sent to the executor. The executor retrieves data from the execution. + +Step 5 - Access methods provide the data fetching logic required for execution, retrieving data from the storage engine. + +Step 6 - Access methods decide whether the SQL statement is read-only. If the query is read-only (SELECT statement), it is passed to the buffer manager for further processing. The buffer manager looks for the data in the cache or data files. + +Step 7 - If the statement is an UPDATE or INSERT, it is passed to the transaction manager for further processing. + +Step 8 - During a transaction, the data is in lock mode. This is guaranteed by the lock manager. It also ensures the transactionโ€™s ACID properties. + +### CAP theorem + +The CAP theorem is one of the most famous terms in computer science, but I bet different developers have different understandings. Letโ€™s examine what it is and why it can be confusing. + +

+ +

+ +CAP theorem states that a distributed system can't provide more than two of these three guarantees simultaneously. + +**Consistency**: consistency means all clients see the same data at the same time no matter which node they connect to. + +**Availability**: availability means any client that requests data gets a response even if some of the nodes are down. + +**Partition Tolerance**: a partition indicates a communication break between two nodes. Partition tolerance means the system continues to operate despite network partitions. + +The โ€œ2 of 3โ€ formulation can be useful, **but this simplification could be misleading**. + +1. Picking a database is not easy. Justifying our choice purely based on the CAP theorem is not enough. For example, companies don't choose Cassandra for chat applications simply because it is an AP system. There is a list of good characteristics that make Cassandra a desirable option for storing chat messages. We need to dig deeper. + +2. โ€œCAP prohibits only a tiny part of the design space: perfect availability and consistency in the presence of partitions, which are rareโ€. Quoted from the paper: CAP Twelve Years Later: How the โ€œRulesโ€ Have Changed. + +3. The theorem is about 100% availability and consistency. A more realistic discussion would be the trade-offs between latency and consistency when there is no network partition. See PACELC theorem for more details. + +**Is the CAP theorem actually useful?** + +I think it is still useful as it opens our minds to a set of tradeoff discussions, but it is only part of the story. We need to dig deeper when picking the right database. + +### Types of Memory and Storage + +

+ +

+ + +### Visualizing a SQL query + +

+ +

+ +SQL statements are executed by the database system in several steps, including: + +- Parsing the SQL statement and checking its validity +- Transforming the SQL into an internal representation, such as relational algebra +- Optimizing the internal representation and creating an execution plan that utilizes index information +- Executing the plan and returning the results + +The execution of SQL is highly complex and involves many considerations, such as: + +- The use of indexes and caches +- The order of table joins +- Concurrency control +- Transaction management + +### SQL language + +In 1986, SQL (Structured Query Language) became a standard. Over the next 40 years, it became the dominant language for relational database management systems. Reading the latest standard (ANSI SQL 2016) can be time-consuming. How can I learn it? + +

+ +

+ +There are 5 components of the SQL language: + +- DDL: data definition language, such as CREATE, ALTER, DROP +- DQL: data query language, such as SELECT +- DML: data manipulation language, such as INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE +- DCL: data control language, such as GRANT, REVOKE +- TCL: transaction control language, such as COMMIT, ROLLBACK + +For a backend engineer, you may need to know most of it. As a data analyst, you may need to have a good understanding of DQL. Select the topics that are most relevant to you. + +## Cache + +### Data is cached everywhere + +This diagram illustrates where we cache data in a typical architecture. + +

+ +

+ + +There are **multiple layers** along the flow. + +1. Client apps: HTTP responses can be cached by the browser. We request data over HTTP for the first time, and it is returned with an expiry policy in the HTTP header; we request data again, and the client app tries to retrieve the data from the browser cache first. +2. CDN: CDN caches static web resources. The clients can retrieve data from a CDN node nearby. +3. Load Balancer: The load Balancer can cache resources as well. +4. Messaging infra: Message brokers store messages on disk first, and then consumers retrieve them at their own pace. Depending on the retention policy, the data is cached in Kafka clusters for a period of time. +5. Services: There are multiple layers of cache in a service. If the data is not cached in the CPU cache, the service will try to retrieve the data from memory. Sometimes the service has a second-level cache to store data on disk. +6. Distributed Cache: Distributed cache like Redis holds key-value pairs for multiple services in memory. It provides much better read/write performance than the database. +7. Full-text Search: we sometimes need to use full-text searches like Elastic Search for document search or log search. A copy of data is indexed in the search engine as well. +8. Database: Even in the database, we have different levels of caches: +- WAL(Write-ahead Log): data is written to WAL first before building the B tree index +- Bufferpool: A memory area allocated to cache query results +- Materialized View: Pre-compute query results and store them in the database tables for better query performance +- Transaction log: record all the transactions and database updates +- Replication Log: used to record the replication state in a database cluster + +### Why is Redis so fast? + +There are 3 main reasons as shown in the diagram below. + +

+ +

+ + +1. Redis is a RAM-based data store. RAM access is at least 1000 times faster than random disk access. +2. Redis leverages IO multiplexing and single-threaded execution loop for execution efficiency. +3. Redis leverages several efficient lower-level data structures. + +Question: Another popular in-memory store is Memcached. Do you know the differences between Redis and Memcached? + +You might have noticed the style of this diagram is different from my previous posts. Please let me know which one you prefer. + +### How can Redis be used? + +

+ +

+ + +There is more to Redis than just caching. + +Redis can be used in a variety of scenarios as shown in the diagram. + +- Session + + We can use Redis to share user session data among different services. + +- Cache + + We can use Redis to cache objects or pages, especially for hotspot data. + +- Distributed lock + + We can use a Redis string to acquire locks among distributed services. + +- Counter + + We can count how many likes or how many reads for articles. + +- Rate limiter + + We can apply a rate limiter for certain user IPs. + +- Global ID generator + + We can use Redis Int for global ID. + +- Shopping cart + + We can use Redis Hash to represent key-value pairs in a shopping cart. + +- Calculate user retention + + We can use Bitmap to represent the user login daily and calculate user retention. + +- Message queue + + We can use List for a message queue. + +- Ranking + + We can use ZSet to sort the articles. + +### Top caching strategies + +Designing large-scale systems usually requires careful consideration of caching. +Below are five caching strategies that are frequently utilized. + +

+ +

+ + + +## Microservice architecture + +### What does a typical microservice architecture look like? + +

+ +

+ + +The diagram below shows a typical microservice architecture. + +- Load Balancer: This distributes incoming traffic across multiple backend services. +- CDN (Content Delivery Network): CDN is a group of geographically distributed servers that hold static content for faster delivery. The clients look for content in CDN first, then progress to backend services. +- API Gateway: This handles incoming requests and routes them to the relevant services. It talks to the identity provider and service discovery. +- Identity Provider: This handles authentication and authorization for users. +- Service Registry & Discovery: Microservice registration and discovery happen in this component, and the API gateway looks for relevant services in this component to talk to. +- Management: This component is responsible for monitoring the services. +- Microservices: Microservices are designed and deployed in different domains. Each domain has its own database. The API gateway talks to the microservices via REST API or other protocols, and the microservices within the same domain talk to each other using RPC (Remote Procedure Call). + +Benefits of microservices: + +- They can be quickly designed, deployed, and horizontally scaled. +- Each domain can be independently maintained by a dedicated team. +- Business requirements can be customized in each domain and better supported, as a result. + +### Microservice Best Practices + +A picture is worth a thousand words: 9 best practices for developing microservices. + +

+ +

+ + +When we develop microservices, we need to follow the following best practices: + +1. Use separate data storage for each microservice +2. Keep code at a similar level of maturity +3. Separate build for each microservice +4. Assign each microservice with a single responsibility +5. Deploy into containers +6. Design stateless services +7. Adopt domain-driven design +8. Design micro frontend +9. Orchestrating microservices + +### What tech stack is commonly used for microservices? + +Below you will find a diagram showing the microservice tech stack, both for the development phase and for production. + +

+ +

+ + +โ–ถ๏ธ ๐๐ซ๐ž-๐๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฎ๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง + +- Define API - This establishes a contract between frontend and backend. We can use Postman or OpenAPI for this. +- Development - Node.js or react is popular for frontend development, and java/python/go for backend development. Also, we need to change the configurations in the API gateway according to API definitions. +- Continuous Integration - JUnit and Jenkins for automated testing. The code is packaged into a Docker image and deployed as microservices. + +โ–ถ๏ธ ๐๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฎ๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง + +- NGinx is a common choice for load balancers. Cloudflare provides CDN (Content Delivery Network). +- API Gateway - We can use spring boot for the gateway, and use Eureka/Zookeeper for service discovery. +- The microservices are deployed on clouds. We have options among AWS, Microsoft Azure, or Google GCP. +Cache and Full-text Search - Redis is a common choice for caching key-value pairs. Elasticsearch is used for full-text search. +- Communications - For services to talk to each other, we can use messaging infra Kafka or RPC. +- Persistence - We can use MySQL or PostgreSQL for a relational database, and Amazon S3 for object store. We can also use Cassandra for the wide-column store if necessary. +- Management & Monitoring - To manage so many microservices, the common Ops tools include Prometheus, Elastic Stack, and Kubernetes. + +### Why is Kafka fast + +There are many design decisions that contributed to Kafkaโ€™s performance. In this post, weโ€™ll focus on two. We think these two carried the most weight. + +

+ +

+ +1. The first one is Kafkaโ€™s reliance on Sequential I/O. +2. The second design choice that gives Kafka its performance advantage is its focus on efficiency: zero copy principle. + +The diagram illustrates how the data is transmitted between producer and consumer, and what zero-copy means. + +- Step 1.1 - 1.3: Producer writes data to the disk +- Step 2: Consumer reads data without zero-copy + +2.1 The data is loaded from disk to OS cache + +2.2 The data is copied from OS cache to Kafka application + +2.3 Kafka application copies the data into the socket buffer + +2.4 The data is copied from socket buffer to network card + +2.5 The network card sends data out to the consumer + + +- Step 3: Consumer reads data with zero-copy + +3.1: The data is loaded from disk to OS cache +3.2 OS cache directly copies the data to the network card via sendfile() command +3.3 The network card sends data out to the consumer + +Zero copy is a shortcut to save the multiple data copies between application context and kernel context. + +## Payment systems + +### How to learn payment systems? + +

+ +

+ +### Why is the credit card called โ€œthe most profitable product in banksโ€? How does VISA/Mastercard make money? + +The diagram below shows the economics of the credit card payment flow. + +

+ +

+ +1.  The cardholder pays a merchant $100 to buy a product. + +2. The merchant benefits from the use of the credit card with higher sales volume and needs to compensate the issuer and the card network for providing the payment service. The acquiring bank sets a fee with the merchant, called the โ€œmerchant discount fee.โ€ + +3 - 4. The acquiring bank keeps $0.25 as the acquiring markup, and $1.75 is paid to the issuing bank as the interchange fee. The merchant discount fee should cover the interchange fee. + + The interchange fee is set by the card network because it is less efficient for each issuing bank to negotiate fees with each merchant. + +5.  The card network sets up the network assessments and fees with each bank, which pays the card network for its services every month. For example, VISA charges a 0.11% assessment, plus a $0.0195 usage fee, for every swipe. + +6.  The cardholder pays the issuing bank for its services. + +Why should the issuing bank be compensated? + +- The issuer pays the merchant even if the cardholder fails to pay the issuer. +- The issuer pays the merchant before the cardholder pays the issuer. +- The issuer has other operating costs, including managing customer accounts, providing statements, fraud detection, risk management, clearing & settlement, etc. + +### How does VISA work when we swipe a credit card at a merchantโ€™s shop? + +

+ +

+ + +VISA, Mastercard, and American Express act as card networks for the clearing and settling of funds. The card acquiring bank and the card issuing bank can be โ€“ and often are โ€“ different. If banks were to settle transactions one by one without an intermediary, each bank would have to settle the transactions with all the other banks. This is quite inefficient. + +The diagram below shows VISAโ€™s role in the credit card payment process. There are two flows involved. Authorization flow happens when the customer swipes the credit card. Capture and settlement flow happens when the merchant wants to get the money at the end of the day. + +- Authorization Flow + +Step 0: The card issuing bank issues credit cards to its customers. + +Step 1: The cardholder wants to buy a product and swipes the credit card at the Point of Sale (POS) terminal in the merchantโ€™s shop. + +Step 2: The POS terminal sends the transaction to the acquiring bank, which has provided the POS terminal. + +Steps 3 and 4: The acquiring bank sends the transaction to the card network, also called the card scheme. The card network sends the transaction to the issuing bank for approval. + +Steps 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3: The issuing bank freezes the money if the transaction is approved. The approval or rejection is sent back to the acquirer, as well as the POS terminal. + +- Capture and Settlement Flow + +Steps 1 and 2: The merchant wants to collect the money at the end of the day, so they hit โ€captureโ€ on the POS terminal. The transactions are sent to the acquirer in batch. The acquirer sends the batch file with transactions to the card network. + +Step 3: The card network performs clearing for the transactions collected from different acquirers, and sends the clearing files to different issuing banks. + +Step 4: The issuing banks confirm the correctness of the clearing files, and transfer money to the relevant acquiring banks. + +Step 5: The acquiring bank then transfers money to the merchantโ€™s bank. + +Step 4: The card network clears up the transactions from different acquiring banks. Clearing is a process in which mutual offset transactions are netted, so the number of total transactions is reduced. + +In the process, the card network takes on the burden of talking to each bank and receives service fees in return. + +### Payment Systems Around The World Series (Part 1): Unified Payments Interface (UPI) in India + + +Whatโ€™s UPI? UPI is an instant real-time payment system developed by the National Payments Corporation of India. + +It accounts for 60% of digital retail transactions in India today. + +UPI = payment markup language + standard for interoperable payments + + +

+ +

+ + +## DevOps + +### DevOps vs. SRE vs. Platform Engineering. What is the difference? + +The concepts of DevOps, SRE, and Platform Engineering have emerged at different times and have been developed by various individuals and organizations. + +

+ +

+ +DevOps as a concept was introduced in 2009 by Patrick Debois and Andrew Shafer at the Agile conference. They sought to bridge the gap between software development and operations by promoting a collaborative culture and shared responsibility for the entire software development lifecycle. + +SRE, or Site Reliability Engineering, was pioneered by Google in the early 2000s to address operational challenges in managing large-scale, complex systems. Google developed SRE practices and tools, such as the Borg cluster management system and the Monarch monitoring system, to improve the reliability and efficiency of their services. + +Platform Engineering is a more recent concept, building on the foundation of SRE engineering. The precise origins of Platform Engineering are less clear, but it is generally understood to be an extension of the DevOps and SRE practices, with a focus on delivering a comprehensive platform for product development that supports the entire business perspective. + +It's worth noting that while these concepts emerged at different times. They are all related to the broader trend of improving collaboration, automation, and efficiency in software development and operations. + +### What is k8s (Kubernetes)? + +K8s is a container orchestration system. It is used for container deployment and management. Its design is greatly impacted by Googleโ€™s internal system Borg. + +

+ +

+ +A k8s cluster consists of a set of worker machines, called nodes, that run containerized applications. Every cluster has at least one worker node. + +The worker node(s) host the Pods that are the components of the application workload. The control plane manages the worker nodes and the Pods in the cluster. In production environments, the control plane usually runs across multiple computers, and a cluster usually runs multiple nodes, providing fault tolerance and high availability. + +- Control Plane Components + +1. API Server + + The API server talks to all the components in the k8s cluster. All the operations on pods are executed by talking to the API server. + +2. Scheduler + + The scheduler watches pod workloads and assigns loads on newly created pods. + +3. Controller Manager + + The controller manager runs the controllers, including Node Controller, Job Controller, EndpointSlice Controller, and ServiceAccount Controller. + +4. Etcd + + etcd is a key-value store used as Kubernetes' backing store for all cluster data. + +- Nodes + +1. Pods + + A pod is a group of containers and is the smallest unit that k8s administers. Pods have a single IP address applied to every container within the pod. + +2. Kubelet + + An agent that runs on each node in the cluster. It ensures containers are running in a Pod. + +3. Kube Proxy + + Kube-proxy is a network proxy that runs on each node in your cluster. It routes traffic coming into a node from the service. It forwards requests for work to the correct containers. + +### Docker vs. Kubernetes. Which one should we use? + +

+ +

+ + +What is Docker ? + +Docker is an open-source platform that allows you to package, distribute, and run applications in isolated containers. It focuses on containerization, providing lightweight environments that encapsulate applications and their dependencies. + +What is Kubernetes ? + +Kubernetes, often referred to as K8s, is an open-source container orchestration platform. It provides a framework for automating the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications across a cluster of nodes. + +How are both different from each other ? + +Docker: Docker operates at the individual container level on a single operating system host. + +You must manually manage each host and setting up networks, security policies, and storage for multiple related containers can be complex. + +Kubernetes: Kubernetes operates at the cluster level. It manages multiple containerized applications across multiple hosts, providing automation for tasks like load balancing, scaling, and ensuring the desired state of applications. + +In short, Docker focuses on containerization and running containers on individual hosts, while Kubernetes specializes in managing and orchestrating containers at scale across a cluster of hosts. + +### How does Docker work? + +The diagram below shows the architecture of Docker and how it works when we run โ€œdocker buildโ€, โ€œdocker pullโ€ +and โ€œdocker runโ€. + +

+ +

+ +There are 3 components in Docker architecture: + +- Docker client + + The docker client talks to the Docker daemon. + +- Docker host + + The Docker daemon listens for Docker API requests and manages Docker objects such as images, containers, networks, and volumes. + +- Docker registry + + A Docker registry stores Docker images. Docker Hub is a public registry that anyone can use. + +Letโ€™s take the โ€œdocker runโ€ command as an example. + + 1. Docker pulls the image from the registry. + 1. Docker creates a new container. + 1. Docker allocates a read-write filesystem to the container. + 1. Docker creates a network interface to connect the container to the default network. + 1. Docker starts the container. + +## GIT + +### How Git Commands work + +To begin with, it's essential to identify where our code is stored. The common assumption is that there are only two locations - one on a remote server like Github and the other on our local machine. However, this isn't entirely accurate. Git maintains three local storages on our machine, which means that our code can be found in four places: + +

+ +

+ + +- Working directory: where we edit files +- Staging area: a temporary location where files are kept for the next commit +- Local repository: contains the code that has been committed +- Remote repository: the remote server that stores the code + +Most Git commands primarily move files between these four locations. + +### How does Git Work? + +The diagram below shows the Git workflow. + +

+ +

+ + +Git is a distributed version control system. + +Every developer maintains a local copy of the main repository and edits and commits to the local copy. + +The commit is very fast because the operation doesnโ€™t interact with the remote repository. + +If the remote repository crashes, the files can be recovered from the local repositories. + +### Git merge vs. Git rebase + +What are the differences? + +

+ +

+ + +When we **merge changes** from one Git branch to another, we can use โ€˜git mergeโ€™ or โ€˜git rebaseโ€™. The diagram below shows how the two commands work. + +**Git merge** + +This creates a new commit Gโ€™ in the main branch. Gโ€™ ties the histories of both main and feature branches. + +Git merge is **non-destructive**. Neither the main nor the feature branch is changed. + +**Git rebase** + +Git rebase moves the feature branch histories to the head of the main branch. It creates new commits Eโ€™, Fโ€™, and Gโ€™ for each commit in the feature branch. + +The benefit of rebase is that it has a linear **commit history**. + +Rebase can be dangerous if โ€œthe golden rule of git rebaseโ€ is not followed. + +**The Golden Rule of Git Rebase** + +Never use it on public branches! + +## Cloud Services + +### A nice cheat sheet of different cloud services (2023 edition) + +

+ +

+ + +### What is cloud native? + +Below is a diagram showing the evolution of architecture and processes since the 1980s. + +

+ +

+ +Organizations can build and run scalable applications on public, private, and hybrid clouds using cloud native technologies. + +This means the applications are designed to leverage cloud features, so they are resilient to load and easy to scale. + +Cloud native includes 4 aspects: + +1. Development process + + This has progressed from waterfall to agile to DevOps. + +2. Application Architecture + + The architecture has gone from monolithic to microservices. Each service is designed to be small, adaptive to the limited resources in cloud containers. + +3. Deployment & packaging + + The applications used to be deployed on physical servers. Then around 2000, the applications that were not sensitive to latency were usually deployed on virtual servers. With cloud native applications, they are packaged into docker images and deployed in containers. + +4. Application infrastructure + + The applications are massively deployed on cloud infrastructure instead of self-hosted servers. + +## Developer productivity tools + +### Visualize JSON files + +Nested JSON files are hard to read. + +**JsonCrack** generates graph diagrams from JSON files and makes them easy to read. + +Additionally, the generated diagrams can be downloaded as images. + +

+ +

+ + +### Automatically turn code into architecture diagrams + +

+ +

+ + +What does it do? + +- Draw the cloud system architecture in Python code. +- Diagrams can also be rendered directly inside the Jupyter Notebooks. +- No design tools are needed. +- Supports the following providers: AWS, Azure, GCP, Kubernetes, Alibaba Cloud, Oracle Cloud, etc. + +[Github repo](https://github.com/mingrammer/diagrams) + +## Linux + +### Linux file system explained + +

+ +

+ +The Linux file system used to resemble an unorganized town where individuals constructed their houses wherever they pleased. However, in 1994, the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) was introduced to bring order to the Linux file system. + +By implementing a standard like the FHS, software can ensure a consistent layout across various Linux distributions. Nonetheless, not all Linux distributions strictly adhere to this standard. They often incorporate their own unique elements or cater to specific requirements. +To become proficient in this standard, you can begin by exploring. Utilize commands such as "cd" for navigation and "ls" for listing directory contents. Imagine the file system as a tree, starting from the root (/). With time, it will become second nature to you, transforming you into a skilled Linux administrator. + +### 18 Most-used Linux Commands You Should Know + +Linux commands are instructions for interacting with the operating system. They help manage files, directories, system processes, and many other aspects of the system. You need to become familiar with these commands in order to navigate and maintain Linux-based systems efficiently and effectively. + +This diagram below shows popular Linux commands: + +

+ +

+ + +- ls - List files and directories +- cd - Change the current directory +- mkdir - Create a new directory +- rm - Remove files or directories +- cp - Copy files or directories +- mv - Move or rename files or directories +- chmod - Change file or directory permissions +- grep - Search for a pattern in files +- find - Search for files and directories +- tar - manipulate tarball archive files +- vi - Edit files using text editors +- cat - display the content of files +- top - Display processes and resource usage +- ps - Display processes information +- kill - Terminate a process by sending a signal +- du - Estimate file space usage +- ifconfig - Configure network interfaces +- ping - Test network connectivity between hosts + +## Security + +### How does HTTPS work? + +Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is an extension of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP.) HTTPS transmits encrypted data using Transport Layer Security (TLS.) If the data is hijacked online, all the hijacker gets is binary code. + +

+ +

+ + +How is the data encrypted and decrypted? + +Step 1 - The client (browser) and the server establish a TCP connection. + +Step 2 - The client sends a โ€œclient helloโ€ to the server. The message contains a set of necessary encryption algorithms (cipher suites) and the latest TLS version it can support. The server responds with a โ€œserver helloโ€ so the browser knows whether it can support the algorithms and TLS version. + +The server then sends the SSL certificate to the client. The certificate contains the public key, host name, expiry dates, etc. The client validates the certificate. + +Step 3 - After validating the SSL certificate, the client generates a session key and encrypts it using the public key. The server receives the encrypted session key and decrypts it with the private key. + +Step 4 - Now that both the client and the server hold the same session key (symmetric encryption), the encrypted data is transmitted in a secure bi-directional channel. + +Why does HTTPS switch to symmetric encryption during data transmission? There are two main reasons: + +1. Security: The asymmetric encryption goes only one way. This means that if the server tries to send the encrypted data back to the client, anyone can decrypt the data using the public key. + +2. Server resources: The asymmetric encryption adds quite a lot of mathematical overhead. It is not suitable for data transmissions in long sessions. + +### Oauth 2.0 Explained With Simple Terms. + +OAuth 2.0 is a powerful and secure framework that allows different applications to securely interact with each other on behalf of users without sharing sensitive credentials. + +

+ +

+ +The entities involved in OAuth are the User, the Server, and the Identity Provider (IDP). + +What Can an OAuth Token Do? + +When you use OAuth, you get an OAuth token that represents your identity and permissions. This token can do a few important things: + +Single Sign-On (SSO): With an OAuth token, you can log into multiple services or apps using just one login, making life easier and safer. + +Authorization Across Systems: The OAuth token allows you to share your authorization or access rights across various systems, so you don't have to log in separately everywhere. + +Accessing User Profile: Apps with an OAuth token can access certain parts of your user profile that you allow, but they won't see everything. + +Remember, OAuth 2.0 is all about keeping you and your data safe while making your online experiences seamless and hassle-free across different applications and services. + +### Top 4 Forms of Authentication Mechanisms + +

+ +

+ +1. SSH Keys: + + Cryptographic keys are used to access remote systems and servers securely + +1. OAuth Tokens: + + Tokens that provide limited access to user data on third-party applications + +1. SSL Certificates: + + Digital certificates ensure secure and encrypted communication between servers and clients + +1. Credentials: + + User authentication information is used to verify and grant access to various systems and services + +### Session, cookie, JWT, token, SSO, and OAuth 2.0 - what are they? + +These terms are all related to user identity management. When you log into a website, you declare who you are (identification). Your identity is verified (authentication), and you are granted the necessary permissions (authorization). Many solutions have been proposed in the past, and the list keeps growing. + +

+ +

+ +From simple to complex, here is my understanding of user identity management: + +- WWW-Authenticate is the most basic method. You are asked for the username and password by the browser. As a result of the inability to control the login life cycle, it is seldom used today. + +- A finer control over the login life cycle is session-cookie. The server maintains session storage, and the browser keeps the ID of the session. A cookie usually only works with browsers and is not mobile app friendly. + +- To address the compatibility issue, the token can be used. The client sends the token to the server, and the server validates the token. The downside is that the token needs to be encrypted and decrypted, which may be time-consuming. + +- JWT is a standard way of representing tokens. This information can be verified and trusted because it is digitally signed. Since JWT contains the signature, there is no need to save session information on the server side. + +- By using SSO (single sign-on), you can sign on only once and log in to multiple websites. It uses CAS (central authentication service) to maintain cross-site information. + +- By using OAuth 2.0, you can authorize one website to access your information on another website. + +### How to store passwords safely in the database and how to validate a password? + +

+ +

+ + +**Things NOT to do** + +- Storing passwords in plain text is not a good idea because anyone with internal access can see them. + +- Storing password hashes directly is not sufficient because it is pruned to precomputation attacks, such as rainbow tables. + +- To mitigate precomputation attacks, we salt the passwords. + +**What is salt?** + +According to OWASP guidelines, โ€œa salt is a unique, randomly generated string that is added to each password as part of the hashing processโ€. + +**How to store a password and salt?** + +1. the hash result is unique to each password. +1. The password can be stored in the database using the following format: hash(password + salt). + +**How to validate a password?** + +To validate a password, it can go through the following process: + +1. A client enters the password. +1. The system fetches the corresponding salt from the database. +1. The system appends the salt to the password and hashes it. Letโ€™s call the hashed value H1. +1. The system compares H1 and H2, where H2 is the hash stored in the database. If they are the same, the password is valid. + +### Explaining JSON Web Token (JWT) to a 10 year old Kid + +

+ +

+ +Imagine you have a special box called a JWT. Inside this box, there are three parts: a header, a payload, and a signature. + +The header is like the label on the outside of the box. It tells us what type of box it is and how it's secured. It's usually written in a format called JSON, which is just a way to organize information using curly braces { } and colons : . + +The payload is like the actual message or information you want to send. It could be your name, age, or any other data you want to share. It's also written in JSON format, so it's easy to understand and work with. +Now, the signature is what makes the JWT secure. It's like a special seal that only the sender knows how to create. The signature is created using a secret code, kind of like a password. This signature ensures that nobody can tamper with the contents of the JWT without the sender knowing about it. + +When you want to send the JWT to a server, you put the header, payload, and signature inside the box. Then you send it over to the server. The server can easily read the header and payload to understand who you are and what you want to do. + +### How does Google Authenticator (or other types of 2-factor authenticators) work? + +Google Authenticator is commonly used for logging into our accounts when 2-factor authentication is enabled. How does it guarantee security? + +Google Authenticator is a software-based authenticator that implements a two-step verification service. The diagram below provides detail. + +

+ +

+ + +There are two stages involved: + +- Stage 1 - The user enables Google two-step verification. +- Stage 2 - The user uses the authenticator for logging in, etc. + +Letโ€™s look at these stages. + +**Stage 1** + +Steps 1 and 2: Bob opens the web page to enable two-step verification. The front end requests a secret key. The authentication service generates the secret key for Bob and stores it in the database. + +Step 3: The authentication service returns a URI to the front end. The URI is composed of a key issuer, username, and secret key. The URI is displayed in the form of a QR code on the web page. + +Step 4: Bob then uses Google Authenticator to scan the generated QR code. The secret key is stored in the authenticator. + +**Stage 2** +Steps 1 and 2: Bob wants to log into a website with Google two-step verification. For this, he needs the password. Every 30 seconds, Google Authenticator generates a 6-digit password using TOTP (Time-based One Time Password) algorithm. Bob uses the password to enter the website. + +Steps 3 and 4: The frontend sends the password Bob enters to the backend for authentication. The authentication service reads the secret key from the database and generates a 6-digit password using the same TOTP algorithm as the client. + +Step 5: The authentication service compares the two passwords generated by the client and the server, and returns the comparison result to the frontend. Bob can proceed with the login process only if the two passwords match. + +Is this authentication mechanism safe? + +- Can the secret key be obtained by others? + + We need to make sure the secret key is transmitted using HTTPS. The authenticator client and the database store the secret key, and we need to make sure the secret keys are encrypted. + +- Can the 6-digit password be guessed by hackers? + + No. The password has 6 digits, so the generated password has 1 million potential combinations. Plus, the password changes every 30 seconds. If hackers want to guess the password in 30 seconds, they need to enter 30,000 combinations per second. + + +## Real World Case Studies + +### Netflix's Tech Stack + +This post is based on research from many Netflix engineering blogs and open-source projects. If you come across any inaccuracies, please feel free to inform us. + +

+ +

+ +**Mobile and web**: Netflix has adopted Swift and Kotlin to build native mobile apps. For its web application, it uses React. + +**Frontend/server communication**: Netflix uses GraphQL. + +**Backend services**: Netflix relies on ZUUL, Eureka, the Spring Boot framework, and other technologies. + +**Databases**: Netflix utilizes EV cache, Cassandra, CockroachDB, and other databases. + +**Messaging/streaming**: Netflix employs Apache Kafka and Fink for messaging and streaming purposes. + +**Video storage**: Netflix uses S3 and Open Connect for video storage. + +**Data processing**: Netflix utilizes Flink and Spark for data processing, which is then visualized using Tableau. Redshift is used for processing structured data warehouse information. + +**CI/CD**: Netflix employs various tools such as JIRA, Confluence, PagerDuty, Jenkins, Gradle, Chaos Monkey, Spinnaker, Atlas, and more for CI/CD processes. + +### Twitter Architecture 2022 + +Yes, this is the real Twitter architecture. It is posted by Elon Musk and redrawn by us for better readability. + +

+ +

+ + +### Evolution of Airbnbโ€™s microservice architecture over the past 15 years + +Airbnbโ€™s microservice architecture went through 3 main stages. + +

+ +

+ + +Monolith (2008 - 2017) + +Airbnb began as a simple marketplace for hosts and guests. This is built in a Ruby on Rails application - the monolith. + +Whatโ€™s the challenge? + +- Confusing team ownership + unowned code +- Slow deployment + +Microservices (2017 - 2020) + +Microservice aims to solve those challenges. In the microservice architecture, key services include: + +- Data fetching service +- Business logic data service +- Write workflow service +- UI aggregation service +- Each service had one owning team + +Whatโ€™s the challenge? + +Hundreds of services and dependencies were difficult for humans to manage. + +Micro + macroservices (2020 - present) + +This is what Airbnb is working on now. The micro and macroservice hybrid model focuses on the unification of APIs. + +### Monorepo vs. Microrepo. + +Which is the best? Why do different companies choose different options? + +

+ +

+ + +Monorepo isn't new; Linux and Windows were both created using Monorepo. To improve scalability and build speed, Google developed its internal dedicated toolchain to scale it faster and strict coding quality standards to keep it consistent. + +Amazon and Netflix are major ambassadors of the Microservice philosophy. This approach naturally separates the service code into separate repositories. It scales faster but can lead to governance pain points later on. + +Within Monorepo, each service is a folder, and every folder has a BUILD config and OWNERS permission control. Every service member is responsible for their own folder. + +On the other hand, in Microrepo, each service is responsible for its repository, with the build config and permissions typically set for the entire repository. + +In Monorepo, dependencies are shared across the entire codebase regardless of your business, so when there's a version upgrade, every codebase upgrades their version. + +In Microrepo, dependencies are controlled within each repository. Businesses choose when to upgrade their versions based on their own schedules. + +Monorepo has a standard for check-ins. Google's code review process is famously known for setting a high bar, ensuring a coherent quality standard for Monorepo, regardless of the business. + +Microrepo can either set its own standard or adopt a shared standard by incorporating the best practices. It can scale faster for business, but the code quality might be a bit different. +Google engineers built Bazel, and Meta built Buck. There are other open-source tools available, including Nx, Lerna, and others. + +Over the years, Microrepo has had more supported tools, including Maven and Gradle for Java, NPM for NodeJS, and CMake for C/C++, among others. + +### How will you design the Stack Overflow website? + +If your answer is on-premise servers and monolith (on the bottom of the following image), you would likely fail the interview, but that's how it is built in reality! + +

+ +

+ + +**What people think it should look like** + +The interviewer is probably expecting something like the top portion of the picture. + +- Microservice is used to decompose the system into small components. +- Each service has its own database. Use cache heavily. +- The service is sharded. +- The services talk to each other asynchronously through message queues. +- The service is implemented using Event Sourcing with CQRS. +- Showing off knowledge in distributed systems such as eventual consistency, CAP theorem, etc. + +**What it actually is** + +Stack Overflow serves all the traffic with only 9 on-premise web servers, and itโ€™s on monolith! It has its own servers and does not run on the cloud. + +This is contrary to all our popular beliefs these days. + +### Why did Amazon Prime Video monitoring move from serverless to monolithic? How can it save 90% cost? + +The diagram below shows the architecture comparison before and after the migration. + +

+ +

+ + +What is Amazon Prime Video Monitoring Service? + +Prime Video service needs to monitor the quality of thousands of live streams. The monitoring tool automatically analyzes the streams in real time and identifies quality issues like block corruption, video freeze, and sync problems. This is an important process for customer satisfaction. + +There are 3 steps: media converter, defect detector, and real-time notification. + +- What is the problem with the old architecture? + + The old architecture was based on Amazon Lambda, which was good for building services quickly. However, it was not cost-effective when running the architecture at a high scale. The two most expensive operations are: + +1. The orchestration workflow - AWS step functions charge users by state transitions and the orchestration performs multiple state transitions every second. + +2. Data passing between distributed components - the intermediate data is stored in Amazon S3 so that the next stage can download. The download can be costly when the volume is high. + +- Monolithic architecture saves 90% cost + + A monolithic architecture is designed to address the cost issues. There are still 3 components, but the media converter and defect detector are deployed in the same process, saving the cost of passing data over the network. Surprisingly, this approach to deployment architecture change led to 90% cost savings! + +This is an interesting and unique case study because microservices have become a go-to and fashionable choice in the tech industry. It's good to see that we are having more discussions about evolving the architecture and having more honest discussions about its pros and cons. Decomposing components into distributed microservices comes with a cost. + +- What did Amazon leaders say about this? + + Amazon CTO Werner Vogels: โ€œBuilding **evolvable software systems** is a strategy, not a religion. And revisiting your architecture with an open mind is a must.โ€ + +Ex Amazon VP Sustainability Adrian Cockcroft: โ€œThe Prime Video team had followed a path I call **Serverless First**โ€ฆI donโ€™t advocate **Serverless Only**โ€. + +### How does Disney Hotstar capture 5 Billion Emojis during a tournament? + +

+ +

+ + +1. Clients send emojis through standard HTTP requests. You can think of Golang Service as a typical Web Server. Golang is chosen because it supports concurrency well. Threads in Golang are lightweight. + +2. Since the write volume is very high, Kafka (message queue) is used as a buffer. + +3. Emoji data are aggregated by a streaming processing service called Spark. It aggregates data every 2 seconds, which is configurable. There is a trade-off to be made based on the interval. A shorter interval means emojis are delivered to other clients faster but it also means more computing resources are needed. + +4. Aggregated data is written to another Kafka. + +5. The PubSub consumers pull aggregated emoji data from Kafka. + +6. Emojis are delivered to other clients in real-time through the PubSub infrastructure. The PubSub infrastructure is interesting. Hotstar considered the following protocols: Socketio, NATS, MQTT, and gRPC, and settled with MQTT. + +A similar design is adopted by LinkedIn which streams a million likes/sec. + +### How Discord Stores Trillions Of Messages + +The diagram below shows the evolution of message storage at Discord: + +

+ +

+ + +MongoDB โžก๏ธ Cassandra โžก๏ธ ScyllaDB + +In 2015, the first version of Discord was built on top of a single MongoDB replica. Around Nov 2015, MongoDB stored 100 million messages and the RAM couldnโ€™t hold the data and index any longer. The latency became unpredictable. Message storage needs to be moved to another database. Cassandra was chosen. + +In 2017, Discord had 12 Cassandra nodes and stored billions of messages. + +At the beginning of 2022, it had 177 nodes with trillions of messages. At this point, latency was unpredictable, and maintenance operations became too expensive to run. + +There are several reasons for the issue: + +- Cassandra uses the LSM tree for the internal data structure. The reads are more expensive than the writes. There can be many concurrent reads on a server with hundreds of users, resulting in hotspots. +- Maintaining clusters, such as compacting SSTables, impacts performance. +- Garbage collection pauses would cause significant latency spikes + +ScyllaDB is Cassandra compatible database written in C++. Discord redesigned its architecture to have a monolithic API, a data service written in Rust, and ScyllaDB-based storage. + +The p99 read latency in ScyllaDB is 15ms compared to 40-125ms in Cassandra. The p99 write latency is 5ms compared to 5-70ms in Cassandra. + +### How do video live streamings work on YouTube, TikTok live, or Twitch? + +Live streaming differs from regular streaming because the video content is sent via the internet in real-time, usually with a latency of just a few seconds. + +The diagram below explains what happens behind the scenes to make this possible. + +

+ +

+ + +Step 1: The raw video data is captured by a microphone and camera. The data is sent to the server side. + +Step 2: The video data is compressed and encoded. For example, the compressing algorithm separates the background and other video elements. After compression, the video is encoded to standards such as H.264. The size of the video data is much smaller after this step. + +Step 3: The encoded data is divided into smaller segments, usually seconds in length, so it takes much less time to download or stream. + +Step 4: The segmented data is sent to the streaming server. The streaming server needs to support different devices and network conditions. This is called โ€˜Adaptive Bitrate Streaming.โ€™ This means we need to produce multiple files at different bitrates in steps 2 and 3. + +Step 5: The live streaming data is pushed to edge servers supported by CDN (Content Delivery Network.) Millions of viewers can watch the video from an edge server nearby. CDN significantly lowers data transmission latency. + +Step 6: The viewersโ€™ devices decode and decompress the video data and play the video in a video player. + +Steps 7 and 8: If the video needs to be stored for replay, the encoded data is sent to a storage server, and viewers can request a replay from it later. + +Standard protocols for live streaming include: + +- RTMP (Real-Time Messaging Protocol): This was originally developed by Macromedia to transmit data between a Flash player and a server. Now it is used for streaming video data over the internet. Note that video conferencing applications like Skype use RTC (Real-Time Communication) protocol for lower latency. +- HLS (HTTP Live Streaming): It requires the H.264 or H.265 encoding. Apple devices accept only HLS format. +- DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP): DASH does not support Apple devices. +- Both HLS and DASH support adaptive bitrate streaming. + +## License + +

This work is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

From ee05b4aac8cca20387221f1aed92c43f2d09ae1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Deadintegral Date: Fri, 26 Jan 2024 20:19:09 +0900 Subject: [PATCH 02/16] docs: translate how to improve api performance --- translations/README-kr.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/translations/README-kr.md b/translations/README-kr.md index 5df8f36..d541326 100644 --- a/translations/README-kr.md +++ b/translations/README-kr.md @@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ PSP๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? ๋งค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์ƒ ### How to improve API performance? -The diagram below shows 5 common tricks to improve API performance. +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ API ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

@@ -250,23 +250,23 @@ The diagram below shows 5 common tricks to improve API performance. Pagination -This is a common optimization when the size of the result is large. The results are streaming back to the client to improve the service responsiveness. +์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํด ๋•Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์‘๋‹ต์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Asynchronous Logging -Synchronous logging deals with the disk for every call and can slow down the system. Asynchronous logging sends logs to a lock-free buffer first and immediately returns. The logs will be flushed to the disk periodically. This significantly reduces the I/O overhead. +๋™๊ธฐ์‹ ๋กœ๊น…์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ˜ธ์ถœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋””์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ ค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋™๊ธฐ ๋กœ๊น…์€ ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ž ๊ธˆ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฒ„ํผ๋กœ ๋จผ์ € ์ „์†กํ•œ ํ›„ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ I/O ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ—ค๋“œ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค„์–ด๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Caching -We can store frequently accessed data into a cache. The client can query the cache first instead of visiting the database directly. If there is a cache miss, the client can query from the database. Caches like Redis store data in memory, so the data access is much faster than the database. +์ž์ฃผ ์•ก์„ธ์Šคํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์บ์‹œ์— ์ €์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ์บ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ์ฟผ๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์บ์‹œ์— ๋ฏธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Redis์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์บ์‹œ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์— ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋น ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Payload Compression -The requests and responses can be compressed using gzip etc so that the transmitted data size is much smaller. This speeds up the upload and download. +์š”์ฒญ๊ณผ ์‘๋‹ต์€ gzip ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์••์ถ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ž‘์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์—…๋กœ๋“œ์™€ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Connection Pool -When accessing resources, we often need to load data from the database. Opening the closing db connections adds significant overhead. So we should connect to the db via a pool of open connections. The connection pool is responsible for managing the connection lifecycle. +๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค์— ์•ก์„ธ์Šคํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋กœ๋“œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข…์ข… ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ซํ˜€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์ปค๋„ฅ์…˜์„ ์—ด๋ฉด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ—ค๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜คํ”ˆ ์ปค๋„ฅ์…˜ ํ’€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปค๋„ฅ์…˜ ํ’€์€ ์ปค๋„ฅ์…˜ ๋ผ์ดํ”„์‚ฌ์ดํด์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### HTTP 1.0 -> HTTP 1.1 -> HTTP 2.0 -> HTTP 3.0 (QUIC) From 4f760eb96ea08687904f2f1affcadd272393c0a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Deadintegral Date: Sat, 27 Jan 2024 22:52:46 +0900 Subject: [PATCH 03/16] docs: translate to uniform resource --- translations/README-kr.md | 157 +++++++++++++++++++------------------- 1 file changed, 78 insertions(+), 79 deletions(-) diff --git a/translations/README-kr.md b/translations/README-kr.md index d541326..4e018bb 100644 --- a/translations/README-kr.md +++ b/translations/README-kr.md @@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Whether you're preparing for a System Design Interview or you simply want to understand how systems work beneath the surface, we hope this repository will help you achieve that. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋””์ž์ธ ๋ฉด์ ‘์„ ์ค€๋น„ ์ค‘์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹  ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. # Table of Contents @@ -196,13 +195,13 @@ RPC(Remote Procedure Call)๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค 1๋‹จ๊ณ„: ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์—์„œ REST ํ˜ธ์ถœ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. request body๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ JSON ํฌ๋งท์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -2-4๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์ฃผ๋ฌธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค(gRPC ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ)๊ฐ€ REST ํ˜ธ์ถœ์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— RPC ํ˜ธ์ถœ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. gRPC๋Š” **client stub**์„ ๋ฐ”์ด๋„ˆ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋กœ์šฐ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŠธ๋žœ์ŠคํฌํŠธ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋กœ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +2-4๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์ฃผ๋ฌธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค(gRPC ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ)๊ฐ€ REST ํ˜ธ์ถœ์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— RPC ํ˜ธ์ถœ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. gRPC๋Š” **client stub**์„ ๋ฐ”์ด๋„ˆ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋กœ์šฐ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์ „์†ก ๊ณ„์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 5๋‹จ๊ณ„: gRPC๊ฐ€ HTTP2๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด๋„ˆ๋ฆฌ ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ๊ณผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด gRPC๋Š” JSON๋ณด๋‹ค 5๋ฐฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 6-8๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค(gRPC ์„œ๋ฒ„)๊ฐ€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋””์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•œ ํ›„ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ํ˜ธ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -9-11๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์„œ๋ฒ„ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠธ๋žœ์ŠคํฌํŠธ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +9-11๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์„œ๋ฒ„ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์†ก ๊ณ„์ธต์œผ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 12-14๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์ฃผ๋ฌธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋””์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -223,8 +222,8 @@ RPC(Remote Procedure Call)๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์š”์ฒญ์„ PSP์— ์ „์†กํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ PSP์— ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฌป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด PSP๋Š” ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ์ˆ ํด๋ง์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -* ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํด๋งํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -* ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์™€ ์ง์ ‘ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์ทจ์•ฝ์ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํด๋งํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์™€ ์ง์ ‘ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์ทจ์•ฝ์ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. **2. ์›นํ›… Webhook**ย  @@ -270,35 +269,35 @@ Connection Pool ### HTTP 1.0 -> HTTP 1.1 -> HTTP 2.0 -> HTTP 3.0 (QUIC) -What problem does each generation of HTTP solve? +๊ฐ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ HTTP๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? -The diagram below illustrates the key features. +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ฃผ์š” ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-- HTTP 1.0 was finalized and fully documented in 1996. Every request to the same server requires a separate TCP connection. +- HTTP 1.0์€ 1996๋…„์— ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฌธ์„œํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์ผํ•œ ์„œ๋ฒ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์š”์ฒญ์—๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„์˜ TCP ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- HTTP 1.1 was published in 1997. A TCP connection can be left open for reuse (persistent connection), but it doesnโ€™t solve the HOL (head-of-line) blocking issue. +- HTTP 1.1์€ 1997๋…„์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. TCP ์ปค๋„ฅ์…˜์€ ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ(persistent connection)์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ด์–ด๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, HOL(head-of-line) ์ฐจ๋‹จ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - HOL blocking - when the number of allowed parallel requests in the browser is used up, subsequent requests need to wait for the former ones to complete. + HOL ์ฐจ๋‹จ - ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์ €์—์„œ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ์š”์ฒญ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํ›„์† ์š”์ฒญ์€ ์ด์ „ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- HTTP 2.0 was published in 2015. It addresses HOL issue through request multiplexing, which eliminates HOL blocking at the application layer, but HOL still exists at the transport (TCP) layer. +- HTTP 2.0์€ 2015๋…„์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์š”์ฒญ ๋‹ค์ค‘ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด HOL ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์‘์šฉ ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ HOL ์ฐจ๋‹จ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „์†ก(TCP) ๊ณ„์ธต์—๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ HOL์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - As you can see in the diagram, HTTP 2.0 introduced the concept of HTTP โ€œstreamsโ€: an abstraction that allows multiplexing different HTTP exchanges onto the same TCP connection. Each stream doesnโ€™t need to be sent in order. + ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด HTTP 2.0์€ ๋™์ผํ•œ TCP ์ปค๋„ฅ์…˜์— ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ HTTP ๊ตํ™˜์„ ๋‹ค์ค‘ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”์ƒํ™” ๊ฐœ๋…์ธ HTTP "steam"์„ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์„ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- HTTP 3.0 first draft was published in 2020. It is the proposed successor to HTTP 2.0. It uses QUIC instead of TCP for the underlying transport protocol, thus removing HOL blocking in the transport layer. +- HTTP 3.0 ์ดˆ์•ˆ์€ 2020๋…„์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. HTTP 2.0์˜ ํ›„์† ๋ฒ„์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํŠธ๋žœ์ŠคํฌํŠธ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ๋กœ TCP ๋Œ€์‹  QUIC์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ „์†ก ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ HOL ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -QUIC is based on UDP. It introduces streams as first-class citizens at the transport layer. QUIC streams share the same QUIC connection, so no additional handshakes and slow starts are required to create new ones, but QUIC streams are delivered independently such that in most cases packet loss affecting one stream doesn't affect others. +QUIC์€ UDP๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ „์†ก ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์„ ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ํด๋ž˜์Šค ์‹œํ‹ฐ์ฆŒ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. QUIC ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์€ ๋™์ผํ•œ QUIC ์ปค๋„ฅ์…˜์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ƒˆ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ํ•ธ๋“œ์…ฐ์ดํฌ๋‚˜ ์Šฌ๋กœ์šฐ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ท ์†์‹ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### SOAP vs REST vs GraphQL vs RPC -The diagram below illustrates the API timeline and API styles comparison. +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ API ํƒ€์ž„๋ผ์ธ๊ณผ API ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Over time, different API architectural styles are released. Each of them has its own patterns of standardizing data exchange. +์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ API ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์ด ์ถœ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์—๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตํ™˜์„ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -You can check out the use cases of each style in the diagram. +๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๊ฐ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

@@ -307,28 +306,28 @@ You can check out the use cases of each style in the diagram. ### Code First vs. API First -The diagram below shows the differences between code-first development and API-first development. Why do we want to consider API first design? +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ฝ”๋“œ ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ API ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. API ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?

-- Microservices increase system complexity and we have separate services to serve different functions of the system. While this kind of architecture facilitates decoupling and segregation of duty, we need to handle the various communications among services. +- ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋Š” ์—…๋ฌด์˜ ๋””์ปคํ”Œ๋ง๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -It is better to think through the system's complexity before writing the code and carefully defining the boundaries of the services. +์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Separate functional teams need to speak the same language and the dedicated functional teams are only responsible for their own components and services. It is recommended that the organization speak the same language via API design. +- ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์กฐ์ง์€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ชฉ์ ์กฐ์ง์€ ์ž์ฒด ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ์™€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—๋งŒ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. API ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ์ง์ด ๋™์ผํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -We can mock requests and responses to validate the API design before writing code. +์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์š”์ฒญ๊ณผ ์‘๋‹ต์„ ๋ชจ์˜๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ API ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Improve software quality and developer productivity Since we have ironed out most of the uncertainties when the project starts, the overall development process is smoother, and the software quality is greatly improved. +- ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ํ’ˆ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋  ๋•Œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋” ์›ํ™œํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Developers are happy about the process as well because they can focus on functional development instead of negotiating sudden changes. +๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋Š” ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์— ๋งŒ์กฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -The possibility of having surprises toward the end of the project lifecycle is reduced. +ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ๋ผ์ดํ”„์‚ฌ์ดํด์ด ๋๋‚  ๋ฌด๋ ต์— ์„œํ”„๋ผ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Because we have designed the API first, the tests can be designed while the code is being developed. In a way, we also have TDD (Test Driven Design) when using API first development. +API๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ์„ค๊ณ„ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” API ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ TDD(Test Driven Design)๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### HTTP status codes @@ -337,137 +336,137 @@ Because we have designed the API first, the tests can be designed while the code

-The response codes for HTTP are divided into five categories: +HTTP์˜ ์‘๋‹ต ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Informational (100-199) -Success (200-299) -Redirection (300-399) -Client Error (400-499) -Server Error (500-599) +Informational (100-199) +Success (200-299) +Redirection (300-399) +Client Error (400-499) +Server Error (500-599) ### What does API gateway do? -The diagram below shows the details. +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-Step 1 - The client sends an HTTP request to the API gateway. +1๋‹จ๊ณ„ - ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด์— HTTP ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 2 - The API gateway parses and validates the attributes in the HTTP request. +2๋‹จ๊ณ„ - API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๊ฐ€ HTTP ์š”์ฒญ์˜ ์–ดํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐํŠธ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์‹ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 3 - The API gateway performs allow-list/deny-list checks. +3๋‹จ๊ณ„ - API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๊ฐ€ allow-list/deny-list ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 4 - The API gateway talks to an identity provider for authentication and authorization. +4๋‹จ๊ณ„ - API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ฆ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ID ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž์™€ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 5 - The rate limiting rules are applied to the request. If it is over the limit, the request is rejected. +5๋‹จ๊ณ„ - ์š”์ฒญ์— ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํŠธ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉด ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Steps 6 and 7 - Now that the request has passed basic checks, the API gateway finds the relevant service to route to by path matching. +6,7๋‹จ๊ณ„ - ์š”์ฒญ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด์ œ API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๊ฐ€ path ๋งค์นญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ผ์šฐํŒ…ํ•  ๊ด€๋ จ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 8 - The API gateway transforms the request into the appropriate protocol and sends it to backend microservices. +8๋‹จ๊ณ„ - API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๊ฐ€ ์š”์ฒญ์„ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Steps 9-12: The API gateway can handle errors properly, and deals with faults if the error takes a longer time to recover (circuit break). It can also leverage ELK (Elastic-Logstash-Kibana) stack for logging and monitoring. We sometimes cache data in the API gateway. +9-12๋‹จ๊ณ„: API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.(circuit break) ๋˜ํ•œ ๋กœ๊น…๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ELK(Elastic-Logstash-Kibana) ์Šคํƒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์บ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### How do we design effective and safe APIs? -The diagram below shows typical API designs with a shopping cart example. +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์นดํŠธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ API ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-Note that API design is not just URL path design. Most of the time, we need to choose the proper resource names, identifiers, and path patterns. It is equally important to design proper HTTP header fields or to design effective rate-limiting rules within the API gateway. +API ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ URL path ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค ์ด๋ฆ„, ์‹๋ณ„์ž, path ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ์ ˆํ•œ HTTP ํ—ค๋” ํ•„๋“œ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ rate limit ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### TCP/IP encapsulation -How is data sent over the network? Why do we need so many layers in the OSI model? +๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ „์†ก๋˜๋‚˜์š”? OSI ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ„์ธต์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? -The diagram below shows how data is encapsulated and de-encapsulated when transmitting over the network. +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•  ๋•Œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์บก์Šํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์บก์Šํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์ œ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-Step 1: When Device A sends data to Device B over the network via the HTTP protocol, it is first added an HTTP header at the application layer. +1๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค A๊ฐ€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์ƒ์˜ HTTP ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฅ์น˜ B๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•  ๋•Œ, ๋จผ์ € ์‘์šฉ ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ HTTP ํ—ค๋”๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 2: Then a TCP or a UDP header is added to the data. It is encapsulated into TCP segments at the transport layer. The header contains the source port, destination port, and sequence number. +2๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ TCP ํ˜น์€ UDP ํ—ค๋”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ—ค๋”๋Š” ์ „์†ก ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ TCP ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ๋กœ ์บก์Šํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—ค๋”์—๋Š” ์†Œ์Šค ํฌํŠธ, ๋ฐ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋„ค์ด์…˜ ํฌํŠธ, ์‹œํ€€์Šค ๋„˜๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 3: The segments are then encapsulated with an IP header at the network layer. The IP header contains the source/destination IP addresses. +3๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ IP ํ—ค๋”๋กœ ์บก์Šํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. IP ํ—ค๋”์—๋Š” ์†Œ์Šค/๋ฐ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋„ค์ด์…˜ IP ์ฃผ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 4: The IP datagram is added a MAC header at the data link layer, with source/destination MAC addresses. +4๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋งํฌ ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ IP ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์†Œ์Šค/๋ฐ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋„ค์ด์…˜ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ MAC ํ—ค๋”๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 5: The encapsulated frames are sent to the physical layer and sent over the network in binary bits. +5๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์บก์Šํ™”๋œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„์ธต์œผ๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋˜๊ณ  ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 2์ง„์ˆ˜ ๋น„ํŠธ๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Steps 6-10: When Device B receives the bits from the network, it performs the de-encapsulation process, which is a reverse processing of the encapsulation process. The headers are removed layer by layer, and eventually, Device B can read the data. +6-10๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค B๊ฐ€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ๋น„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์บก์Šํ™” ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์˜ ์—ญ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์ธ ์บก์Šํ™” ํ•ด์ œ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—ค๋”๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์ธต์”ฉ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค B๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -We need layers in the network model because each layer focuses on its own responsibilities. Each layer can rely on the headers for processing instructions and does not need to know the meaning of the data from the last layer. +๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๊ณ„์ธต์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ธต์ด ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ธต์€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์ง€์นจ์„ ํ—ค๋”์— ์˜์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์•Œ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### Why is Nginx called a โ€œreverseโ€ proxy? -The diagram below shows the differences between a ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ฐ๐š๐ซ๐ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฑ๐ฒ and a ๐ซ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐ž ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฑ๐ฒ. +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ฐ๐š๐ซ๐ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฑ๐ฒ ์™€ ๐ซ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐ž ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฑ๐ฒ ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-A forward proxy is a server that sits between user devices and the internet. +ํฌ์›Œ๋“œ ํ”„๋ก์‹œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค์™€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฒ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -A forward proxy is commonly used for: +ํฌ์›Œ๋“œ ํ”„๋ก์‹œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -1. Protecting clients -2. Circumventing browsing restrictions -3. Blocking access to certain content +1. ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ๋ณดํ˜ธ +2. ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์ง• ์ œ์•ฝ ์šฐํšŒํ•˜๊ธฐ +3. ํŠน์ • ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ์ฐจ๋‹จ -A reverse proxy is a server that accepts a request from the client, forwards the request to web servers, and returns the results to the client as if the proxy server had processed the request. +๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„์Šค ํ”„๋ก์‹œ๋Š” ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์›น ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ ์š”์ฒญ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•œ ํ›„ ํ”„๋ก์‹œ ์„œ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์š”์ฒญ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ๋ฒ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -A reverse proxy is good for: +๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„์Šค ํ”„๋ก์‹œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์œ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -1. Protecting servers -2. Load balancing -3. Caching static contents -4. Encrypting and decrypting SSL communications +1. ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ +2. ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์‹ฑ +3. ์ •์  ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ์บ์‹ฑ +4. SSL ํ†ต์‹  ์•”ํ˜ธํ™” ๋ฐ ๋ณตํ˜ธํ™” ### What are the common load-balancing algorithms? -The diagram below shows 6 common algorithms. +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ 6๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-- Static Algorithms +- ์ •์  ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 1. Round robin - The client requests are sent to different service instances in sequential order. The services are usually required to be stateless. + ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ์š”์ฒญ์€ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ธ์Šคํ„ด์Šค๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šคํ…Œ์ดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šค(๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค)์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3. Sticky round-robin - This is an improvement of the round-robin algorithm. If Aliceโ€™s first request goes to service A, the following requests go to service A as well. + ์ด๋Š” ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๋กœ๋นˆ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•จ๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค A๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ ์š”์ฒญ๋„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค A๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 4. Weighted round-robin - The admin can specify the weight for each service. The ones with a higher weight handle more requests than others. + ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋Š” ๊ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์š”์ฒญ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 6. Hash - This algorithm applies a hash function on the incoming requestsโ€™ IP or URL. The requests are routed to relevant instances based on the hash function result. + ์ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์š”์ฒญ์˜ IP ๋˜๋Š” URL์— ํ•ด์‹œ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์š”์ฒญ์€ ํ•ด์‹œ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์Šคํ„ด์Šค๋กœ ๋ผ์šฐํŒ…๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Dynamic Algorithms +- ๋™์  ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 5. Least connections - A new request is sent to the service instance with the least concurrent connections. + ๋™์‹œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ธ์Šคํ„ด์Šค๋กœ ์ƒˆ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์ „์†ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 7. Least response time - A new request is sent to the service instance with the fastest response time. + ์ƒˆ ์š”์ฒญ์€ ์‘๋‹ต ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ธ์Šคํ„ด์Šค๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### URL, URI, URN - Do you know the differences? -The diagram below shows a comparison of URL, URI, and URN. +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ URL, URI, URN์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

@@ -475,20 +474,20 @@ The diagram below shows a comparison of URL, URI, and URN. - URI -URI stands for Uniform Resource Identifier. It identifies a logical or physical resource on the web. URL and URN are subtypes of URI. URL locates a resource, while URN names a resource. +URI์€ Uniform Resource Identifier์˜ ์•ฝ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›น์—์„œ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. URL๊ณผ URN์€ URI์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ์œ ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. URL์€ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ  URN์€ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ง€์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -A URI is composed of the following parts: +URI๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. scheme:[//authority]path[?query][#fragment] - URL -URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, the key concept of HTTP. It is the address of a unique resource on the web. It can be used with other protocols like FTP and JDBC. +URL์€ Uniform Resource Locator์˜ ์•ฝ์ž๋กœ, HTTP์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ฐœ๋…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›น์—์„œ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค์˜ ์ฃผ์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FTP์™€ JDBC์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - URN -URN stands for Uniform Resource Name. It uses the urn scheme. URNs cannot be used to locate a resource. A simple example given in the diagram is composed of a namespace and a namespace-specific string. +URN์€ Uniform Resource Name์˜ ์•ฝ์ž๋กœ, urn ์Šคํ‚ค๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. URN์€ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ๋„ค์ž„์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค์™€ ๋„ค์ž„์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค ํŠน์ • ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -If you would like to learn more detail on the subject, I would recommend [W3Cโ€™s clarification](https://www.w3.org/TR/uri-clarification/). +์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. [W3Cโ€™s clarification](https://www.w3.org/TR/uri-clarification/). ## CI/CD From c20676074b5b5d71efbc03cf3f7b52b7337bf1cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Deadintegral Date: Sun, 28 Jan 2024 14:03:23 +0900 Subject: [PATCH 04/16] docs: translate CICD --- translations/README-kr.md | 48 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------- 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-) diff --git a/translations/README-kr.md b/translations/README-kr.md index 4e018bb..856a119 100644 --- a/translations/README-kr.md +++ b/translations/README-kr.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ ใ€‘

-ByteByteGoHq%2Fsystem-design-101 | Trendshift +ByteByteGoHq%2Fsystem-design-101 | Trendshift # System Design 101 @@ -497,28 +497,28 @@ URN์€ Uniform Resource Name์˜ ์•ฝ์ž๋กœ, urn ์Šคํ‚ค๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. URN

-Section 1 - SDLC with CI/CD +์„น์…˜ 1 - CI/CD๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ฃผ๊ธฐ -The software development life cycle (SDLC) consists of several key stages: development, testing, deployment, and maintenance. CI/CD automates and integrates these stages to enable faster and more reliable releases. +์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ฃผ๊ธฐ(SDLC)๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ, ๋ฐฐํฌ, ์œ ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CI/CD๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ž๋™ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -When code is pushed to a git repository, it triggers an automated build and test process. End-to-end (e2e) test cases are run to validate the code. If tests pass, the code can be automatically deployed to staging/production. If issues are found, the code is sent back to development for bug fixing. This automation provides fast feedback to developers and reduces the risk of bugs in production. +์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ git ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ์— ํ‘ธ์‹œ๋˜๋ฉด ์ž๋™ํ™”๋œ ๋นŒ๋“œ ๋ฐ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—”๋“œํˆฌ์—”๋“œ(e2e) ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ์ผ€์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง•/ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐํฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์Šˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋ฉด ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฒ„๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž๋™ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ ์†ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ„๊ทธ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Section 2 - Difference between CI and CD +์„น์…˜ 2 - CI์™€ CD์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์  -Continuous Integration (CI) automates the build, test, and merge process. It runs tests whenever code is committed to detect integration issues early. This encourages frequent code commits and rapid feedback. +Continuous Integration(CI)์€ ๋นŒ๋“œ, ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ, ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ž๋™ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ปค๋ฐ‹๋  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ด์Šˆ๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฝ”๋“œ ์ปค๋ฐ‹์„ ์ž์ฃผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Continuous Delivery (CD) automates release processes like infrastructure changes and deployment. It ensures software can be released reliably at any time through automated workflows. CD may also automate the manual testing and approval steps required before production deployment. +Continuous Delivery(CD)๋Š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ๋ฐฐํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ž๋™ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋™ํ™”๋œ ์›Œํฌํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šคํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ CD๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ๋ฐฐํฌ ์ „์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฉ”๋‰ด์–ผ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ์Šน์ธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ž๋™ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Section 3 - CI/CD Pipeline +์„น์…˜ 3 - CI/CD ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋ผ์ธ -A typical CI/CD pipeline has several connected stages: -- The developer commits code changes to the source control -- CI server detects changes and triggers the build -- Code is compiled, and tested (unit, integration tests) -- Test results reported to the developer -- On success, artifacts are deployed to staging environments -- Further testing may be done on staging before release -- CD system deploys approved changes to production +์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ CI/CD ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋ผ์ธ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”๋“œ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์†Œ์Šค ์ปจํŠธ๋กค์— ์ปค๋ฐ‹ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- CI ์„œ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋นŒ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ๋˜๊ณ  ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(๋‹จ์œ„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ, ํ†ตํ•ฉ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ). +- ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„ํ‹ฐํŒฉํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง• ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋ฐฐํฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ „์— ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง• ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- CD ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์Šน์ธํ•œ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜์— ๋ฐฐํฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### Netflix Tech Stack (CI/CD Pipeline) @@ -526,21 +526,21 @@ A typical CI/CD pipeline has several connected stages:

-Planning: Netflix Engineering uses JIRA for planning and Confluence for documentation. +ํ”Œ๋ž˜๋‹: ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง์€ ํ”Œ๋ž˜๋‹์—๋Š” JIRA๋ฅผ, ๋ฌธ์„œํ™”์—๋Š” Confluence๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Coding: Java is the primary programming language for the backend service, while other languages are used for different use cases. +์ฝ”๋”ฉ: Java๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ ์–ธ์–ด์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์œ ์ฆˆ์ผ€์ด์Šค์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Build: Gradle is mainly used for building, and Gradle plugins are built to support various use cases. +๋นŒ๋“œ: Gradle์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋นŒ๋“œ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, Gradle ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ทธ์ธ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ์Šค์ผ€์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Packaging: Package and dependencies are packed into an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) for release. +ํŒจํ‚ค์ง•: ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ฐ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์€ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•„๋งˆ์กด ๋จธ์‹  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€(AMI)์— ํŒจํ‚ค์ง•๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Testing: Testing emphasizes the production culture's focus on building chaos tools. +ํ…Œ์ŠคํŒ…: Testing emphasizes the production culture's focus on building chaos tools. -Deployment: Netflix uses its self-built Spinnaker for canary rollout deployment. +๋ฐฐํฌ: ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค๋Š” ์นด๋‚˜๋ฆฌ ๋กค์•„์›ƒ ๋ฐฐํฌ์— ์ž์ฒด ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•œ Spinnaker๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Monitoring: The monitoring metrics are centralized in Atlas, and Kayenta is used to detect anomalies. +๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง: ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” Atlas์—์„œ ์ค‘์•™ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ƒ ์ง•ํ›„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ Kayenta๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Incident report: Incidents are dispatched according to priority, and PagerDuty is used for incident handling. +์ธ์‹œ๋˜ํŠธ ๋ฆฌํฌํŠธ: ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธ์‹œ๋˜ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์†ก๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด PagerDuty๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ## Architecture patterns From c2a9c79c6ad898ef2ae9a3cd4d7e2679f1591ee0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Deadintegral Date: Sun, 28 Jan 2024 22:40:26 +0900 Subject: [PATCH 05/16] docs: translate to database cache --- translations/README-kr.md | 146 +++++++++++++++++++------------------- 1 file changed, 73 insertions(+), 73 deletions(-) diff --git a/translations/README-kr.md b/translations/README-kr.md index 856a119..815d6b0 100644 --- a/translations/README-kr.md +++ b/translations/README-kr.md @@ -544,21 +544,21 @@ Continuous Delivery(CD)๋Š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ๋ฐฐํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ ## Architecture patterns -### MVC, MVP, MVVM, MVVM-C, and VIPER -These architecture patterns are among the most commonly used in app development, whether on iOS or Android platforms. Developers have introduced them to overcome the limitations of earlier patterns. So, how do they differ? +### MVC, MVP, MVVM, MVVM-C, VIPER +์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ ํŒจํ„ด์€ iOS, Android ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์—์„œ ์•ฑ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‹œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด์ „ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ๊นŒ์š”?

-- MVC, the oldest pattern, dates back almost 50 years -- Every pattern has a "view" (V) responsible for displaying content and receiving user input -- Most patterns include a "model" (M) to manage business data -- "Controller," "presenter," and "view-model" are translators that mediate between the view and the model ("entity" in the VIPER pattern) +- ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ํŒจํ„ด์ธ MVC๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ 50๋…„ ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ๋ชจ๋“  ํŒจํ„ด์—๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ž…๋ ฅ์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” 'view'(V)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์—๋Š” ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ 'model'(M)์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- "Controller", " presenter", "view-model"์€ ๋ทฐ์™€ ๋ชจ๋ธ(VIPER ํŒจํ„ด์˜ "entity") ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### 18 Key Design Patterns Every Developer Should Know -Patterns are reusable solutions to common design problems, resulting in a smoother, more efficient development process. They serve as blueprints for building better software structures. These are some of the most popular patterns: +ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณด๋‹ค ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒจํ„ด์€ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒญ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

@@ -591,83 +591,83 @@ Patterns are reusable solutions to common design problems, resulting in a smooth

-Choosing the right database for your project is a complex task. Many database options, each suited to distinct use cases, can quickly lead to decision fatigue. +ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ์ฆˆ์ผ€์ด์Šค์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์˜ต์…˜์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉด ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋กœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -We hope this cheat sheet provides high-level direction to pinpoint the right service that aligns with your project's needs and avoid potential pitfalls. +์ด ์น˜ํŠธ์‹œํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋งž๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ํ•จ์ •์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Note: Google has limited documentation for their database use cases. Even though we did our best to look at what was available and arrived at the best option, some of the entries may need to be more accurate. +์ฐธ๊ณ : Google์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์œ ์ฆˆ์ผ€์ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### 8 Data Structures That Power Your Databases -The answer will vary depending on your use case. Data can be indexed in memory or on disk. Similarly, data formats vary, such as numbers, strings, geographic coordinates, etc. The system might be write-heavy or read-heavy. All of these factors affect your choice of database index format. +์ •๋‹ต์€ ์œ ์ฆˆ์ผ€์ด์Šค์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํฌ๋งท๋„ ๋„˜๋ฒ„, ์ŠคํŠธ๋ง, ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์ขŒํ‘œ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค ํฌ๋งท ์„ ํƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-The following are some of the most popular data structures used for indexing data: +๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ธ๋ฑ์‹ฑ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Skiplist: a common in-memory index type. Used in Redis -- Hash index: a very common implementation of the โ€œMapโ€ data structure (or โ€œCollectionโ€) -- SSTable: immutable on-disk โ€œMapโ€ implementation -- LSM tree: Skiplist + SSTable. High write throughput -- B-tree: disk-based solution. Consistent read/write performance -- Inverted index: used for document indexing. Used in Lucene -- Suffix tree: for string pattern search -- R-tree: multi-dimension search, such as finding the nearest neighbor +- Skiplist: ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค ํƒ€์ž…์œผ๋กœ, Redis์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ. +- Hash index: "Map" ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ(๋˜๋Š” "Collection")์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ตฌํ˜„. +- SSTable: ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ์ด๋ฎคํ„ฐ๋ธ” 'Map' ๊ตฌํ˜„ +- LSM tree: Skiplist + SSTable. ๋†’์€ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰. +- B-tree: ๋””์Šคํฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜. ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ์ฝ๊ธฐ/์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ. +- Inverted index: ๋„ํ๋จผํŠธ ์ธ๋ฑ์‹ฑ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ. ๋ฃจ์”ฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ. +- Suffix tree: ์ŠคํŠธ๋ง ํŒจํ„ด ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰. +- R-tree: ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ด์›ƒ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์› ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰. ### How is an SQL statement executed in the database? -The diagram below shows the process. Note that the architectures for different databases are different, the diagram demonstrates some common designs. +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋งˆ๋‹ค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-Step 1 - A SQL statement is sent to the database via a transport layer protocol (e.g.TCP). +1๋‹จ๊ณ„ - SQL ๋ฌธ์€ ์ „์†ก ๊ณ„์ธต ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ(์˜ˆ: TCP)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 2 - The SQL statement is sent to the command parser, where it goes through syntactic and semantic analysis, and a query tree is generated afterward. +2๋‹จ๊ณ„ - SQL ๋ฌธ์€ command parser๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋˜์–ด ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ ์˜๋ฏธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ํ›„ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 3 - The query tree is sent to the optimizer. The optimizer creates an execution plan. +3๋‹จ๊ณ„ - ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ optimizer๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. optimizer๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 4 - The execution plan is sent to the executor. The executor retrieves data from the execution. +4๋‹จ๊ณ„ - ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ณ„ํš์ด executor์—๊ฒŒ ์ „์†ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. executor๋Š” ์ต์Šคํ์…˜์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 5 - Access methods provide the data fetching logic required for execution, retrieving data from the storage engine. +5๋‹จ๊ณ„ - Access methods๋Š” ์‹คํ–‰์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํŽ˜์นญ ๋กœ์ง์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์—”์ง„์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 6 - Access methods decide whether the SQL statement is read-only. If the query is read-only (SELECT statement), it is passed to the buffer manager for further processing. The buffer manager looks for the data in the cache or data files. +6๋‹จ๊ณ„ - Access methods๋Š” SQL ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์ „์šฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์ „์šฉ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(SELECT ๋ฌธ), ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด buffer manager์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. buffer manager๋Š” ์บ์‹œ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํŒŒ์ผ์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 7 - If the statement is an UPDATE or INSERT, it is passed to the transaction manager for further processing. +7๋‹จ๊ณ„ - UPDATE ํ˜น์€ INSERT ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด transaction manager์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 8 - During a transaction, the data is in lock mode. This is guaranteed by the lock manager. It also ensures the transactionโ€™s ACID properties. +8๋‹จ๊ณ„ - ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ž ๊ฒจ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” lock manager์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณด์žฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜์˜ ACID ํ”„๋กœํผํ‹ฐ๋„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### CAP theorem -The CAP theorem is one of the most famous terms in computer science, but I bet different developers have different understandings. Letโ€™s examine what it is and why it can be confusing. +CAP ์ •๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์šฉ์–ด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ฉฐ ์™œ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-CAP theorem states that a distributed system can't provide more than two of these three guarantees simultaneously. +CAP ์ •๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณด์žฅ ์ค‘ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์ƒ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -**Consistency**: consistency means all clients see the same data at the same time no matter which node they connect to. +**Consistency**: ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ๋…ธ๋“œ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋“  ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -**Availability**: availability means any client that requests data gets a response even if some of the nodes are down. +**Availability**: ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋…ธ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์šด๋˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์‘๋‹ต์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -**Partition Tolerance**: a partition indicates a communication break between two nodes. Partition tolerance means the system continues to operate despite network partitions. +**Partition Tolerance**: ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์…˜์€ ๋‘ ๋…ธ๋“œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ†ต์‹  ๋‹จ์ ˆ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์…˜ ๋˜˜๋ ˆ๋ž‘์Šค๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์…˜์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์† ์ž‘๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -The โ€œ2 of 3โ€ formulation can be useful, **but this simplification could be misleading**. +"์…‹ ์ค‘ ๋‘˜" ๊ณต์‹์€ ์œ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ **์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”๋Š” ์˜คํ•ด์˜ ์†Œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค**. -1. Picking a database is not easy. Justifying our choice purely based on the CAP theorem is not enough. For example, companies don't choose Cassandra for chat applications simply because it is an AP system. There is a list of good characteristics that make Cassandra a desirable option for storing chat messages. We need to dig deeper. +1. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CAP ์ •๋ฆฌ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒ์„ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ AP ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„ํŒ… ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด Cassandra๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฑ„ํŒ… ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด Cassandra๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ์˜ต์…˜์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋“ค ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -2. โ€œCAP prohibits only a tiny part of the design space: perfect availability and consistency in the presence of partitions, which are rareโ€. Quoted from the paper: CAP Twelve Years Later: How the โ€œRulesโ€ Have Changed. +2. "CAP๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ทนํžˆ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„, ์ฆ‰ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์…˜์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ญ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ธ์šฉ: CAP Twelve Years Later: How the "Rules" Have Changed. -3. The theorem is about 100% availability and consistency. A more realistic discussion would be the trade-offs between latency and consistency when there is no network partition. See PACELC theorem for more details. +3. ์ด ์ •๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ฝ 100%์˜ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์…˜์ด ์—†์„ ๋•Œ ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ ˆ์ถฉ์•ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ PACELC ์ •๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”. **Is the CAP theorem actually useful?** -I think it is still useful as it opens our minds to a set of tradeoff discussions, but it is only part of the story. We need to dig deeper when picking the right database. +์ ˆ์ถฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### Types of Memory and Storage @@ -682,68 +682,68 @@ I think it is still useful as it opens our minds to a set of tradeoff discussion

-SQL statements are executed by the database system in several steps, including: +SQL ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ์‹คํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Parsing the SQL statement and checking its validity -- Transforming the SQL into an internal representation, such as relational algebra -- Optimizing the internal representation and creating an execution plan that utilizes index information -- Executing the plan and returning the results +- SQL๋ฌธ ํŒŒ์‹ฑ๊ณผ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ +- SQL์„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Œ€์ˆ˜(relational algebra) ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ +- ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ณ„ํš ์ƒ์„ฑ +- ๊ณ„ํš ์‹คํ–‰ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ -The execution of SQL is highly complex and involves many considerations, such as: +SQL ์‹คํ–‰์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- The use of indexes and caches -- The order of table joins -- Concurrency control -- Transaction management +- ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค ๋ฐ ์บ์‹œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ +- ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ” ์กฐ์ธ ์ˆœ์„œ +- ๋™์‹œ์„ฑ ์ œ์–ด +- ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ### SQL language -In 1986, SQL (Structured Query Language) became a standard. Over the next 40 years, it became the dominant language for relational database management systems. Reading the latest standard (ANSI SQL 2016) can be time-consuming. How can I learn it? +1986๋…„, SQL(Structured Query Language)์ด ํ‘œ์ค€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ 40๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ˜• ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์‹  ํ‘œ์ค€(ANSI SQL 2016)์„ ์ฝ๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์†Œ์š”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?

-There are 5 components of the SQL language: +SQL ์–ธ์–ด์—๋Š” 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- DDL: data definition language, such as CREATE, ALTER, DROP -- DQL: data query language, such as SELECT -- DML: data manipulation language, such as INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE -- DCL: data control language, such as GRANT, REVOKE -- TCL: transaction control language, such as COMMIT, ROLLBACK +- DDL: data definition language. ์˜ˆ: CREATE, ALTER, DROP +- DQL: data query language. ์˜ˆ: SELECT +- DML: data manipulation language. ์˜ˆ: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE +- DCL: data control language. ์˜ˆ: GRANT, REVOKE +- TCL: transaction control language. ์˜ˆ: COMMIT, ROLLBACK -For a backend engineer, you may need to know most of it. As a data analyst, you may need to have a good understanding of DQL. Select the topics that are most relevant to you. +๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€๋ผ๋ฉด DQL์„ ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ## Cache ### Data is cached everywhere -This diagram illustrates where we cache data in a typical architecture. +์ด ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์บ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-There are **multiple layers** along the flow. +ํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ **multiple layers** ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -1. Client apps: HTTP responses can be cached by the browser. We request data over HTTP for the first time, and it is returned with an expiry policy in the HTTP header; we request data again, and the client app tries to retrieve the data from the browser cache first. -2. CDN: CDN caches static web resources. The clients can retrieve data from a CDN node nearby. -3. Load Balancer: The load Balancer can cache resources as well. -4. Messaging infra: Message brokers store messages on disk first, and then consumers retrieve them at their own pace. Depending on the retention policy, the data is cached in Kafka clusters for a period of time. -5. Services: There are multiple layers of cache in a service. If the data is not cached in the CPU cache, the service will try to retrieve the data from memory. Sometimes the service has a second-level cache to store data on disk. -6. Distributed Cache: Distributed cache like Redis holds key-value pairs for multiple services in memory. It provides much better read/write performance than the database. -7. Full-text Search: we sometimes need to use full-text searches like Elastic Search for document search or log search. A copy of data is indexed in the search engine as well. -8. Database: Even in the database, we have different levels of caches: -- WAL(Write-ahead Log): data is written to WAL first before building the B tree index -- Bufferpool: A memory area allocated to cache query results -- Materialized View: Pre-compute query results and store them in the database tables for better query performance -- Transaction log: record all the transactions and database updates -- Replication Log: used to record the replication state in a database cluster +1. Client apps: HTTP ์‘๋‹ต์€ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์ €์— ์˜ํ•ด ์บ์‹œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. HTTP๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๋ฉด HTTP ํ—ค๋”์— ๋งŒ๋ฃŒ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๋ฉด ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ์•ฑ์ด ๋จผ์ € ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์ € ์บ์‹œ์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +2. CDN: CDN์€ ์ •์  ์›น ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์บ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๋Š” ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ CDN ๋…ธ๋“œ์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +3. Load Balancer: ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๋„ ์บ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +4. Messaging infra: Message brokers๊ฐ€ ๋จผ์ € ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ, consumers๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์†๋„์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌํ…์…˜ ํด๋ฆฌ์‹œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ผ์ • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์นดํ”„์นด ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์— ์บ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +5. Services: ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ์บ์‹œ ๊ณ„์ธต์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CPU ์บ์‹œ์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์บ์‹œ์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์บ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +6. Distributed Cache: Redis์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์บ์‹œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‚ค-๊ฐ’ ์Œ์„ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์ฝ๊ธฐ/์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +7. Full-text Search: ๋„ํ๋จผํŠธ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์ด๋‚˜ ๋กœ๊ทธ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด Elastic Search์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ’€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ณธ๋„ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ์—”์ง„์—์„œ ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +8. Database: ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์˜ ์บ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- WAL(Write-ahead Log): ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” B ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋จผ์ € WAL์— ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Bufferpool: ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์บ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ• ๋‹น๋œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์˜์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Materialized View: ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์— ์ €์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Transaction log: ๋ชจ๋“  ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Replication Log: ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ณต์ œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### Why is Redis so fast? -There are 3 main reasons as shown in the diagram below. +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

From 4f4af4c75235ead28e3cf83c7266856651e16845 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Deadintegral Date: Sun, 28 Jan 2024 23:27:22 +0900 Subject: [PATCH 06/16] docs: translate content table --- translations/README-kr.md | 176 +++++++++++++++++++------------------- 1 file changed, 88 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-) diff --git a/translations/README-kr.md b/translations/README-kr.md index 815d6b0..80ed9d3 100644 --- a/translations/README-kr.md +++ b/translations/README-kr.md @@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ - [Communication protocols](#communication-protocols) - [REST API vs. GraphQL](#rest-api-vs-graphql) - - [gRPC๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#how-does-grpc-work) + - [gRPC๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#grpc๋Š”-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”) - [webhook์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#what-is-a-webhook) - - [API ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#how-to-improve-api-performance) + - [API ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#api-์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„-๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”-๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€-๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”) - [HTTP 1.0 -\> HTTP 1.1 -\> HTTP 2.0 -\> HTTP 3.0 (QUIC)](#http-10---http-11---http-20---http-30-quic) - [SOAP vs REST vs GraphQL vs RPC](#soap-vs-rest-vs-graphql-vs-rpc) - [Code First vs. API First](#code-first-vs-api-first) @@ -36,74 +36,74 @@ - [API gateway๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#what-does-api-gateway-do) - [ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ API๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?](#how-do-we-design-effective-and-safe-apis) - [TCP/IP encapsulation](#tcpip-encapsulation) - - [์™œ Nginx๋ฅผ "reverse" ํ”„๋ก์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋‚˜์š”?](#why-is-nginx-called-a-reverse-proxy) - - [์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์‹ฑ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#what-are-the-common-load-balancing-algorithms) - - [URL, URI, URN - ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?](#url-uri-urn---do-you-know-the-differences) + - [์™œ Nginx๋ฅผ "reverse" ํ”„๋ก์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋‚˜์š”?](#์™œ-nginx๋ฅผ-reverse-ํ”„๋ก์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ -๋ถ€๋ฅด๋‚˜์š”) + - [์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์‹ฑ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ-๋กœ๋“œ-๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์‹ฑ-์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€-๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”) + - [URL, URI, URN - ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?](#url-uri-urn---์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ-์•Œ๊ณ -์žˆ๋‚˜์š”) - [CI/CD](#cicd) - - [์‰ฌ์šด ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” CI/CD ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋ผ์ธ](#cicd-pipeline-explained-in-simple-terms) - - [๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค ํ…Œํฌ ์Šคํƒ (CI/CD Pipeline)](#netflix-tech-stack-cicd-pipeline) -- [์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ ํŒจํ„ด](#architecture-patterns) - - [MVC, MVP, MVVM, MVVM-C, and VIPER](#mvc-mvp-mvvm-mvvm-c-and-viper) + - [์‰ฌ์šด ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” CI/CD ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋ผ์ธ](#์‰ฌ์šด-์šฉ์–ด๋กœ-์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”-cicd-ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋ผ์ธ) + - [๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์Šคํƒ (CI/CD Pipeline)](#๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค-๊ธฐ์ˆ ์Šคํƒ-cicd-pipeline) +- [์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ ํŒจํ„ด](#์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜-ํŒจํ„ด) + - [MVC, MVP, MVVM, MVVM-C, VIPER](#mvc-mvp-mvvm-mvvm-c-and-viper) - [18 Key Design Patterns Every Developer Should Know](#18-key-design-patterns-every-developer-should-know) - [Database](#database) - - [A nice cheat sheet of different databases in cloud services](#a-nice-cheat-sheet-of-different-databases-in-cloud-services) - - [8 Data Structures That Power Your Databases](#8-data-structures-that-power-your-databases) - - [How is an SQL statement executed in the database?](#how-is-an-sql-statement-executed-in-the-database) - - [CAP theorem](#cap-theorem) - - [Types of Memory and Storage](#types-of-memory-and-storage) - - [Visualizing a SQL query](#visualizing-a-sql-query) - - [SQL language](#sql-language) -- [Cache](#cache) - - [Data is cached everywhere](#data-is-cached-everywhere) - - [Why is Redis so fast?](#why-is-redis-so-fast) - - [How can Redis be used?](#how-can-redis-be-used) - - [Top caching strategies](#top-caching-strategies) -- [Microservice architecture](#microservice-architecture) - - [What does a typical microservice architecture look like?](#what-does-a-typical-microservice-architecture-look-like) - - [Microservice Best Practices](#microservice-best-practices) - - [What tech stack is commonly used for microservices?](#what-tech-stack-is-commonly-used-for-microservices) - - [Why is Kafka fast](#why-is-kafka-fast) -- [Payment systems](#payment-systems) - - [How to learn payment systems?](#how-to-learn-payment-systems) - - [Why is the credit card called โ€œthe most profitable product in banksโ€? How does VISA/Mastercard make money?](#why-is-the-credit-card-called-the-most-profitable-product-in-banks-how-does-visamastercard-make-money) + - [ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์น˜ํŠธ์‹œํŠธ](#ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ-์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜-๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ-๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—-๊ด€ํ•œ-์น˜ํŠธ์‹œํŠธ) + - [๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” 8๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ](#๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ-๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”-8๊ฐ€์ง€-๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ-๊ตฌ์กฐ) + - [๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ SQL ๋ฌธ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋‚˜์š”?](#๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ-SQL-๋ฌธ์€-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋‚˜์š”) + - [CAP ์ •๋ฆฌ](#cap-์ •๋ฆฌ) + - [๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜](#๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ-๋ฐ-์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€์˜-์ข…๋ฅ˜) + - [SQL ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”](#SQL-์ฟผ๋ฆฌ-์‹œ๊ฐํ™”) + - [SQL ์–ธ์–ด](#sql-์–ธ์–ด) +- [์บ์‹œ](#์บ์‹œ) + - [๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋””์—๋‚˜ ์บ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค](#๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š”-์–ด๋””์—๋‚˜-์บ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค) + - [Redis๋Š” ์™œ ๋น ๋ฅธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#redis๋Š”-์™œ-๋น ๋ฅธ๊ฐ€์š”) + - [Redis๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#redis๋Š”-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋‚˜์š”) + - [์ฃผ์š” ์บ์‹ฑ ์ „๋žต](#์ฃผ์š”-์บ์‹ฑ-์ „๋žต) +- [๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜](#๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค-์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜) + - [์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์ผ๊นŒ์š”?](#์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ-๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค-์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋Š”-์–ด๋–ค-๋ชจ์Šต์ผ๊นŒ์š”) + - [๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ชจ๋ฒ” ์‚ฌ๋ก€](#๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค-๋ชจ๋ฒ”์‚ฌ๋ก€) + - [๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์Šคํƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—-์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ-์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”-๊ธฐ์ˆ -์Šคํƒ์€-๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”) + - [์นดํ”„์นด๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ](#์นดํ”„์นด๊ฐ€-๋น ๋ฅธ-์ด์œ ) +- [๊ฒฐ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ](#๊ฒฐ์ œ-์‹œ์Šคํ…œ) + - [๊ฒฐ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#how-to-learn-payment-systems) + - [์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ "์€ํ–‰์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ƒํ’ˆ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ๋น„์ž/๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ์นด๋“œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#why-is-the-credit-card-called-the-most-profitable-product-in-banks-how-does-visamastercard-make-money) - [How does VISA work when we swipe a credit card at a merchantโ€™s shop?](#how-does-visa-work-when-we-swipe-a-credit-card-at-a-merchants-shop) - - [Payment Systems Around The World Series (Part 1): Unified Payments Interface (UPI) in India](#payment-systems-around-the-world-series-part-1-unified-payments-interface-upi-in-india) + - [์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ(1๋ถ€): ์ธ๋„์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค(UPI)](#payment-systems-around-the-world-series-part-1-unified-payments-interface-upi-in-india) - [DevOps](#devops) - - [DevOps vs. SRE vs. Platform Engineering. What is the difference?](#devops-vs-sre-vs-platform-engineering-what-is-the-difference) - - [What is k8s (Kubernetes)?](#what-is-k8s-kubernetes) - - [Docker vs. Kubernetes. Which one should we use?](#docker-vs-kubernetes-which-one-should-we-use) - - [How does Docker work?](#how-does-docker-work) + - [DevOps vs. SRE vs. Platform Engineering. ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#devops-vs-sre-vs-platform-engineering-what-is-the-difference) + - [k8s(Kubernetes)๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#what-is-k8s-kubernetes) + - [Docker vs. Kubernetes. ์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#docker-vs-kubernetes-which-one-should-we-use) + - [Docker๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#how-does-docker-work) - [GIT](#git) - - [How Git Commands work](#how-git-commands-work) - - [How does Git Work?](#how-does-git-work) + - [Git Commands ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹](#how-git-commands-work) + - [Git์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#how-does-git-work) - [Git merge vs. Git rebase](#git-merge-vs-git-rebase) -- [Cloud Services](#cloud-services) - - [A nice cheat sheet of different cloud services (2023 edition)](#a-nice-cheat-sheet-of-different-cloud-services-2023-edition) - - [What is cloud native?](#what-is-cloud-native) +- [ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค](#cloud-services) + - [๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์น˜ํŠธ์‹œํŠธ(2023๋…„ํŒ)](#a-nice-cheat-sheet-of-different-cloud-services-2023-edition) + - [cloud native๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#what-is-cloud-native) - [Developer productivity tools](#developer-productivity-tools) - - [Visualize JSON files](#visualize-json-files) - - [Automatically turn code into architecture diagrams](#automatically-turn-code-into-architecture-diagrams) -- [Linux](#linux) - - [Linux file system explained](#linux-file-system-explained) - - [18 Most-used Linux Commands You Should Know](#18-most-used-linux-commands-you-should-know) -- [Security](#security) - - [How does HTTPS work?](#how-does-https-work) - - [Oauth 2.0 Explained With Simple Terms.](#oauth-20-explained-with-simple-terms) - - [Top 4 Forms of Authentication Mechanisms](#top-4-forms-of-authentication-mechanisms) - - [Session, cookie, JWT, token, SSO, and OAuth 2.0 - what are they?](#session-cookie-jwt-token-sso-and-oauth-20---what-are-they) - - [How to store passwords safely in the database and how to validate a password?](#how-to-store-passwords-safely-in-the-database-and-how-to-validate-a-password) - - [Explaining JSON Web Token (JWT) to a 10 year old Kid](#explaining-json-web-token-jwt-to-a-10-year-old-kid) - - [How does Google Authenticator (or other types of 2-factor authenticators) work?](#how-does-google-authenticator-or-other-types-of-2-factor-authenticators-work) -- [Real World Case Studies](#real-world-case-studies) - - [Netflix's Tech Stack](#netflixs-tech-stack) - - [Twitter Architecture 2022](#twitter-architecture-2022) - - [Evolution of Airbnbโ€™s microservice architecture over the past 15 years](#evolution-of-airbnbs-microservice-architecture-over-the-past-15-years) - - [Monorepo vs. Microrepo.](#monorepo-vs-microrepo) - - [How will you design the Stack Overflow website?](#how-will-you-design-the-stack-overflow-website) - - [Why did Amazon Prime Video monitoring move from serverless to monolithic? How can it save 90% cost?](#why-did-amazon-prime-video-monitoring-move-from-serverless-to-monolithic-how-can-it-save-90-cost) - - [How does Disney Hotstar capture 5 Billion Emojis during a tournament?](#how-does-disney-hotstar-capture-5-billion-emojis-during-a-tournament) - - [How Discord Stores Trillions Of Messages](#how-discord-stores-trillions-of-messages) - - [How do video live streamings work on YouTube, TikTok live, or Twitch?](#how-do-video-live-streamings-work-on-youtube-tiktok-live-or-twitch) + - [JSON ํŒŒ์ผ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”](#visualize-json-files) + - [์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™˜](#automatically-turn-code-into-architecture-diagrams) +- [๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค](#linux) + - [๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค ํŒŒ์ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๋ช…](#linux-file-system-explained) + - [๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” 18๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค ๋ช…๋ น์–ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ](#18-most-used-linux-commands-you-should-know) +- [๋ณด์•ˆ](#security) + - [HTTPS๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#how-does-https-work) + - [๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” Oauth 2.0](#oauth-20-explained-with-simple-terms) + - [์ธ์ฆ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ํ˜•ํƒœ](#top-4-forms-of-authentication-mechanisms) + - [Session, cookie, JWT, token, SSO, OAuth 2.0 - ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€์š”?](#session-cookie-jwt-token-sso-and-oauth-20---what-are-they) + - [๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์— ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#how-to-store-passwords-safely-in-the-database-and-how-to-validate-a-password) + - [10์„ธ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์—๊ฒŒ JSON Web Token(JWT) ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ](#explaining-json-web-token-jwt-to-a-10-year-old-kid) + - [Google authenticator(๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ 2 factor authenticator)๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#how-does-google-authenticator-or-other-types-of-2-factor-authenticators-work) +- [์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ](#real-world-case-studies) + - [๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์Šคํƒ](#netflixs-tech-stack) + - [ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ 2022](#twitter-architecture-2022) + - [์ง€๋‚œ 15๋…„๊ฐ„ ์—์–ด๋น„์•ค๋น„ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •](#evolution-of-airbnbs-microservice-architecture-over-the-past-15-years) + - [๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ vs. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ ˆํฌ](#monorepo-vs-microrepo) + - [์Šคํƒ ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ”Œ๋กœ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋””์ž์ธํ•  ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?](#how-will-you-design-the-stack-overflow-website) + - [์•„๋งˆ์กด ํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์ด ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์Šค์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋†€๋ฆฌ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ 90%์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?](#why-did-amazon-prime-video-monitoring-move-from-serverless-to-monolithic-how-can-it-save-90-cost) + - [๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ํ•ซ์Šคํƒ€๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ 50์–ต ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋ชจํ‹ฐ์ฝ˜์„ ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?](#how-does-disney-hotstar-capture-5-billion-emojis-during-a-tournament) + - [Discord๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์กฐ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•](#how-discord-stores-trillions-of-messages) + - [๋™์˜์ƒ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์€ YouTube, TikTok ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ, Twitch์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#how-do-video-live-streamings-work-on-youtube-tiktok-live-or-twitch) @@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ GraphQL ๋‘ API ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์€์ด์•Œ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ๊ณผ ์žฅ๋‹จ์ ์„ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. REST์™€ GraphQL์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋…ธ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์‹  ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์œ ํšจํ•œ ์˜ต์…˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### How does gRPC work? +### gRPC๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? RPC(Remote Procedure Call)๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„œ๋ฒ„์— ๋ฐฐํฌ๋  ๋•Œ ์›๊ฒฉ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— "**remote**"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋กœ์ปฌ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ํ˜ธ์ถœ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ PSP๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? ๋งค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์ƒ 2. ๋ณด์•ˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด์— ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ URL์„ ๋“ฑ๋กํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### How to improve API performance? +### API ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ API ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ API ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ URL path ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๊ณ„์ธต์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ธต์ด ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ธต์€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์ง€์นจ์„ ํ—ค๋”์— ์˜์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์•Œ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### Why is Nginx called a โ€œreverseโ€ proxy? +### ์™œ Nginx๋ฅผ "reverse" ํ”„๋ก์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋‚˜์š”? ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ฐ๐š๐ซ๐ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฑ๐ฒ ์™€ ๐ซ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐ž ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฑ๐ฒ ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ API ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ URL path ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. 3. ์ •์  ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ์บ์‹ฑ 4. SSL ํ†ต์‹  ์•”ํ˜ธํ™” ๋ฐ ๋ณตํ˜ธํ™” -### What are the common load-balancing algorithms? +### ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์‹ฑ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ 6๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ API ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ URL path ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ƒˆ ์š”์ฒญ์€ ์‘๋‹ต ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ธ์Šคํ„ด์Šค๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### URL, URI, URN - Do you know the differences? +### URL, URI, URN - ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ-์•Œ๊ณ -์žˆ๋‚˜์š”? ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ URL, URI, URN์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ URN์€ Uniform Resource Name์˜ ์•ฝ์ž๋กœ, urn ์Šคํ‚ค๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. URN ## CI/CD -### CI/CD Pipeline Explained in Simple Terms +### ์‰ฌ์šด ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” CI/CD ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋ผ์ธ

@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ Continuous Delivery(CD)๋Š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ๋ฐฐํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ - ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ „์— ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง• ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - CD ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์Šน์ธํ•œ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜์— ๋ฐฐํฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### Netflix Tech Stack (CI/CD Pipeline) +### ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์Šคํƒ (CI/CD Pipeline)

@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ Continuous Delivery(CD)๋Š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ๋ฐฐํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ ์ธ์‹œ๋˜ํŠธ ๋ฆฌํฌํŠธ: ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธ์‹œ๋˜ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์†ก๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด PagerDuty๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -## Architecture patterns +## ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ ํŒจํ„ด ### MVC, MVP, MVVM, MVVM-C, VIPER ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ ํŒจํ„ด์€ iOS, Android ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์—์„œ ์•ฑ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‹œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด์ „ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ๊นŒ์š”? @@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ Continuous Delivery(CD)๋Š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ๋ฐฐํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ ## Database -### A nice cheat sheet of different databases in cloud services +### ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์น˜ํŠธ์‹œํŠธ

@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ Continuous Delivery(CD)๋Š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ๋ฐฐํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ ์ฐธ๊ณ : Google์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์œ ์ฆˆ์ผ€์ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### 8 Data Structures That Power Your Databases +### ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” 8๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ •๋‹ต์€ ์œ ์ฆˆ์ผ€์ด์Šค์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํฌ๋งท๋„ ๋„˜๋ฒ„, ์ŠคํŠธ๋ง, ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์ขŒํ‘œ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค ํฌ๋งท ์„ ํƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ Continuous Delivery(CD)๋Š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ๋ฐฐํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ - Suffix tree: ์ŠคํŠธ๋ง ํŒจํ„ด ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰. - R-tree: ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ด์›ƒ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์› ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰. -### How is an SQL statement executed in the database? +### ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ SQL ๋ฌธ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋‚˜์š”? ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋งˆ๋‹ค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ Continuous Delivery(CD)๋Š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ๋ฐฐํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ 8๋‹จ๊ณ„ - ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ž ๊ฒจ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” lock manager์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณด์žฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜์˜ ACID ํ”„๋กœํผํ‹ฐ๋„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### CAP theorem +### CAP ์ •๋ฆฌ CAP ์ •๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์šฉ์–ด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ฉฐ ์™œ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -669,14 +669,14 @@ CAP ์ •๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณด์žฅ ์ค‘ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ ˆ์ถฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### Types of Memory and Storage +### ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜

-### Visualizing a SQL query +### SQL ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”

@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ SQL ์‹คํ–‰์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ํฌ - ๋™์‹œ์„ฑ ์ œ์–ด - ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ -### SQL language +### SQL ์–ธ์–ด 1986๋…„, SQL(Structured Query Language)์ด ํ‘œ์ค€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ 40๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ˜• ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์‹  ํ‘œ์ค€(ANSI SQL 2016)์„ ์ฝ๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์†Œ์š”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? @@ -714,9 +714,9 @@ SQL ์–ธ์–ด์—๋Š” 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€๋ผ๋ฉด DQL์„ ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์„ธ์š”. -## Cache +## ์บ์‹œ -### Data is cached everywhere +### ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋””์—๋‚˜ ์บ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์ด ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์บ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -741,7 +741,7 @@ SQL ์–ธ์–ด์—๋Š” 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Transaction log: ๋ชจ๋“  ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Replication Log: ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ณต์ œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### Why is Redis so fast? +### Redis๋Š” ์™œ ๋น ๋ฅธ๊ฐ€์š”? ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -758,7 +758,7 @@ Question: Another popular in-memory store is Memcached. Do you know the differen You might have noticed the style of this diagram is different from my previous posts. Please let me know which one you prefer. -### How can Redis be used? +### Redis๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?

@@ -809,7 +809,7 @@ Redis can be used in a variety of scenarios as shown in the diagram. We can use ZSet to sort the articles. -### Top caching strategies +### ์ฃผ์š” ์บ์‹ฑ ์ „๋žต Designing large-scale systems usually requires careful consideration of caching. Below are five caching strategies that are frequently utilized. @@ -820,9 +820,9 @@ Below are five caching strategies that are frequently utilized. -## Microservice architecture +## ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ -### What does a typical microservice architecture look like? +### ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์ผ๊นŒ์š”?

@@ -845,7 +845,7 @@ Benefits of microservices: - Each domain can be independently maintained by a dedicated team. - Business requirements can be customized in each domain and better supported, as a result. -### Microservice Best Practices +### ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ชจ๋ฒ”์‚ฌ๋ก€ A picture is worth a thousand words: 9 best practices for developing microservices. @@ -866,7 +866,7 @@ When we develop microservices, we need to follow the following best practices: 8. Design micro frontend 9. Orchestrating microservices -### What tech stack is commonly used for microservices? +### ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์Šคํƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š” Below you will find a diagram showing the microservice tech stack, both for the development phase and for production. @@ -891,7 +891,7 @@ Cache and Full-text Search - Redis is a common choice for caching key-value pair - Persistence - We can use MySQL or PostgreSQL for a relational database, and Amazon S3 for object store. We can also use Cassandra for the wide-column store if necessary. - Management & Monitoring - To manage so many microservices, the common Ops tools include Prometheus, Elastic Stack, and Kubernetes. -### Why is Kafka fast +### ์นดํ”„์นด๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ด์œ  There are many design decisions that contributed to Kafkaโ€™s performance. In this post, weโ€™ll focus on two. We think these two carried the most weight. @@ -926,7 +926,7 @@ The diagram illustrates how the data is transmitted between producer and consume Zero copy is a shortcut to save the multiple data copies between application context and kernel context. -## Payment systems +## ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ### How to learn payment systems? From 8c9a6ef405b989fe0d5fe9f7913f81a73019390c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Deadintegral Date: Tue, 30 Jan 2024 21:24:25 +0900 Subject: [PATCH 07/16] docs: translate to microservices architecture --- translations/README-kr.md | 142 +++++++++++++++++++------------------- 1 file changed, 71 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-) diff --git a/translations/README-kr.md b/translations/README-kr.md index 80ed9d3..3f99651 100644 --- a/translations/README-kr.md +++ b/translations/README-kr.md @@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ Connection Pool - HTTP 2.0์€ 2015๋…„์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์š”์ฒญ ๋‹ค์ค‘ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด HOL ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์‘์šฉ ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ HOL ์ฐจ๋‹จ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „์†ก(TCP) ๊ณ„์ธต์—๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ HOL์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด HTTP 2.0์€ ๋™์ผํ•œ TCP ์ปค๋„ฅ์…˜์— ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ HTTP ๊ตํ™˜์„ ๋‹ค์ค‘ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”์ƒํ™” ๊ฐœ๋…์ธ HTTP "steam"์„ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์„ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด HTTP 2.0์€ ๋™์ผํ•œ TCP ์ปค๋„ฅ์…˜์— ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ HTTP ๊ตํ™˜์„ ๋‹ค์ค‘ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”์ƒํ™” ๊ฐœ๋…์ธ HTTP "stream"์„ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์„ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - HTTP 3.0 ์ดˆ์•ˆ์€ 2020๋…„์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. HTTP 2.0์˜ ํ›„์† ๋ฒ„์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํŠธ๋žœ์ŠคํฌํŠธ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ๋กœ TCP ๋Œ€์‹  QUIC์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ „์†ก ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ HOL ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -750,13 +750,13 @@ SQL ์–ธ์–ด์—๋Š” 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-1. Redis is a RAM-based data store. RAM access is at least 1000 times faster than random disk access. -2. Redis leverages IO multiplexing and single-threaded execution loop for execution efficiency. -3. Redis leverages several efficient lower-level data structures. +1. Redis๋Š” RAM ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. RAM ์•ก์„ธ์Šค๋Š” ์ž„์˜์˜ ๋””์Šคํฌ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค๋ณด๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œ 1000๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ๋น ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +2. Redis๋Š” ์‹คํ–‰ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด IO ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐํ”Œ๋ ‰์‹ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์Šค๋ ˆ๋“œ ์ต์Šคํ์…˜ ๋ฃจํ”„๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +3. Redis๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋กœ์šฐ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Question: Another popular in-memory store is Memcached. Do you know the differences between Redis and Memcached? +์งˆ๋ฌธ: ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋Š” Memcached์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Redis์™€ Memcached์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”? -You might have noticed the style of this diagram is different from my previous posts. Please let me know which one you prefer. +์ด ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์ด ์ด์ „ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ˆˆ์น˜์ฑ„์…จ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋Š ์ชฝ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์‹œ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. ### Redis๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? @@ -765,54 +765,54 @@ You might have noticed the style of this diagram is different from my previous p

-There is more to Redis than just caching. +Redis์—๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์บ์‹ฑ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Redis can be used in a variety of scenarios as shown in the diagram. +Redis๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Session - We can use Redis to share user session data among different services. + Redis๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ฐ„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์„ธ์…˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Cache - We can use Redis to cache objects or pages, especially for hotspot data. + ํŠนํžˆ ํ•ซ์ŠคํŒŸ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Redis๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋‚˜ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ์บ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Distributed lock - We can use a Redis string to acquire locks among distributed services. + Redis ์ŠคํŠธ๋ง์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ฐ„์— lock์„ ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Counter - We can count how many likes or how many reads for articles. + ์ข‹์•„์š” ์ˆ˜, ์กฐํšŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Rate limiter - We can apply a rate limiter for certain user IPs. + ํŠน์ • ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž IP์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด rate limiter๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Global ID generator - We can use Redis Int for global ID. + ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ID์— Redis Int๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Shopping cart - We can use Redis Hash to represent key-value pairs in a shopping cart. + Redis ํ•ด์‹œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ๋ฐ”๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ์˜ key-value ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Calculate user retention - We can use Bitmap to represent the user login daily and calculate user retention. + ๋น„ํŠธ๋งต์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค์ผ ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ฆฌํ…์…˜์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Message queue - We can use List for a message queue. + ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ํ์— ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Ranking - We can use ZSet to sort the articles. + ZSet์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„ํ‹ฐํด์„ ์ •๋ ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### ์ฃผ์š” ์บ์‹ฑ ์ „๋žต -Designing large-scale systems usually requires careful consideration of caching. -Below are five caching strategies that are frequently utilized. +๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์บ์‹ฑ์„ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์ž์ฃผ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ์บ์‹ฑ ์ „๋žต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

@@ -829,46 +829,46 @@ Below are five caching strategies that are frequently utilized.

-The diagram below shows a typical microservice architecture. +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Load Balancer: This distributes incoming traffic across multiple backend services. -- CDN (Content Delivery Network): CDN is a group of geographically distributed servers that hold static content for faster delivery. The clients look for content in CDN first, then progress to backend services. -- API Gateway: This handles incoming requests and routes them to the relevant services. It talks to the identity provider and service discovery. -- Identity Provider: This handles authentication and authorization for users. -- Service Registry & Discovery: Microservice registration and discovery happen in this component, and the API gateway looks for relevant services in this component to talk to. -- Management: This component is responsible for monitoring the services. -- Microservices: Microservices are designed and deployed in different domains. Each domain has its own database. The API gateway talks to the microservices via REST API or other protocols, and the microservices within the same domain talk to each other using RPC (Remote Procedure Call). +- Load Balancer: ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- CDN (Content Delivery Network): CDN์€ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ „์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •์  ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € CDN์—์„œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- API Gateway: ์ˆ˜์‹  ์š”์ฒญ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ จ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ๋ผ์šฐํŒ…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ID ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž์™€ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Identity Provider: ์œ ์ €์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ฆ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Service Registry & Discovery: ์ด ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋“ฑ๋ก ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ , API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๋Š” ์ด ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•  ๊ด€๋ จ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Management: ์ด ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Microservices: ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์—์„œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์—๋Š” ์ž์ฒด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๋Š” REST API ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค์™€ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” RPC(Remote Procedure Call)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋กœ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Benefits of microservices: +๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์ด์  -- They can be quickly designed, deployed, and horizontally scaled. -- Each domain can be independently maintained by a dedicated team. -- Business requirements can be customized in each domain and better supported, as a result. +- ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„, ๋ฐฐํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ๊ฐ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์€ ์ „๋‹ด ํŒ€์—์„œ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์—์„œ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ปค์Šคํ„ฐ๋งˆ์ด์ฆˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ง€์›์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ชจ๋ฒ”์‚ฌ๋ก€ -A picture is worth a thousand words: 9 best practices for developing microservices. +์‚ฌ์ง„ ํ•œ ์žฅ์ด ์ฒœ ๋งˆ๋”” ๋ง๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ 9๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฒ” ์‚ฌ๋ก€.

-When we develop microservices, we need to follow the following best practices: - -1. Use separate data storage for each microservice -2. Keep code at a similar level of maturity -3. Separate build for each microservice -4. Assign each microservice with a single responsibility -5. Deploy into containers -6. Design stateless services -7. Adopt domain-driven design -8. Design micro frontend -9. Orchestrating microservices +๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ๋ฒ” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +1. ๊ฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ +2. ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ์™„์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ +3. ๊ฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ๋นŒ๋“œ +4. ๊ฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋‹จ์ผ ์ฑ…์ž„ ํ• ๋‹น +5. ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ์— ๋ฐฐํฌ +6. ์Šคํ…Œ์ดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์„ค๊ณ„ +7. ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ธ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋„์ž… +8. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ํ”„๋ก ํŠธ์—”๋“œ ์„ค๊ณ„ +9. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ### ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์Šคํƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š” -Below you will find a diagram showing the microservice tech stack, both for the development phase and for production. +์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์Šคํƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

@@ -877,54 +877,54 @@ Below you will find a diagram showing the microservice tech stack, both for the โ–ถ๏ธ ๐๐ซ๐ž-๐๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฎ๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง -- Define API - This establishes a contract between frontend and backend. We can use Postman or OpenAPI for this. -- Development - Node.js or react is popular for frontend development, and java/python/go for backend development. Also, we need to change the configurations in the API gateway according to API definitions. -- Continuous Integration - JUnit and Jenkins for automated testing. The code is packaged into a Docker image and deployed as microservices. +- Define API - ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ”„๋ก ํŠธ์—”๋“œ์™€ ๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ ๊ฐ„์— ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด Postman, OpenAPI๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Development - ํ”„๋ก ํŠธ์—”๋“œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—๋Š” Node.js๋‚˜ react๊ฐ€, ๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—๋Š” ์ž๋ฐ”/ํŒŒ์ด์ฌ/go๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ API ์ •์˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Continuous Integration - ์ž๋™ํ™”๋œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด JUnit๊ณผ Jenkins๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” Docker ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง•๋˜์–ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ–ถ๏ธ ๐๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฎ๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง -- NGinx is a common choice for load balancers. Cloudflare provides CDN (Content Delivery Network). -- API Gateway - We can use spring boot for the gateway, and use Eureka/Zookeeper for service discovery. -- The microservices are deployed on clouds. We have options among AWS, Microsoft Azure, or Google GCP. -Cache and Full-text Search - Redis is a common choice for caching key-value pairs. Elasticsearch is used for full-text search. -- Communications - For services to talk to each other, we can use messaging infra Kafka or RPC. -- Persistence - We can use MySQL or PostgreSQL for a relational database, and Amazon S3 for object store. We can also use Cassandra for the wide-column store if necessary. -- Management & Monitoring - To manage so many microservices, the common Ops tools include Prometheus, Elastic Stack, and Kubernetes. +- ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ์—๋Š” NGinx๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Cloudflare๋Š” CDN(Content Delivery Network)์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- API Gateway - ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด์—๋Š” ์Šคํ”„๋ง ๋ถ€ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์—๋Š” Eureka/Zookeeper๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ์— ๋ฐฐํฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google GCP ์ค‘์—์„œ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +Cache and Full-text Search - Redis๋Š” key-value ์Œ์„ ์บ์‹ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ’€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์„œ์น˜์—๋Š” Elasticsearch๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Communications - ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง• ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋กœ Kafka ํ˜น์€ RPC๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Persistence - ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ˜• ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—๋Š” MySQL ๋˜๋Š” PostgreSQL์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์ฒด ์ €์žฅ์†Œ์—๋Š” Amazon S3์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ wide-column ์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ Cassandra๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Management & Monitoring - ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์šด์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ Prometheus, Elastic Stack, Kubernetes๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### ์นดํ”„์นด๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ด์œ  -There are many design decisions that contributed to Kafkaโ€™s performance. In this post, weโ€™ll focus on two. We think these two carried the most weight. +์นดํ”„์นด์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-1. The first one is Kafkaโ€™s reliance on Sequential I/O. -2. The second design choice that gives Kafka its performance advantage is its focus on efficiency: zero copy principle. +1. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์นดํ”„์นด๊ฐ€ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์  I/O์— ์˜์กดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +2. ์นดํ”„์นด์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ด์ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์„ ํƒ์€ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ ์ œ๋กœ ์นดํ”ผ ์›์น™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -The diagram illustrates how the data is transmitted between producer and consumer, and what zero-copy means. +์ด ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ์™€ ์ปจ์Šˆ๋จธ ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „์†ก๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์ œ๋กœ ์นดํ”ผ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Step 1.1 - 1.3: Producer writes data to the disk -- Step 2: Consumer reads data without zero-copy +- 1.1 - 1.3๋‹จ๊ณ„: ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ +- 2๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์ปจ์Šˆ๋จธ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋กœ ์นดํ”ผ ์—†์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฝ๊ธฐ -2.1 The data is loaded from disk to OS cache +2.1 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋””์Šคํฌ์—์„œ OS ์บ์‹œ๋กœ ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -2.2 The data is copied from OS cache to Kafka application +2.2 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ OS ์บ์‹œ์—์„œ ์นดํ”„์นด ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -2.3 Kafka application copies the data into the socket buffer +2.3 ์นดํ”„์นด ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์ผ“ ๋ฒ„ํผ์— ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -2.4 The data is copied from socket buffer to network card +2.4 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์ผ“ ๋ฒ„ํผ์—์„œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์นด๋“œ๋กœ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -2.5 The network card sends data out to the consumer +2.5 ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์นด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ปจ์Šˆ๋จธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Step 3: Consumer reads data with zero-copy +- 3๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์ปจ์Šˆ๋จธ๋Š” ์ œ๋กœ ์นดํ”ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -3.1: The data is loaded from disk to OS cache -3.2 OS cache directly copies the data to the network card via sendfile() command -3.3 The network card sends data out to the consumer +3.1: ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋””์Šคํฌ์—์„œ OS ์บ์‹œ๋กœ ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +3.2 OS ์บ์‹œ๋Š” sendfile() ์ปค๋งจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์นด๋“œ์— ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +3.3 ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์นด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ปจ์Šˆ๋จธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Zero copy is a shortcut to save the multiple data copies between application context and kernel context. +์ œ๋กœ ์นดํ”ผ๋Š” ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์ปจํ…์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ์ปค๋„ ์ปจํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์„ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ์ปท์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ## ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ From 852b5f05392a29d0fb49c7e072cf7a1b2e0f9482 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Deadintegral Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 01:43:01 +0900 Subject: [PATCH 08/16] docs: translate to payment system --- translations/README-kr.md | 74 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------- 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-) diff --git a/translations/README-kr.md b/translations/README-kr.md index 3f99651..03b8f32 100644 --- a/translations/README-kr.md +++ b/translations/README-kr.md @@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ - [๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์Šคํƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—-์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ-์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”-๊ธฐ์ˆ -์Šคํƒ์€-๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”) - [์นดํ”„์นด๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ](#์นดํ”„์นด๊ฐ€-๋น ๋ฅธ-์ด์œ ) - [๊ฒฐ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ](#๊ฒฐ์ œ-์‹œ์Šคํ…œ) - - [๊ฒฐ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#how-to-learn-payment-systems) - - [์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ "์€ํ–‰์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ƒํ’ˆ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ๋น„์ž/๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ์นด๋“œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#why-is-the-credit-card-called-the-most-profitable-product-in-banks-how-does-visamastercard-make-money) - - [How does VISA work when we swipe a credit card at a merchantโ€™s shop?](#how-does-visa-work-when-we-swipe-a-credit-card-at-a-merchants-shop) - - [์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ(1๋ถ€): ์ธ๋„์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค(UPI)](#payment-systems-around-the-world-series-part-1-unified-payments-interface-upi-in-india) + - [๊ฒฐ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋‚˜์š”?](#๊ฒฐ์ œ-์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋‚˜์š”) + - [์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ "์€ํ–‰์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ƒํ’ˆ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ๋น„์ž/๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ์นด๋“œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ-์€ํ–‰์—์„œ-๊ฐ€์žฅ-์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ์ด-๋†’์€-์ƒํ’ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ -๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”-์ด์œ ๋Š”-๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”-๋น„์ž๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ์นด๋“œ๋Š”-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-์ˆ˜์ต์„-์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋‚˜์š”) + - [์ƒ์ ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ธ์„ ๋•Œ, VISA๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#์ƒ์ ์—์„œ-์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€-์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ-๊ธ์„-๋•Œ-visa๋Š”-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”) + - [์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ(1๋ถ€): ์ธ๋„์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค(UPI)](#์„ธ๊ณ„์˜-๊ฒฐ์ œ-์‹œ์Šคํ…œ-์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ1๋ถ€-์ธ๋„์˜-ํ†ตํ•ฉ-๊ฒฐ์ œ-์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šคupi) - [DevOps](#devops) - [DevOps vs. SRE vs. Platform Engineering. ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#devops-vs-sre-vs-platform-engineering-what-is-the-difference) - [k8s(Kubernetes)๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#what-is-k8s-kubernetes) @@ -928,83 +928,83 @@ Cache and Full-text Search - Redis๋Š” key-value ์Œ์„ ์บ์‹ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ ## ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ -### How to learn payment systems? +### ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋‚˜์š”?

-### Why is the credit card called โ€œthe most profitable product in banksโ€? How does VISA/Mastercard make money? +### ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ "์€ํ–‰์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ƒํ’ˆ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ๋น„์ž/๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ์นด๋“œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? -The diagram below shows the economics of the credit card payment flow. +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ์˜ ์ด์ฝ”๋…ธ๋ฏน์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-1.  The cardholder pays a merchant $100 to buy a product. +1.์นด๋“œ ์†Œ์œ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŒ๋งค์ž์—๊ฒŒ 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -2. The merchant benefits from the use of the credit card with higher sales volume and needs to compensate the issuer and the card network for providing the payment service. The acquiring bank sets a fee with the merchant, called the โ€œmerchant discount fee.โ€ +2.ํŒ๋งค์ž๋Š” ํŒ๋งค๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์ต์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ œ๊ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰์‚ฌ์™€ ์นด๋“œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค์ž… ์€ํ–‰์€ ํŒ๋งค์ž์™€ "merchant discount fee"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -3 - 4. The acquiring bank keeps $0.25 as the acquiring markup, and $1.75 is paid to the issuing bank as the interchange fee. The merchant discount fee should cover the interchange fee. +3 - 4. ๋งค์ž… ์€ํ–‰์€ ๊ตํ™˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ $0.25๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ , $1.75๋Š” ํ™˜์ „ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰ ์€ํ–‰์— ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. merchant discount fee๋กœ ํ™˜์ „ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋‹นํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - The interchange fee is set by the card network because it is less efficient for each issuing bank to negotiate fees with each merchant. + ๊ฐ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰ ์€ํ–‰์ด ๊ฐ ๊ฐ€๋งน์ ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ˜‘์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ตํ™˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์นด๋“œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ์„ค์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -5.  The card network sets up the network assessments and fees with each bank, which pays the card network for its services every month. For example, VISA charges a 0.11% assessment, plus a $0.0195 usage fee, for every swipe. +5.์นด๋“œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์€ํ–‰๊ณผ network assessments and fees๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์€ํ–‰์€ ๋งค๋‹ฌ ์นด๋“œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, VISA๋Š” ์Šค์™€์ดํ”„ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค 0.11%์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ์™€ $0.0195์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -6.  The cardholder pays the issuing bank for its services. +6.์นด๋“œ ์†Œ์œ ์ž๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰ ์€ํ–‰์— ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Why should the issuing bank be compensated? +์™œ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰ ์€ํ–‰์ด ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? -- The issuer pays the merchant even if the cardholder fails to pay the issuer. -- The issuer pays the merchant before the cardholder pays the issuer. -- The issuer has other operating costs, including managing customer accounts, providing statements, fraud detection, risk management, clearing & settlement, etc. +- ์นด๋“œ ์†Œ์œ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰์‚ฌ๋Š” ํŒ๋งค์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ์นด๋“œ ์†Œ์ง€์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํŒ๋งค์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ๋จผ์ € ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ๋ฐœํ–‰์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ขŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ๋ช…์„ธ์„œ ์ œ๊ณต, ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ํƒ์ง€, ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์ฒญ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ๋“ฑ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์šด์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### How does VISA work when we swipe a credit card at a merchantโ€™s shop? +### ์ƒ์ ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ธ์„ ๋•Œ, VISA๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?

-VISA, Mastercard, and American Express act as card networks for the clearing and settling of funds. The card acquiring bank and the card issuing bank can be โ€“ and often are โ€“ different. If banks were to settle transactions one by one without an intermediary, each bank would have to settle the transactions with all the other banks. This is quite inefficient. +๋น„์ž, ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ์นด๋“œ, ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ์ต์Šคํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ์ž๊ธˆ ์ฒญ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์ •์‚ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์นด๋“œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋“œ ๋งค์ž… ์€ํ–‰๊ณผ ์นด๋“œ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰ ์€ํ–‰์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋„ ์ข…์ข… ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์€ํ–‰์ด ์ค‘๊ฐœ์ž ์—†์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ •์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ฐ ์€ํ–‰์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ–‰๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ •์‚ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -The diagram below shows VISAโ€™s role in the credit card payment process. There are two flows involved. Authorization flow happens when the customer swipes the credit card. Capture and settlement flow happens when the merchant wants to get the money at the end of the day. +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์‹ ์šฉ ์นด๋“œ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์—์„œ VISA์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šน์ธ ํ๋ฆ„์€ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ด ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์Šค์™€์ดํ”„ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์บก์ฒ˜์™€ ์ •์‚ฐ ํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ๋Š” ์ƒ์ ์ด ํ•˜๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Authorization Flow +- ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์Šน์ธ ํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐAuthorization Flow -Step 0: The card issuing bank issues credit cards to its customers. +0๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์นด๋“œ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰ ์€ํ–‰์ด ๊ณ ๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 1: The cardholder wants to buy a product and swipes the credit card at the Point of Sale (POS) terminal in the merchantโ€™s shop. +1๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์นด๋“œ ์†Œ์œ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ์ ์˜ POS(Point of Sale) ๋‹จ๋ง๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์Šค์™€์ดํ”„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 2: The POS terminal sends the transaction to the acquiring bank, which has provided the POS terminal. +2๋‹จ๊ณ„: POS ๋‹จ๋ง๊ธฐ๋Š” POS ๋‹จ๋ง๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ๋งค์ž… ์€ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Steps 3 and 4: The acquiring bank sends the transaction to the card network, also called the card scheme. The card network sends the transaction to the issuing bank for approval. +3, 4๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๋งค์ž… ์€ํ–‰์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์นด๋“œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์นด๋“œ ์Šคํ‚ด์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋“œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ์Šน์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰ ์€ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Steps 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3: The issuing bank freezes the money if the transaction is approved. The approval or rejection is sent back to the acquirer, as well as the POS terminal. +4.1, 4.2, 4.3๋‹จ๊ณ„: ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜์ด ์Šน์ธ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์€ํ–‰์€ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ๋™๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šน์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งค์ž… ์€ํ–‰์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ „์†ก๋˜๊ณ  POS ๋‹จ๋ง๊ธฐ๋กœ๋„ ์ „์†ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Capture and Settlement Flow +- ์บก์ฒ˜์™€ ์ •์‚ฐ ํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐCapture and Settlement Flow -Steps 1 and 2: The merchant wants to collect the money at the end of the day, so they hit โ€captureโ€ on the POS terminal. The transactions are sent to the acquirer in batch. The acquirer sends the batch file with transactions to the card network. +1, 2๋‹จ๊ณ„: ํŒ๋งค์ž๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  POS ๋‹จ๋ง๊ธฐ์—์„œ '๋งค์ž…'์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜์€ ๋งค์ž… ์€ํ–‰์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค์ž… ์€ํ–‰์€ ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์นด๋“œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 3: The card network performs clearing for the transactions collected from different acquirers, and sends the clearing files to different issuing banks. +3๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์นด๋“œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋งค์ž… ์€ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์‚ฐ ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰ ์€ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 4: The issuing banks confirm the correctness of the clearing files, and transfer money to the relevant acquiring banks. +4๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์€ํ–‰์€ ์ •์‚ฐ ํŒŒ์ผ์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ จ ๋งค์ž… ์€ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์ด์ฒดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 5: The acquiring bank then transfers money to the merchantโ€™s bank. +5๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋งค์ž… ์€ํ–‰์ด ํŒ๋งค์ž์˜ ์€ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์†ก๊ธˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 4: The card network clears up the transactions from different acquiring banks. Clearing is a process in which mutual offset transactions are netted, so the number of total transactions is reduced. +4๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์นด๋“œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์นด๋“œ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰ ์€ํ–‰์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ •์‚ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์‚ฐ์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ƒ์‡„ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -In the process, the card network takes on the burden of talking to each bank and receives service fees in return. +์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์นด๋“œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์€ํ–‰๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ๋– ์•ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### Payment Systems Around The World Series (Part 1): Unified Payments Interface (UPI) in India +### ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ(1๋ถ€): ์ธ๋„์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค(UPI) -Whatโ€™s UPI? UPI is an instant real-time payment system developed by the National Payments Corporation of India. +UPI๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? UPI๋Š” ์ธ๋„ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ฒฐ์ œ๊ณต์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -It accounts for 60% of digital retail transactions in India today. +ํ˜„์žฌ ์ธ๋„์—์„œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์†Œ๋งค ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ 60%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -UPI = payment markup language + standard for interoperable payments +UPI = ๊ฒฐ์ œ ๋งˆํฌ์—… ์–ธ์–ด + ์ƒํ˜ธ ์šด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ํ‘œ์ค€

From 13afa41f177e2d2f09a1fd33cb9f3c0031e66d22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kei kim Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 15:25:45 +0900 Subject: [PATCH 09/16] docs: translate to DevOps --- translations/README-kr.md | 91 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------- 1 file changed, 45 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-) diff --git a/translations/README-kr.md b/translations/README-kr.md index 03b8f32..d6b8f78 100644 --- a/translations/README-kr.md +++ b/translations/README-kr.md @@ -70,9 +70,9 @@ - [์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ(1๋ถ€): ์ธ๋„์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค(UPI)](#์„ธ๊ณ„์˜-๊ฒฐ์ œ-์‹œ์Šคํ…œ-์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ1๋ถ€-์ธ๋„์˜-ํ†ตํ•ฉ-๊ฒฐ์ œ-์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šคupi) - [DevOps](#devops) - [DevOps vs. SRE vs. Platform Engineering. ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#devops-vs-sre-vs-platform-engineering-what-is-the-difference) - - [k8s(Kubernetes)๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#what-is-k8s-kubernetes) - - [Docker vs. Kubernetes. ์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#docker-vs-kubernetes-which-one-should-we-use) - - [Docker๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#how-does-docker-work) + - [k8s(Kubernetes)๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#k8skubernetes๋ž€-๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”) + - [Docker vs. Kubernetes. ์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#docker-vs-kubernetes-์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์„-์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ-ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”) + - [Docker๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#docker๋Š”-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”) - [GIT](#git) - [Git Commands ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹](#how-git-commands-work) - [Git์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#how-does-git-work) @@ -750,11 +750,11 @@ SQL ์–ธ์–ด์—๋Š” 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-1. Redis๋Š” RAM ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. RAM ์•ก์„ธ์Šค๋Š” ์ž„์˜์˜ ๋””์Šคํฌ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค๋ณด๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œ 1000๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ๋น ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +1. Redis๋Š” RAM ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. RAM ์•ก์„ธ์Šค๋Š” ์ž„์˜์˜ ๋””์Šคํฌ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค๋ณด๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œ 1000๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ๋น ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2. Redis๋Š” ์‹คํ–‰ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด IO ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐํ”Œ๋ ‰์‹ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์Šค๋ ˆ๋“œ ์ต์Šคํ์…˜ ๋ฃจํ”„๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3. Redis๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋กœ์šฐ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -์งˆ๋ฌธ: ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋Š” Memcached์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Redis์™€ Memcached์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”? +์งˆ๋ฌธ: ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” Memcached์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Redis์™€ Memcached์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”? ์ด ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์ด ์ด์ „ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ˆˆ์น˜์ฑ„์…จ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋Š ์ชฝ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์‹œ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. @@ -888,7 +888,7 @@ Redis๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ ์‚ฌ - ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ์— ๋ฐฐํฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google GCP ์ค‘์—์„œ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Cache and Full-text Search - Redis๋Š” key-value ์Œ์„ ์บ์‹ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ’€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์„œ์น˜์—๋Š” Elasticsearch๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Communications - ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง• ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋กœ Kafka ํ˜น์€ RPC๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Persistence - ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ˜• ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—๋Š” MySQL ๋˜๋Š” PostgreSQL์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์ฒด ์ €์žฅ์†Œ์—๋Š” Amazon S3์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ wide-column ์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ Cassandra๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Persistence - ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ˜• ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—๋Š” MySQL ๋˜๋Š” PostgreSQL์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์ฒด ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€์—๋Š” Amazon S3์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ wide-column ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋กœ Cassandra๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Management & Monitoring - ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์šด์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ Prometheus, Elastic Stack, Kubernetes๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### ์นดํ”„์นด๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ด์œ  @@ -1016,119 +1016,118 @@ UPI = ๊ฒฐ์ œ ๋งˆํฌ์—… ์–ธ์–ด + ์ƒํ˜ธ ์šด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ํ‘œ์ค€ ### DevOps vs. SRE vs. Platform Engineering. What is the difference? -The concepts of DevOps, SRE, and Platform Engineering have emerged at different times and have been developed by various individuals and organizations. +๋ฐ๋ธŒ์˜ต์Šค, SRE, ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-DevOps as a concept was introduced in 2009 by Patrick Debois and Andrew Shafer at the Agile conference. They sought to bridge the gap between software development and operations by promoting a collaborative culture and shared responsibility for the entire software development lifecycle. +๋ฐ๋ธŒ์˜ต์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์€ 2009๋…„ ์• ์ž์ผ ์ปจํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค์—์„œ Patrick Debois์™€ Andrew Shafer์— ์˜ํ•ด ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ „์ฒด ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ผ์ดํ”„์‚ฌ์ดํด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๋™ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ํ˜‘์—… ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์žฅ๋ คํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์šด์˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ทน์„ ์ขํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -SRE, or Site Reliability Engineering, was pioneered by Google in the early 2000s to address operational challenges in managing large-scale, complex systems. Google developed SRE practices and tools, such as the Borg cluster management system and the Monarch monitoring system, to improve the reliability and efficiency of their services. +SRE(Site Reliability Engineering)๋Š” 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šด์˜์ƒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ฒ™๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Borg ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ, Monarch ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ SRE ์‹ค์Šต ๋ฐ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Platform Engineering is a more recent concept, building on the foundation of SRE engineering. The precise origins of Platform Engineering are less clear, but it is generally understood to be an extension of the DevOps and SRE practices, with a focus on delivering a comprehensive platform for product development that supports the entire business perspective. +ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง์€ SRE ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ฐœ๋…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์›์€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œํ’ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์ฒด ์‚ฌ์—… ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘” DevOps์™€ SRE ๊ด€ํ–‰์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -It's worth noting that while these concepts emerged at different times. They are all related to the broader trend of improving collaboration, automation, and efficiency in software development and operations. +์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์šด์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ํ˜‘์—…, ์ž๋™ํ™”, ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### What is k8s (Kubernetes)? +### k8s(Kubernetes)๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? -K8s is a container orchestration system. It is used for container deployment and management. Its design is greatly impacted by Googleโ€™s internal system Borg. +K8s๋Š” ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ฐฐํฌ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” Google์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ธ Borg์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-A k8s cluster consists of a set of worker machines, called nodes, that run containerized applications. Every cluster has at least one worker node. +k8s ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆํ™”๋œ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋“œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์›Œ์ปค ๋จธ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์—๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์›Œ์ปค ๋…ธ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -The worker node(s) host the Pods that are the components of the application workload. The control plane manages the worker nodes and the Pods in the cluster. In production environments, the control plane usually runs across multiple computers, and a cluster usually runs multiple nodes, providing fault tolerance and high availability. +์›Œ์ปค ๋…ธ๋“œ๋Š” ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์›Œํฌ๋กœ๋“œ์˜ ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ์ธ ํŒŒ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŒ…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปจํŠธ๋กค ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ์€ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์›Œ์ปค ๋…ธ๋“œ์™€ ํŒŒ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ปจํŠธ๋กค ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋Œ€์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ด๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ฑ(tolerance)๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Control Plane Components +- Control Plane ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ 1. API Server - The API server talks to all the components in the k8s cluster. All the operations on pods are executed by talking to the API server. + API ์„œ๋ฒ„๋Š” k8s ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ์™€ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž‘์—…์€ API ์„œ๋ฒ„์™€ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2. Scheduler - The scheduler watches pod workloads and assigns loads on newly created pods. + ์Šค์ผ€์ค„๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋“œ ์›Œํฌ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ํŒŒ๋“œ์— ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ• ๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3. Controller Manager - The controller manager runs the controllers, including Node Controller, Job Controller, EndpointSlice Controller, and ServiceAccount Controller. + ์ปจํŠธ๋กค๋Ÿฌ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €๋Š” ๋…ธ๋“œ ์ปจํŠธ๋กค๋Ÿฌ, ์žก ์ปจํŠธ๋กค๋Ÿฌ, ์—”๋“œํฌ์ธํŠธ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด์Šค ์ปจํŠธ๋กค๋Ÿฌ, ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์–ด์นด์šดํŠธ ์ปจํŠธ๋กค๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ปจํŠธ๋กค๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 4. Etcd - etcd is a key-value store used as Kubernetes' backing store for all cluster data. + etcd๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฟ ๋ฒ„๋„คํ‹ฐ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฑ์—… ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ‚ค-๋ฐธ๋ฅ˜ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Nodes 1. Pods - A pod is a group of containers and is the smallest unit that k8s administers. Pods have a single IP address applied to every container within the pod. + ํŒŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ, k8์ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ๋‹จ์œ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋“œ์—๋Š” ํŒŒ๋“œ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ์— ๋‹จ์ผ IP ์ฃผ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2. Kubelet - An agent that runs on each node in the cluster. It ensures containers are running in a Pod. + ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ ๋…ธ๋“œ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ. ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๋“œ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋„๋ก ๋ณด์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3. Kube Proxy - Kube-proxy is a network proxy that runs on each node in your cluster. It routes traffic coming into a node from the service. It forwards requests for work to the correct containers. + Kube-proxy๋Š” ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ ๋…ธ๋“œ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํ”„๋ก์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์„ ๋ผ์šฐํŒ…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์—… ์š”์ฒญ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### Docker vs. Kubernetes. Which one should we use? +### Docker vs. Kubernetes. ์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?

-What is Docker ? +๋„์ปคDocker๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? -Docker is an open-source platform that allows you to package, distribute, and run applications in isolated containers. It focuses on containerization, providing lightweight environments that encapsulate applications and their dependencies. +Docker๋Š” ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ๋œ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ์—์„œ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง•, ๋ฐฐํฌ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜คํ”ˆ ์†Œ์Šค ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆํ™”์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘์–ด ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ข…์†์„ฑ์„ ์บก์Šํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -What is Kubernetes ? +Kubernetes๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? -Kubernetes, often referred to as K8s, is an open-source container orchestration platform. It provides a framework for automating the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications across a cluster of nodes. +K8s๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” Kubernetes๋Š” ์˜คํ”ˆ ์†Œ์Šค ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋“œ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฐ˜์—์„œ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆํ™”๋œ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์˜ ๋ฐฐํฌ, ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋ง, ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž๋™ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -How are both different from each other ? +๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ฐ€์š”? -Docker: Docker operates at the individual container level on a single operating system host. +Docker: ๋„์ปค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -You must manually manage each host and setting up networks, security policies, and storage for multiple related containers can be complex. +๊ฐ ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ, ๋ณด์•ˆ ์ •์ฑ…, ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Kubernetes: Kubernetes operates at the cluster level. It manages multiple containerized applications across multiple hosts, providing automation for tasks like load balancing, scaling, and ensuring the desired state of applications. +Kubernetes: ์ฟ ๋ฒ„๋„คํ‹ฐ์Šค๋Š” ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆํ™”๋œ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์‹ฑ, ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋ง, ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์˜ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ ๋ณด์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๋™ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -In short, Docker focuses on containerization and running containers on individual hosts, while Kubernetes specializes in managing and orchestrating containers at scale across a cluster of hosts. +๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋งํ•ด, ๋„์ปค๋Š” ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆํ™” ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ฟ ๋ฒ„๋„คํ‹ฐ์Šค๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํŠนํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### How does Docker work? +### Docker๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? -The diagram below shows the architecture of Docker and how it works when we run โ€œdocker buildโ€, โ€œdocker pullโ€ -and โ€œdocker runโ€. +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๋„์ปค์˜ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์™€ "docker build", "docker pull", "docker run" ์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ๋•Œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-There are 3 components in Docker architecture: +๋„์ปค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์—๋Š” 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Docker client - The docker client talks to the Docker daemon. + ๋„์ปค ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ปค ๋ฐ๋ชฌ๊ณผ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Docker host - The Docker daemon listens for Docker API requests and manages Docker objects such as images, containers, networks, and volumes. + ๋„์ปค ๋ฐ๋ชฌ์€ ๋„์ปค API ์š”์ฒญ์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€, ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ, ๋ณผ๋ฅจ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋„์ปค ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Docker registry - A Docker registry stores Docker images. Docker Hub is a public registry that anyone can use. + ๋„์ปค ๋ ˆ์ง€์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋„์ปค ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์ปค Hub๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต์šฉ ๋ ˆ์ง€์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Letโ€™s take the โ€œdocker runโ€ command as an example. +"docker run" ์ปค๋งจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - 1. Docker pulls the image from the registry. - 1. Docker creates a new container. - 1. Docker allocates a read-write filesystem to the container. - 1. Docker creates a network interface to connect the container to the default network. - 1. Docker starts the container. + 1. ๋„์ปค๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ง€์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + 1. ๋„์ปค๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + 1. ๋„์ปค๋Š” ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ์— ์ฝ๊ธฐ-์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํŒŒ์ผ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ• ๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + 1. ๋„์ปค๋Š” ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๋””ํดํŠธ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + 1. ๋„์ปค๊ฐ€ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ## GIT From 3f7058bf5327978746f81e7ef3498c896a1d92fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kei kim Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 15:47:47 +0900 Subject: [PATCH 10/16] docs: translate to Git --- translations/README-kr.md | 46 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------- 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) diff --git a/translations/README-kr.md b/translations/README-kr.md index d6b8f78..0d9d57a 100644 --- a/translations/README-kr.md +++ b/translations/README-kr.md @@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ - [Docker vs. Kubernetes. ์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#docker-vs-kubernetes-์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์„-์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ-ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”) - [Docker๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#docker๋Š”-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”) - [GIT](#git) - - [Git Commands ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹](#how-git-commands-work) - - [Git์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#how-does-git-work) + - [Git Commands ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹](#git-commands-์ž‘๋™-๋ฐฉ์‹) + - [Git์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#git์€-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”) - [Git merge vs. Git rebase](#git-merge-vs-git-rebase) - [ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค](#cloud-services) - [๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์น˜ํŠธ์‹œํŠธ(2023๋…„ํŒ)](#a-nice-cheat-sheet-of-different-cloud-services-2023-edition) @@ -1131,67 +1131,67 @@ Kubernetes: ์ฟ ๋ฒ„๋„คํ‹ฐ์Šค๋Š” ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ## GIT -### How Git Commands work +### Git Commands ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹ -To begin with, it's essential to identify where our code is stored. The common assumption is that there are only two locations - one on a remote server like Github and the other on our local machine. However, this isn't entirely accurate. Git maintains three local storages on our machine, which means that our code can be found in four places: +์šฐ์„  ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์— ์ €์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ €์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜๋Š” Github๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆฌ๋ชจํŠธ ์„œ๋ฒ„์™€ ๋กœ์ปฌ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋‘ ๊ณณ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Git์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋กœ์ปฌ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋„ค ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-- Working directory: where we edit files -- Staging area: a temporary location where files are kept for the next commit -- Local repository: contains the code that has been committed -- Remote repository: the remote server that stores the code +- Working directory: ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜ +- Staging area: ๋‹ค์Œ ์ปค๋ฐ‹์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŒŒ์ผ์ด ์ €์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ์ž„์‹œ ์œ„์น˜ +- Local repository: ์ปค๋ฐ‹๋œ ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋กœ์ปฌ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ +- Remote repository: ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ชจํŠธ ์„œ๋ฒ„ -Most Git commands primarily move files between these four locations. +๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ Git ๋ช…๋ น์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด ๋„ค ์œ„์น˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์ด๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### How does Git Work? +### Git์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? -The diagram below shows the Git workflow. +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ Git ์›Œํฌํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-Git is a distributed version control system. +Git์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ฒ„์ „ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Every developer maintains a local copy of the main repository and edits and commits to the local copy. +๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋กœ์ปฌ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์„ ์œ ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋กœ์ปฌ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์—์„œ ํŽธ์ง‘ ๋ฐ ์ปค๋ฐ‹ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -The commit is very fast because the operation doesnโ€™t interact with the remote repository. +์ž‘์—…์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ชจํŠธ ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ปค๋ฐ‹์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -If the remote repository crashes, the files can be recovered from the local repositories. +๋ฆฌ๋ชจํŠธ ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ์— ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋กœ์ปฌ ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### Git merge vs. Git rebase -What are the differences? +์–ด๋–ค ์ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ฐ€์š”?

-When we **merge changes** from one Git branch to another, we can use โ€˜git mergeโ€™ or โ€˜git rebaseโ€™. The diagram below shows how the two commands work. +ํ•œ Git ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜๋กœ **merge changes** ํ•  ๋•Œ 'git merge' ๋˜๋Š” 'git rebase'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๋‘ ์ปค๋งจ๋“œ์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. **Git merge** -This creates a new commit Gโ€™ in the main branch. Gโ€™ ties the histories of both main and feature branches. +๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜์— ์ƒˆ ์ปค๋ฐ‹ G'๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. G'๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜์™€ ํ”ผ์ฒ˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜์˜ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Git merge is **non-destructive**. Neither the main nor the feature branch is changed. +Git ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ์€ **non-destructive**์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜๋‚˜ ํ”ผ์ฒ˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. **Git rebase** -Git rebase moves the feature branch histories to the head of the main branch. It creates new commits Eโ€™, Fโ€™, and Gโ€™ for each commit in the feature branch. +Git ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋Š” ํ”ผ์ฒ˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜์˜ ํ—ค๋“œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ํ”ผ์ฒ˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜์˜ ๊ฐ ์ปค๋ฐ‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒˆ ์ปค๋ฐ‹ E', F', G' ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -The benefit of rebase is that it has a linear **commit history**. +๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์˜ ์žฅ์ ์€ ์„ ํ˜•์ ์ธ **commit history**๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Rebase can be dangerous if โ€œthe golden rule of git rebaseโ€ is not followed. +"git ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์˜ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๋ฅ "์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. **The Golden Rule of Git Rebase** -Never use it on public branches! +ํผ๋ธ”๋ž™ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”! ## Cloud Services From d7b1bfdc315a60fb51ab64a80b1fc64df46c41ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kei kim Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 16:30:04 +0900 Subject: [PATCH 11/16] docs: translate to linux --- translations/README-kr.md | 113 +++++++++++++++++++------------------- 1 file changed, 57 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-) diff --git a/translations/README-kr.md b/translations/README-kr.md index 0d9d57a..899aba3 100644 --- a/translations/README-kr.md +++ b/translations/README-kr.md @@ -77,15 +77,15 @@ - [Git Commands ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹](#git-commands-์ž‘๋™-๋ฐฉ์‹) - [Git์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#git์€-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”) - [Git merge vs. Git rebase](#git-merge-vs-git-rebase) -- [ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค](#cloud-services) - - [๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์น˜ํŠธ์‹œํŠธ(2023๋…„ํŒ)](#a-nice-cheat-sheet-of-different-cloud-services-2023-edition) - - [cloud native๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#what-is-cloud-native) -- [Developer productivity tools](#developer-productivity-tools) - - [JSON ํŒŒ์ผ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”](#visualize-json-files) - - [์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™˜](#automatically-turn-code-into-architecture-diagrams) -- [๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค](#linux) - - [๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค ํŒŒ์ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๋ช…](#linux-file-system-explained) - - [๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” 18๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค ๋ช…๋ น์–ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ](#18-most-used-linux-commands-you-should-know) +- [ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค](#ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ-์„œ๋น„์Šค) + - [๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์น˜ํŠธ์‹œํŠธ(2023๋…„ํŒ)](#๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ-ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ-์„œ๋น„์Šค์—-๋Œ€ํ•œ-์œ ์šฉํ•œ-์น˜ํŠธ์‹œํŠธ2023๋…„ํŒ) + - [cloud native๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#cloud-native๋ž€-๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”) +- [๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ๋„๊ตฌ](#๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž-์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ-๋„๊ตฌ) + - [JSON ํŒŒ์ผ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”](#json-ํŒŒ์ผ-์‹œ๊ฐํ™”) + - [์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™˜](#์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ-์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜-๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ-์ž๋™-๋ณ€ํ™˜) +- [๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค](#๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค) + - [๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค ํŒŒ์ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๋ช…](#๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค-ํŒŒ์ผ-์‹œ์Šคํ…œ-์„ค๋ช…) + - [๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” 18๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค ์ปค๋งจ๋“œ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ](#๊ฐ€์žฅ-๋งŽ์ด-์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”-18๊ฐ€์ง€-๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค-์ปค๋งจ๋“œ-์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ) - [๋ณด์•ˆ](#security) - [HTTPS๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#how-does-https-work) - [๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” Oauth 2.0](#oauth-20-explained-with-simple-terms) @@ -1193,118 +1193,119 @@ Git ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋Š” ํ”ผ์ฒ˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜์˜ ํ—ค๋“œ ํผ๋ธ”๋ž™ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”! -## Cloud Services +## ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค -### A nice cheat sheet of different cloud services (2023 edition) +### ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์น˜ํŠธ์‹œํŠธ(2023๋…„ํŒ)

-### What is cloud native? +### cloud native๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? -Below is a diagram showing the evolution of architecture and processes since the 1980s. +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์™€ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-Organizations can build and run scalable applications on public, private, and hybrid clouds using cloud native technologies. +์กฐ์ง์€ ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆญ, ํ”„๋ผ์ด๋น—, ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ์—์„œ ํ™•์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ๋นŒ๋“œํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -This means the applications are designed to leverage cloud features, so they are resilient to load and easy to scale. +์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์€ ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด, ๋กœ๋”ฉ์ด ํƒ„๋ ฅ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Cloud native includes 4 aspects: +ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์—๋Š” 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1. Development process This has progressed from waterfall to agile to DevOps. + ์›Œํ„ฐํด์—์„œ ์• ์ž์ผ, ๋ฐ๋ธŒ์˜ต์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2. Application Architecture - The architecture has gone from monolithic to microservices. Each service is designed to be small, adaptive to the limited resources in cloud containers. + ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋†€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ์˜ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์กฐ์ •๋˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3. Deployment & packaging - The applications used to be deployed on physical servers. Then around 2000, the applications that were not sensitive to latency were usually deployed on virtual servers. With cloud native applications, they are packaged into docker images and deployed in containers. + ์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์„œ๋ฒ„์— ๋ฐฐํฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2000๋…„๊ฒฝ์—๋Š” ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์„œ๋ฒ„์— ๋ฐฐํฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋„์ปค ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง•๋˜์–ด ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ์— ๋ฐฐํฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 4. Application infrastructure - The applications are massively deployed on cloud infrastructure instead of self-hosted servers. + ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์€ ์ž์ฒด ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŒ… ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๋Œ€์‹  ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์— ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -## Developer productivity tools +## ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ๋„๊ตฌ -### Visualize JSON files +### JSON ํŒŒ์ผ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” -Nested JSON files are hard to read. +์ค‘์ฒฉ๋œ JSON ํŒŒ์ผ์€ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -**JsonCrack** generates graph diagrams from JSON files and makes them easy to read. +JSON ํŒŒ์ผ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก **JsonCrack**์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Additionally, the generated diagrams can be downloaded as images. +๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-### Automatically turn code into architecture diagrams +### ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™˜

-What does it do? +์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”? -- Draw the cloud system architecture in Python code. -- Diagrams can also be rendered directly inside the Jupyter Notebooks. -- No design tools are needed. -- Supports the following providers: AWS, Azure, GCP, Kubernetes, Alibaba Cloud, Oracle Cloud, etc. +- Python ์ฝ”๋“œ๋กœ ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ฃผํ”ผํ„ฐ ๋…ธํŠธ๋ถ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ Œ๋”๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ๋””์ž์ธ ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ๋‹ค์Œ ํ”„๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด๋”๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: AWS, Azure, GCP, Kubernetes, ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”๋ฐ” ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ, ์˜ค๋ผํด ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ๋“ฑ. [Github repo](https://github.com/mingrammer/diagrams) -## Linux +## ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค -### Linux file system explained +### ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค ํŒŒ์ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๋ช…

-The Linux file system used to resemble an unorganized town where individuals constructed their houses wherever they pleased. However, in 1994, the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) was introduced to bring order to the Linux file system. +์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” Linux ํŒŒ์ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์ง‘์„ ์ง“๋Š” ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œํ•œ ๋งˆ์„๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1994๋…„, ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค ํŒŒ์ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŒŒ์ผ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ณ„์ธต๊ตฌ์กฐ ํ‘œ์ค€(FHS:Filesystem Hierarchy Standard)์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -By implementing a standard like the FHS, software can ensure a consistent layout across various Linux distributions. Nonetheless, not all Linux distributions strictly adhere to this standard. They often incorporate their own unique elements or cater to specific requirements. -To become proficient in this standard, you can begin by exploring. Utilize commands such as "cd" for navigation and "ls" for listing directory contents. Imagine the file system as a tree, starting from the root (/). With time, it will become second nature to you, transforming you into a skilled Linux administrator. +์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋Š” FHS์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ‘œ์ค€์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ Linux ๋ฐฐํฌํŒ์—์„œ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ๋ ˆ์ด์•„์›ƒ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋“  Linux ๋ฐฐํฌํŒ์ด ์ด ํ‘œ์ค€์„ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์ฒด ๊ณ ์œ  ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋จผํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŠน์ • ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +์ด ํ‘œ์ค€์— ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๋ ค๋ฉด ๋จผ์ € ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ์ƒ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” "cd", ๋””๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด "ls"์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ปค๋งจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ํŒŒ์ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋ฃจํŠธ(/)์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ ธ์„œ ์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ Linux ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### 18 Most-used Linux Commands You Should Know +### ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” 18๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค ์ปค๋งจ๋“œ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ -Linux commands are instructions for interacting with the operating system. They help manage files, directories, system processes, and many other aspects of the system. You need to become familiar with these commands in order to navigate and maintain Linux-based systems efficiently and effectively. +Linux ์ปค๋งจ๋“œ๋Š” ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋Ÿญ์…˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ผ, ๋””๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฆฌ, ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Linux ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ปค๋งจ๋“œ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -This diagram below shows popular Linux commands: +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” Linux ์ปค๋งจ๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-- ls - List files and directories -- cd - Change the current directory -- mkdir - Create a new directory -- rm - Remove files or directories -- cp - Copy files or directories -- mv - Move or rename files or directories -- chmod - Change file or directory permissions -- grep - Search for a pattern in files -- find - Search for files and directories -- tar - manipulate tarball archive files -- vi - Edit files using text editors -- cat - display the content of files -- top - Display processes and resource usage -- ps - Display processes information -- kill - Terminate a process by sending a signal -- du - Estimate file space usage -- ifconfig - Configure network interfaces -- ping - Test network connectivity between hosts +- ls - ํŒŒ์ผ๊ณผ ๋””๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฆฌ ๋ชฉ๋ก +- cd - ํ˜„์žฌ ๋””๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฆฌ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ +- mkdir - ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋””๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ์„ฑ +- rm - ํŒŒ์ผ ๋˜๋Š” ๋””๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฆฌ ์ œ๊ฑฐ +- cp - ํŒŒ์ผ ๋˜๋Š” ๋””๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฆฌ ๋ณต์‚ฌ +- mv - ํŒŒ์ผ ๋˜๋Š” ๋””๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฆฌ ์ด๋ฆ„๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ํ˜น์€ ์ด๋™ +- chmod - ํŒŒ์ผ ๋˜๋Š” ๋””๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฆฌ ๊ถŒํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ +- grep - ํŒŒ์ผ์—์„œ ํŒจํ„ด ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ +- find - ํŒŒ์ผ๊ณผ ๋””๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ +- tar - tarball ์•„์นด์ด๋ธŒ ํŒŒ์ผ ์กฐ์ž‘ +- vi - ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์—๋””ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒŒ์ผ ํŽธ์ง‘ +- cat - ํŒŒ์ผ์˜ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ํ‘œ์‹œ +- top - ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ํ‘œ์‹œ +- ps - ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ ์ •๋ณด ํ‘œ์‹œ +- kill - ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ์ข…๋ฃŒ +- du - ํŒŒ์ผ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ถ”์ • +- ifconfig - ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์„ค์ • +- ping - ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฐ„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ปค๋„ฅ์…˜ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ## Security From 5d2233df4cd47317bec3b8eeaf9618a2f1fc4fa4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kei kim Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 18:17:37 +0900 Subject: [PATCH 12/16] docs: translate to security --- translations/README-kr.md | 170 +++++++++++++++++++------------------- 1 file changed, 85 insertions(+), 85 deletions(-) diff --git a/translations/README-kr.md b/translations/README-kr.md index 899aba3..9c85803 100644 --- a/translations/README-kr.md +++ b/translations/README-kr.md @@ -86,14 +86,14 @@ - [๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค](#๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค) - [๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค ํŒŒ์ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๋ช…](#๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค-ํŒŒ์ผ-์‹œ์Šคํ…œ-์„ค๋ช…) - [๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” 18๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค ์ปค๋งจ๋“œ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ](#๊ฐ€์žฅ-๋งŽ์ด-์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”-18๊ฐ€์ง€-๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค-์ปค๋งจ๋“œ-์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ) -- [๋ณด์•ˆ](#security) - - [HTTPS๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#how-does-https-work) - - [๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” Oauth 2.0](#oauth-20-explained-with-simple-terms) - - [์ธ์ฆ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ํ˜•ํƒœ](#top-4-forms-of-authentication-mechanisms) - - [Session, cookie, JWT, token, SSO, OAuth 2.0 - ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€์š”?](#session-cookie-jwt-token-sso-and-oauth-20---what-are-they) - - [๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์— ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#how-to-store-passwords-safely-in-the-database-and-how-to-validate-a-password) - - [10์„ธ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์—๊ฒŒ JSON Web Token(JWT) ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ](#explaining-json-web-token-jwt-to-a-10-year-old-kid) - - [Google authenticator(๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ 2 factor authenticator)๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#how-does-google-authenticator-or-other-types-of-2-factor-authenticators-work) +- [๋ณด์•ˆ](#๋ณด์•ˆ) + - [HTTPS๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#https๋Š”-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”) + - [๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” Oauth 2.0](#๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ-์šฉ์–ด๋กœ-์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”-oauth-20) + - [์ธ์ฆ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ํ˜•ํƒœ](#์ธ์ฆ-๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜-4๊ฐ€์ง€-์ฃผ์š”-ํ˜•ํƒœ) + - [Session, cookie, JWT, token, SSO, OAuth 2.0 - ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€์š”?](#session-cookie-jwt-token-sso-oauth-20---๊ทธ๊ฒŒ-๋ญ”๊ฐ€์š”) + - [๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์— ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—-๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ-์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ-์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š”-๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ-๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ-ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š”-๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€-๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”) + - [10์„ธ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์—๊ฒŒ JSON Web Token(JWT) ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ](#10์„ธ-์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์—๊ฒŒ-json-web-tokenjwt-์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ) + - [Google authenticator(๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ 2 factor authenticator)๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#google-authenticator๋˜๋Š”-๋‹ค๋ฅธ-์œ ํ˜•์˜-2-factor-authenticator๋Š”-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”) - [์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ](#real-world-case-studies) - [๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์Šคํƒ](#netflixs-tech-stack) - [ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ 2022](#twitter-architecture-2022) @@ -1307,58 +1307,58 @@ Linux ์ปค๋งจ๋“œ๋Š” ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋Ÿญ์…˜ - ifconfig - ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์„ค์ • - ping - ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฐ„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ปค๋„ฅ์…˜ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ -## Security +## ๋ณด์•ˆ -### How does HTTPS work? +### HTTPS๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? -Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is an extension of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP.) HTTPS transmits encrypted data using Transport Layer Security (TLS.) If the data is hijacked online, all the hijacker gets is binary code. +Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure(HTTPS)๋Š” Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP)์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. HTTPS๋Š” Transport Layer Security(TLS)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํƒˆ์ทจ๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉด ํƒˆ์ทจ์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋„ˆ๋ฆฌ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-How is the data encrypted and decrypted? +๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ๋ณตํ˜ธํ™”๋˜๋‚˜์š”? -Step 1 - The client (browser) and the server establish a TCP connection. +1๋‹จ๊ณ„ - ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ(๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์ €)์™€ ์„œ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ TCP ์ปค๋„ฅ์…˜์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 2 - The client sends a โ€œclient helloโ€ to the server. The message contains a set of necessary encryption algorithms (cipher suites) and the latest TLS version it can support. The server responds with a โ€œserver helloโ€ so the browser knows whether it can support the algorithms and TLS version. +2๋‹จ๊ณ„ - ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋ฒ„์— "client hello"๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์—๋Š” ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜(cipher suites) ์„ธํŠธ์™€ ์ง€์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์‹  TLS ๋ฒ„์ „์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ฒ„๋Š” "server hello"๋กœ ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์ €๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ TLS ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์ง€์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -The server then sends the SSL certificate to the client. The certificate contains the public key, host name, expiry dates, etc. The client validates the certificate. +๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์„œ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์— SSL ์ธ์ฆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์ฆ์„œ์—๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํ‚ค, ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ ์ด๋ฆ„, ๋งŒ๋ฃŒ ๋‚ ์งœ ๋“ฑ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๋Š” ์ธ์ฆ์„œ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 3 - After validating the SSL certificate, the client generates a session key and encrypts it using the public key. The server receives the encrypted session key and decrypts it with the private key. +3๋‹จ๊ณ„ - SSL ์ธ์ฆ์„œ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•œ ํ›„ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๋Š” ์„ธ์…˜ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ฒ„๋Š” ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋œ ์„ธ์…˜ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ธ ํ‚ค๋กœ ์•”ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 4 - Now that both the client and the server hold the same session key (symmetric encryption), the encrypted data is transmitted in a secure bi-directional channel. +4๋‹จ๊ณ„ - ์ด์ œ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์™€ ์„œ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์„ธ์…˜ ํ‚ค(๋Œ€์นญ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”)๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ฑ„๋„๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Why does HTTPS switch to symmetric encryption during data transmission? There are two main reasons: +๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก ์ค‘์— HTTPS๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์นญ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -1. Security: The asymmetric encryption goes only one way. This means that if the server tries to send the encrypted data back to the client, anyone can decrypt the data using the public key. +1. ๋ณด์•ˆ: ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์„œ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -2. Server resources: The asymmetric encryption adds quite a lot of mathematical overhead. It is not suitable for data transmissions in long sessions. +2. ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค: ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ—ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธด ์„ธ์…˜์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก์—๋Š” ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### Oauth 2.0 Explained With Simple Terms. +### ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” Oauth 2.0 -OAuth 2.0 is a powerful and secure framework that allows different applications to securely interact with each other on behalf of users without sharing sensitive credentials. +OAuth 2.0์€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ๋กœ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์ž๊ฒฉ ์ฆ๋ช…์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-The entities involved in OAuth are the User, the Server, and the Identity Provider (IDP). +OAuth์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž, ์„œ๋ฒ„, ID ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž(Identity Provider, IDP)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -What Can an OAuth Token Do? +OAuth ํ† ํฐ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”? -When you use OAuth, you get an OAuth token that represents your identity and permissions. This token can do a few important things: +OAuth๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹ ์› ๋ฐ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” OAuth ํ† ํฐ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ† ํฐ์€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Single Sign-On (SSO): With an OAuth token, you can log into multiple services or apps using just one login, making life easier and safer. +Single Sign-On(SSO): OAuth ํ† ํฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋‚˜ ์•ฑ์— ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๋”์šฑ ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ™œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Authorization Across Systems: The OAuth token allows you to share your authorization or access rights across various systems, so you don't have to log in separately everywhere. +Authorization Across Systems: ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐ„ ์ธ์ฆ: OAuth ํ† ํฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ธ์ฆ ๋˜๋Š” ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Accessing User Profile: Apps with an OAuth token can access certain parts of your user profile that you allow, but they won't see everything. +Accessing User Profile: OAuth ํ† ํฐ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ฑ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ํ”„๋กœํ•„์˜ ํŠน์ • ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์•ก์„ธ์Šคํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Remember, OAuth 2.0 is all about keeping you and your data safe while making your online experiences seamless and hassle-free across different applications and services. +OAuth 2.0์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒˆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ์›€ ์—†๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### Top 4 Forms of Authentication Mechanisms +### ์ธ์ฆ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ํ˜•ํƒœ

@@ -1366,132 +1366,132 @@ Remember, OAuth 2.0 is all about keeping you and your data safe while making you 1. SSH Keys: - Cryptographic keys are used to access remote systems and servers securely + ์•”ํ˜ธํ™” ํ‚ค๋Š” ์›๊ฒฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„์— ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•ก์„ธ์Šคํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1. OAuth Tokens: - Tokens that provide limited access to user data on third-party applications + ์จ๋“œํŒŒํ‹ฐ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํ† ํฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1. SSL Certificates: - Digital certificates ensure secure and encrypted communication between servers and clients + ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ธ์ฆ์„œ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฒ„์™€ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋œ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1. Credentials: - User authentication information is used to verify and grant access to various systems and services + ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ธ์ฆ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### Session, cookie, JWT, token, SSO, and OAuth 2.0 - what are they? +### Session, cookie, JWT, token, SSO, OAuth 2.0 - ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€์š”? -These terms are all related to user identity management. When you log into a website, you declare who you are (identification). Your identity is verified (authentication), and you are granted the necessary permissions (authorization). Many solutions have been proposed in the past, and the list keeps growing. +์ด ์•ฝ๊ด€์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์‹ ์› ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ ์–ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์‹๋ณ„). ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ (์ธ์ฆ) ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์ธ๊ฐ€). ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ชฉ๋ก์€ ๊ณ„์† ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-From simple to complex, here is my understanding of user identity management: +๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊นŒ์ง€, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์‹ ์› ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- WWW-Authenticate is the most basic method. You are asked for the username and password by the browser. As a result of the inability to control the login life cycle, it is seldom used today. +- WWW-์ธ์ฆ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์ €์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ด๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- A finer control over the login life cycle is session-cookie. The server maintains session storage, and the browser keeps the ID of the session. A cookie usually only works with browsers and is not mobile app friendly. +- ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์„ธ์…˜ ์ฟ ํ‚ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ฒ„๋Š” ์„ธ์…˜ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์ €๋Š” ์„ธ์…˜์˜ ID๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฟ ํ‚ค๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์ €์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์•ฑ์—๋Š” ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- To address the compatibility issue, the token can be used. The client sends the token to the server, and the server validates the token. The downside is that the token needs to be encrypted and decrypted, which may be time-consuming. +- ํ˜ธํ™˜์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ† ํฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ† ํฐ์„ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋ฉด ์„œ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ํ† ํฐ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ ์€ ํ† ํฐ์„ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด๋…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- JWT is a standard way of representing tokens. This information can be verified and trusted because it is digitally signed. Since JWT contains the signature, there is no need to save session information on the server side. +- JWT๋Š” ํ† ํฐ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์„œ๋ช…์ด ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. JWT์—๋Š” ์„œ๋ช…์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ์ธก์— ์„ธ์…˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- By using SSO (single sign-on), you can sign on only once and log in to multiple websites. It uses CAS (central authentication service) to maintain cross-site information. +- SSO( Single Sign-On)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋งŒ ๋กœ๊ทธ์˜จํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CAS( Central Authentication Service)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ๊ฐ„ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- By using OAuth 2.0, you can authorize one website to access your information on another website. +- OAuth 2.0์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•œ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ๋‚ด ์ •๋ณด์— ์•ก์„ธ์Šคํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ธ์ฆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### How to store passwords safely in the database and how to validate a password? +### ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์— ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?

-**Things NOT to do** +**ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค** -- Storing passwords in plain text is not a good idea because anyone with internal access can see them. +- ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ข‹์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Storing password hashes directly is not sufficient because it is pruned to precomputation attacks, such as rainbow tables. +- ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ ํ•ด์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ ˆ์ธ๋ณด์šฐ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- To mitigate precomputation attacks, we salt the passwords. +- precomputation attacks์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์†”ํŠธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -**What is salt?** +**salt๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?** -According to OWASP guidelines, โ€œa salt is a unique, randomly generated string that is added to each password as part of the hashing processโ€. +OWASP ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด "์†”ํŠธ๋ž€ ํ•ด์‹ฑ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ฐ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -**How to store a password and salt?** +**๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ์™€ salt๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?** -1. the hash result is unique to each password. -1. The password can be stored in the database using the following format: hash(password + salt). +1. ํ•ด์‹œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ณ ์œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +1. ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ํฌ๋งท์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์— ์ €์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์‹œ(password + salt). -**How to validate a password?** +**๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?** -To validate a password, it can go through the following process: +๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -1. A client enters the password. -1. The system fetches the corresponding salt from the database. -1. The system appends the salt to the password and hashes it. Letโ€™s call the hashed value H1. -1. The system compares H1 and H2, where H2 is the hash stored in the database. If they are the same, the password is valid. +1. ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์—์„œ ํŒจ์Šค์›Œ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +1. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ํ•ด๋‹น salt๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +1. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ์— salt๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด์‹œ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์‹œ๋œ ๊ฐ’์„ H1์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +1. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ H1๊ณผ H2๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ H2๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์— ์ €์žฅ๋œ ํ•ด์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์ด ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉด ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์œ ํšจํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### Explaining JSON Web Token (JWT) to a 10 year old Kid +### 10์„ธ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์—๊ฒŒ JSON Web Token(JWT) ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ

-Imagine you have a special box called a JWT. Inside this box, there are three parts: a header, a payload, and a signature. +JWT๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์ด ์ƒ์ž ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ํ—ค๋”, ํŽ˜์ด๋กœ๋“œ, ์„œ๋ช… ์„ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -The header is like the label on the outside of the box. It tells us what type of box it is and how it's secured. It's usually written in a format called JSON, which is just a way to organize information using curly braces { } and colons : . +ํ—ค๋”๋Š” ์ƒ์ž ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ผ๋ฒจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—ค๋”๋Š” ์ƒ์ž์˜ ํƒ€์ž…๊ณผ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ด„ํ˜ธ { }์™€ ์ฝœ๋ก  : ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ JSON์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํฌ๋งท์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -The payload is like the actual message or information you want to send. It could be your name, age, or any other data you want to share. It's also written in JSON format, so it's easy to understand and work with. -Now, the signature is what makes the JWT secure. It's like a special seal that only the sender knows how to create. The signature is created using a secret code, kind of like a password. This signature ensures that nobody can tamper with the contents of the JWT without the sender knowing about it. +ํŽ˜์ด๋กœ๋“œ๋Š” ์ „์†กํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฆ„, ๋‚˜์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ JSON ํฌ๋งท์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +์„œ๋ช…์€ JWT๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ช…์€ ๋ฐœ์‹ ์ž๋งŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋„์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ช…์€ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„œ๋ช…์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋ฐœ์‹ ์ž ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ JWT์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -When you want to send the JWT to a server, you put the header, payload, and signature inside the box. Then you send it over to the server. The server can easily read the header and payload to understand who you are and what you want to do. +JWT๋ฅผ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ ค๋ฉด ํ—ค๋”, ํŽ˜์ด๋กœ๋“œ, ์„œ๋ช…์„ ์ƒ์ž ์•ˆ์— ๋„ฃ๊ณ  ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ฒ„๋Š” ํ—ค๋”์™€ ํŽ˜์ด๋กœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€, ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### How does Google Authenticator (or other types of 2-factor authenticators) work? +### Google authenticator(๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ 2 factor authenticator)๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? -Google Authenticator is commonly used for logging into our accounts when 2-factor authentication is enabled. How does it guarantee security? +2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ฆ์ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ Google ์ธ์ฆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์ • ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์•ˆ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? -Google Authenticator is a software-based authenticator that implements a two-step verification service. The diagram below provides detail. +Google ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-There are two stages involved: +๋‘ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Stage 1 - The user enables Google two-step verification. -- Stage 2 - The user uses the authenticator for logging in, etc. +- ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€ 1 - ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ Google 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ฆ์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€ 2 - ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธ ๋“ฑ์— ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Letโ€™s look at these stages. +์ด ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -**Stage 1** +**์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€1** -Steps 1 and 2: Bob opens the web page to enable two-step verification. The front end requests a secret key. The authentication service generates the secret key for Bob and stores it in the database. +๋‹จ๊ณ„ 1,2: Bob์ด ์›น ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ด์–ด 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ฆ์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ก ํŠธ์—”๋“œ์—์„œ ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ Bob์˜ ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์— ์ €์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 3: The authentication service returns a URI to the front end. The URI is composed of a key issuer, username, and secret key. The URI is displayed in the form of a QR code on the web page. +๋‹จ๊ณ„ 3: ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ํ”„๋ก ํŠธ์—”๋“œ์— URI๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. URI๋Š” ํ‚ค ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰์ž, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ด๋ฆ„, ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ํ‚ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. URI๋Š” ์›น ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— QR ์ฝ”๋“œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 4: Bob then uses Google Authenticator to scan the generated QR code. The secret key is stored in the authenticator. +๋‹จ๊ณ„ 4: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ Bob์€ Google ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ QR ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์Šค์บ”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ํ‚ค๋Š” ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ์— ์ €์žฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -**Stage 2** -Steps 1 and 2: Bob wants to log into a website with Google two-step verification. For this, he needs the password. Every 30 seconds, Google Authenticator generates a 6-digit password using TOTP (Time-based One Time Password) algorithm. Bob uses the password to enter the website. +**์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€2** +๋‹จ๊ณ„ 1, 2: ๋ฐฅ์€ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Google ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” 30์ดˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค TOTP(Time-based One Time Password) ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 6์ž๋ฆฌ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฅ์€ ์ด ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Steps 3 and 4: The frontend sends the password Bob enters to the backend for authentication. The authentication service reads the secret key from the database and generates a 6-digit password using the same TOTP algorithm as the client. +๋‹จ๊ณ„ 3, 4: ํ”„๋ก ํŠธ์—”๋“œ๋Š” ์ธ์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฅ์ด ์ž…๋ ฅํ•œ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ณ  ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ TOTP ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 6์ž๋ฆฌ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 5: The authentication service compares the two passwords generated by the client and the server, and returns the comparison result to the frontend. Bob can proceed with the login process only if the two passwords match. +๋‹จ๊ณ„ 5: ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์™€ ์„œ๋ฒ„์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ”„๋ก ํŠธ์—”๋“œ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Bob์€ ๋‘ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Is this authentication mechanism safe? +์ด ์ธ์ฆ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ๊ฐ€์š”? -- Can the secret key be obtained by others? +- ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”? - We need to make sure the secret key is transmitted using HTTPS. The authenticator client and the database store the secret key, and we need to make sure the secret keys are encrypted. + ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ HTTPS๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์†ก๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์™€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋Š” ๋น„๋ฐ€ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋น„๋ฐ€ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Can the 6-digit password be guessed by hackers? +- ํ•ด์ปค๊ฐ€ 6์ž๋ฆฌ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”? - No. The password has 6 digits, so the generated password has 1 million potential combinations. Plus, the password changes every 30 seconds. If hackers want to guess the password in 30 seconds, they need to enter 30,000 combinations per second. + ์•„๋‹ˆ์š”. ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋Š” 6์ž๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 100๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋Š” 30์ดˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์ปค๊ฐ€ 30์ดˆ ์•ˆ์— ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค๋ฉด ์ดˆ๋‹น 30,000๊ฐœ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ## Real World Case Studies From 0e5533fcb7a4d6dad3296c0c8da4a1a96af524f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kei kim Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 22:17:17 +0900 Subject: [PATCH 13/16] docs: translate to end(real world case) --- translations/README-kr.md | 228 +++++++++++++++++++------------------- 1 file changed, 114 insertions(+), 114 deletions(-) diff --git a/translations/README-kr.md b/translations/README-kr.md index 9c85803..a6e5225 100644 --- a/translations/README-kr.md +++ b/translations/README-kr.md @@ -94,16 +94,16 @@ - [๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์— ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—-๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ-์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ-์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š”-๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ-๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ-ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š”-๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€-๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”) - [10์„ธ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์—๊ฒŒ JSON Web Token(JWT) ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ](#10์„ธ-์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์—๊ฒŒ-json-web-tokenjwt-์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ) - [Google authenticator(๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ 2 factor authenticator)๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#google-authenticator๋˜๋Š”-๋‹ค๋ฅธ-์œ ํ˜•์˜-2-factor-authenticator๋Š”-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”) -- [์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ](#real-world-case-studies) - - [๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์Šคํƒ](#netflixs-tech-stack) - - [ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ 2022](#twitter-architecture-2022) - - [์ง€๋‚œ 15๋…„๊ฐ„ ์—์–ด๋น„์•ค๋น„ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •](#evolution-of-airbnbs-microservice-architecture-over-the-past-15-years) - - [๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ vs. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ ˆํฌ](#monorepo-vs-microrepo) - - [์Šคํƒ ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ”Œ๋กœ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋””์ž์ธํ•  ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?](#how-will-you-design-the-stack-overflow-website) - - [์•„๋งˆ์กด ํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์ด ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์Šค์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋†€๋ฆฌ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ 90%์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?](#why-did-amazon-prime-video-monitoring-move-from-serverless-to-monolithic-how-can-it-save-90-cost) - - [๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ํ•ซ์Šคํƒ€๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ 50์–ต ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋ชจํ‹ฐ์ฝ˜์„ ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?](#how-does-disney-hotstar-capture-5-billion-emojis-during-a-tournament) - - [Discord๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์กฐ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•](#how-discord-stores-trillions-of-messages) - - [๋™์˜์ƒ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์€ YouTube, TikTok ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ, Twitch์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#how-do-video-live-streamings-work-on-youtube-tiktok-live-or-twitch) +- [์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ](#์‹ค์ œ-์‚ฌ๋ก€-์—ฐ๊ตฌ) + - [๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์Šคํƒ](#๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค-๊ธฐ์ˆ -์Šคํƒ) + - [ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ 2022](#ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ-์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜-2022) + - [์ง€๋‚œ 15๋…„๊ฐ„ ์—์–ด๋น„์•ค๋น„ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •](#์ง€๋‚œ-15๋…„๊ฐ„-์—์–ด๋น„์•ค๋น„-๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค-์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์˜-์ง„ํ™”-๊ณผ์ •) + - [๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ vs. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ ˆํฌ](#๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ-vs-๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ ˆํฌ) + - [์Šคํƒ ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ”Œ๋กœ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋””์ž์ธํ•  ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?](#์Šคํƒ-์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ”Œ๋กœ-์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-๋””์ž์ธํ• -๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”) + - [์•„๋งˆ์กด ํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์ด ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์Šค์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋†€๋ฆฌ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ 90%์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?](#์•„๋งˆ์กด-ํ”„๋ผ์ž„-๋น„๋””์˜ค-๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์ด-์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์Šค์—์„œ-๋ชจ๋†€๋ฆฌ์‹์œผ๋กœ-์ „ํ™˜๋œ-์ด์œ ๋Š”-๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-90์˜-๋น„์šฉ์„-์ ˆ๊ฐํ• -์ˆ˜-์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”) + - [๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ํ•ซ์Šคํƒ€๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ 50์–ต ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋ชจํ‹ฐ์ฝ˜์„ ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?](#๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ-ํ•ซ์Šคํƒ€๋Š”-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ-๊ธฐ๊ฐ„-๋™์•ˆ-50์–ต-๊ฐœ์˜-์ด๋ชจํ‹ฐ์ฝ˜์„-ํš๋“ํ• -์ˆ˜-์žˆ์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”) + - [Discord๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์กฐ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•](#discord๊ฐ€-์ˆ˜์กฐ-๊ฐœ์˜-๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ-์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š”-๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•) + - [๋™์˜์ƒ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์€ YouTube, TikTok ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ, Twitch์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#๋™์˜์ƒ-๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ-์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์€-youtube-tiktok-๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ-twitch์—์„œ-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”) @@ -834,7 +834,7 @@ Redis๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ ์‚ฌ - Load Balancer: ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - CDN (Content Delivery Network): CDN์€ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ „์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •์  ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € CDN์—์„œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - API Gateway: ์ˆ˜์‹  ์š”์ฒญ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ จ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ๋ผ์šฐํŒ…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ID ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž์™€ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Identity Provider: ์œ ์ €์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ฆ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Identity Provider: ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ฆ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Service Registry & Discovery: ์ด ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋“ฑ๋ก ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ , API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๋Š” ์ด ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•  ๊ด€๋ จ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Management: ์ด ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Microservices: ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์—์„œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์—๋Š” ์ž์ฒด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๋Š” REST API ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค์™€ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” RPC(Remote Procedure Call)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋กœ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -1494,62 +1494,62 @@ Google ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ธฐ ์•„๋‹ˆ์š”. ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋Š” 6์ž๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 100๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋Š” 30์ดˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์ปค๊ฐ€ 30์ดˆ ์•ˆ์— ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค๋ฉด ์ดˆ๋‹น 30,000๊ฐœ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -## Real World Case Studies +## ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ -### Netflix's Tech Stack +### ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์Šคํƒ -This post is based on research from many Netflix engineering blogs and open-source projects. If you come across any inaccuracies, please feel free to inform us. +์ด ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋ฌผ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ์™€ ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-**Mobile and web**: Netflix has adopted Swift and Kotlin to build native mobile apps. For its web application, it uses React. +**Mobile and web**: ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค๋Š” ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์•ฑ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Swift์™€ Kotlin์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›น ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์—๋Š” React๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -**Frontend/server communication**: Netflix uses GraphQL. +**Frontend/server communication**: ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค๋Š” GraphQL์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -**Backend services**: Netflix relies on ZUUL, Eureka, the Spring Boot framework, and other technologies. +**Backend services**: ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค๋Š” ZUUL, ์œ ๋ ˆ์นด, ์Šคํ”„๋ง ๋ถ€ํŠธ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -**Databases**: Netflix utilizes EV cache, Cassandra, CockroachDB, and other databases. +**Databases**: ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค๋Š” EV ์บ์‹œ, ์นด์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ผ, ์ฝ”ํฌ๋กœ์น˜DB ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -**Messaging/streaming**: Netflix employs Apache Kafka and Fink for messaging and streaming purposes. +**Messaging/streaming**: ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง•๊ณผ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•„ํŒŒ์น˜ ์นดํ”„์นด์™€ ํ•‘ํฌ(Fink)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -**Video storage**: Netflix uses S3 and Open Connect for video storage. +**Video storage**: ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค๋Š” ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋กœ S3์™€ Open Connect๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -**Data processing**: Netflix utilizes Flink and Spark for data processing, which is then visualized using Tableau. Redshift is used for processing structured data warehouse information. +**Data processing**: ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด Flink์™€ Spark๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ Tableau๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์›จ์–ดํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” Redshift๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -**CI/CD**: Netflix employs various tools such as JIRA, Confluence, PagerDuty, Jenkins, Gradle, Chaos Monkey, Spinnaker, Atlas, and more for CI/CD processes. +**CI/CD**: ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค๋Š” CI/CD ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด JIRA, Confluence, PagerDuty, Jenkins, Gradle, Chaos Monkey, Spinnaker, Atlas ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### Twitter Architecture 2022 +### ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ 2022 -Yes, this is the real Twitter architecture. It is posted by Elon Musk and redrawn by us for better readability. +์˜ˆ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค์ œ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋ก  ๋จธ์Šคํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋…์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-### Evolution of Airbnbโ€™s microservice architecture over the past 15 years +### ์ง€๋‚œ 15๋…„๊ฐ„ ์—์–ด๋น„์•ค๋น„ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ • -Airbnbโ€™s microservice architecture went through 3 main stages. +์—์–ด๋น„์•ค๋น„์˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-Monolith (2008 - 2017) +๋ชจ๋†€๋ฆฌ์Šค (2008 - 2017) -Airbnb began as a simple marketplace for hosts and guests. This is built in a Ruby on Rails application - the monolith. +์—์–ด๋น„์•ค๋น„๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ๊ฒŒ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋งˆ์ผ“ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋†€๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” Ruby on Rails ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Whatโ€™s the challenge? +๋„์ „ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? -- Confusing team ownership + unowned code -- Slow deployment +- ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ํŒ€ ์˜ค๋„ˆ์‹ญ + ์˜ค๋„ˆ์‹ญ ์—†๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ +- ๋Š๋ฆฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ -Microservices (2017 - 2020) +๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค (2017 - 2020) -Microservice aims to solve those challenges. In the microservice architecture, key services include: +๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: - Data fetching service - Business logic data service @@ -1557,182 +1557,182 @@ Microservice aims to solve those challenges. In the microservice architecture, k - UI aggregation service - Each service had one owning team -Whatโ€™s the challenge? +๋„์ „ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? -Hundreds of services and dependencies were difficult for humans to manage. +์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์™€ ์ข…์†์„ฑ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Micro + macroservices (2020 - present) +๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ + ๋งคํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค (2020 - ํ˜„์žฌ) -This is what Airbnb is working on now. The micro and macroservice hybrid model focuses on the unification of APIs. +์—์–ด๋น„์•ค๋น„๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ ๋งคํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ API ํ†ตํ•ฉ์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### Monorepo vs. Microrepo. +### ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ vs. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ ˆํฌ -Which is the best? Why do different companies choose different options? +์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์„๊นŒ์š”? ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?

-Monorepo isn't new; Linux and Windows were both created using Monorepo. To improve scalability and build speed, Google developed its internal dedicated toolchain to scale it faster and strict coding quality standards to keep it consistent. +๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Linux์™€ Windows ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™•์žฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋นŒ๋“œ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Google์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ „์šฉ ํˆด์ฒด์ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ํ‘œ์ค€์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Amazon and Netflix are major ambassadors of the Microservice philosophy. This approach naturally separates the service code into separate repositories. It scales faster but can lead to governance pain points later on. +์•„๋งˆ์กด๊ณผ ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํ™๋ณด๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™•์žฅ ์†๋„๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Within Monorepo, each service is a folder, and every folder has a BUILD config and OWNERS permission control. Every service member is responsible for their own folder. +๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํด๋”์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋“  ํด๋”์—๋Š” ๋นŒ๋“œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์†Œ์œ ์ž ๊ถŒํ•œ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํด๋”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -On the other hand, in Microrepo, each service is responsible for its repository, with the build config and permissions typically set for the entire repository. +๋ฐ˜๋ฉด Microrepo์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋นŒ๋“œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์„ค์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -In Monorepo, dependencies are shared across the entire codebase regardless of your business, so when there's a version upgrade, every codebase upgrades their version. +Monorepo์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์ „์ฒด ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ์ข…์†์„ฑ์ด ๊ณต์œ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฒ„์ „ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -In Microrepo, dependencies are controlled within each repository. Businesses choose when to upgrade their versions based on their own schedules. +Microrepo์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ข…์†์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์ž์ฒด ์ผ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œํ•  ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Monorepo has a standard for check-ins. Google's code review process is famously known for setting a high bar, ensuring a coherent quality standard for Monorepo, regardless of the business. +๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ์—๋Š” ์ฒดํฌ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Google์˜ ์ฝ”๋“œ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋Š” ๋†’์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด Monorepo์˜ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ํ‘œ์ค€์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Microrepo can either set its own standard or adopt a shared standard by incorporating the best practices. It can scale faster for business, but the code quality might be a bit different. -Google engineers built Bazel, and Meta built Buck. There are other open-source tools available, including Nx, Lerna, and others. +Microrepo๋Š” ์ž์ฒด ํ‘œ์ค€์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋ฒ” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์œ  ํ‘œ์ค€์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฝ”๋“œ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +Google ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋Š” Bazel์„, Meta๋Š” Buck์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„ Nx, Lerna ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜คํ”ˆ ์†Œ์Šค ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Over the years, Microrepo has had more supported tools, including Maven and Gradle for Java, NPM for NodeJS, and CMake for C/C++, among others. +์ˆ˜๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ Microrepo๋Š” Java์šฉ Maven๊ณผ Gradle, NodeJS์šฉ NPM, C/C++์šฉ CMake ๋“ฑ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### How will you design the Stack Overflow website? +### ์Šคํƒ ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ”Œ๋กœ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋””์ž์ธํ•  ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”? -If your answer is on-premise servers and monolith (on the bottom of the following image), you would likely fail the interview, but that's how it is built in reality! +๋‹ต๋ณ€์ด ์˜จํ”„๋ ˆ๋ฏธ์Šค ์„œ๋ฒ„์™€ ๋ชจ๋†€๋ฆฌ์Šค(๋‹ค์Œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ํ•˜๋‹จ)๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ฉด์ ‘์—์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์งˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!

-**What people think it should look like** +**์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ** -The interviewer is probably expecting something like the top portion of the picture. +๋ฉด์ ‘๊ด€์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ์ƒ๋‹จ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Microservice is used to decompose the system into small components. -- Each service has its own database. Use cache heavily. -- The service is sharded. -- The services talk to each other asynchronously through message queues. -- The service is implemented using Event Sourcing with CQRS. -- Showing off knowledge in distributed systems such as eventual consistency, CAP theorem, etc. +- ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ž‘์€ ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ๊ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—๋Š” ์ž์ฒด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์บ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”. +- ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ƒค๋”ฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ํ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„๋™๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ์ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ์†Œ์‹ฑ๊ณผ CQRS๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ์ตœ์ข… ์ •ํ•ฉ์„ฑ, CAP ์ •๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์„ ๋ฝ๋‚ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. -**What it actually is** +**์‹ค์ œ ๋‚ด์šฉ** -Stack Overflow serves all the traffic with only 9 on-premise web servers, and itโ€™s on monolith! It has its own servers and does not run on the cloud. +์Šคํƒ ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ”Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹จ 9๋Œ€์˜ ์˜จํ”„๋ ˆ๋ฏธ์Šค ์›น ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์„œ๋ฒ„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋†€๋ฆฌ์Šค๋กœ ์šด์˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! ์ž์ฒด ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -This is contrary to all our popular beliefs these days. +์ด๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฏฟ์Œ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### Why did Amazon Prime Video monitoring move from serverless to monolithic? How can it save 90% cost? +### ์•„๋งˆ์กด ํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์ด ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์Šค์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋†€๋ฆฌ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ 90%์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? -The diagram below shows the architecture comparison before and after the migration. +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๋งˆ์ด๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ „๊ณผ ํ›„์˜ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-What is Amazon Prime Video Monitoring Service? +Amazon ํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? -Prime Video service needs to monitor the quality of thousands of live streams. The monitoring tool automatically analyzes the streams in real time and identifies quality issues like block corruption, video freeze, and sync problems. This is an important process for customer satisfaction. +ํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์„ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ธ”๋ก ์†์ƒ, ๋™์˜์ƒ ์ •์ง€, ๋™๊ธฐํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋งŒ์กฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -There are 3 steps: media converter, defect detector, and real-time notification. +๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ, ๊ฒฐํ•จ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ, ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•Œ๋ฆผ์˜ 3๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- What is the problem with the old architecture? +- ๊ธฐ์กด ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? - The old architecture was based on Amazon Lambda, which was good for building services quickly. However, it was not cost-effective when running the architecture at a high scale. The two most expensive operations are: + ์ด์ „ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋Š” Amazon Lambda๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ์ข‹์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž‘์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -1. The orchestration workflow - AWS step functions charge users by state transitions and the orchestration performs multiple state transitions every second. +1. ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์›Œํฌํ”Œ๋กœ - AWS ์Šคํ… ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ ์ „ํ™˜๋ณ„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ๋งค์ดˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒํƒœ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -2. Data passing between distributed components - the intermediate data is stored in Amazon S3 so that the next stage can download. The download can be costly when the volume is high. +2. ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „๋‹ฌ - ์ธํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋””์–ดํŠธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€์˜ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด Amazon S3์— ์ €์žฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์ด ํฌ๋ฉด ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Monolithic architecture saves 90% cost +- ๋ชจ๋†€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋กœ 90% ๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ๊ฐ - A monolithic architecture is designed to address the cost issues. There are still 3 components, but the media converter and defect detector are deployed in the same process, saving the cost of passing data over the network. Surprisingly, this approach to deployment architecture change led to 90% cost savings! + ๋ชจ๋†€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•จ ๊ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์— ๋ฐฐํฌ๋˜์–ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฐํฌ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ 90%์˜ ๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ๊ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! -This is an interesting and unique case study because microservices have become a go-to and fashionable choice in the tech industry. It's good to see that we are having more discussions about evolving the architecture and having more honest discussions about its pros and cons. Decomposing components into distributed microservices comes with a cost. +๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์—…๊ณ„์—์„œ ์œ ํ–‰์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฒˆ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŒํผ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ณ  ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฅ๋‹จ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์†”์งํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- What did Amazon leaders say about this? +- ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„๋งˆ์กด์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์˜€์„๊นŒ์š”? - Amazon CTO Werner Vogels: โ€œBuilding **evolvable software systems** is a strategy, not a religion. And revisiting your architecture with an open mind is a must.โ€ + ์•„๋งˆ์กด CTO Werner Vogels: "**์ง„ํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ**์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „๋žต์ด์ง€ ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋งˆ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." -Ex Amazon VP Sustainability Adrian Cockcroft: โ€œThe Prime Video team had followed a path I call **Serverless First**โ€ฆI donโ€™t advocate **Serverless Only**โ€. +Ex Amazon VP Sustainability Adrian Cockcroft: "ํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ํŒ€์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ **์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์Šค ํผ์ŠคํŠธ**๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” **์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์Šค ์˜จ๋ฆฌ**๋ฅผ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.". -### How does Disney Hotstar capture 5 Billion Emojis during a tournament? +### ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ํ•ซ์Šคํƒ€๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ 50์–ต ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋ชจํ‹ฐ์ฝ˜์„ ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?

-1. Clients send emojis through standard HTTP requests. You can think of Golang Service as a typical Web Server. Golang is chosen because it supports concurrency well. Threads in Golang are lightweight. +1. ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ HTTP ์š”์ฒญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ชจํ‹ฐ์ฝ˜์„ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋žญ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์›น ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋žญ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์„ฑ์„ ์ž˜ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋žญ์˜ ์Šค๋ ˆ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ณ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -2. Since the write volume is very high, Kafka (message queue) is used as a buffer. +2. ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— Kafka(๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ํ)๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ„ํผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -3. Emoji data are aggregated by a streaming processing service called Spark. It aggregates data every 2 seconds, which is configurable. There is a trade-off to be made based on the interval. A shorter interval means emojis are delivered to other clients faster but it also means more computing resources are needed. +3. ์ด๋ชจํ‹ฐ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” Spark๋ผ๋Š” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ด๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” 2์ดˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์–ด๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„ค์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์˜คํ”„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์ด ์งง์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์— ์ด๋ชจํ‹ฐ์ฝ˜์ด ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -4. Aggregated data is written to another Kafka. +4. ์–ด๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์นดํ”„์นด์— ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -5. The PubSub consumers pull aggregated emoji data from Kafka. +5. PubSub ์ปจ์Šˆ๋จธ๋Š” ์นดํ”„์นด์—์„œ ์–ด๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ๋œ ์ด๋ชจํ‹ฐ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -6. Emojis are delivered to other clients in real-time through the PubSub infrastructure. The PubSub infrastructure is interesting. Hotstar considered the following protocols: Socketio, NATS, MQTT, and gRPC, and settled with MQTT. +6. ์ด๋ชจํ‹ฐ์ฝ˜์€ PubSub ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PubSub ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ซ์Šคํƒ€๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Socketio, NATS, MQTT, gRPC๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ MQTT๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -A similar design is adopted by LinkedIn which streams a million likes/sec. +์ดˆ๋‹น ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ '์ข‹์•„์š”'๋ฅผ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐํ•˜๋Š” LinkedIn์—์„œ๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### How Discord Stores Trillions Of Messages +### Discord๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์กฐ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• -The diagram below shows the evolution of message storage at Discord: +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ Discord์—์„œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

-MongoDB โžก๏ธ Cassandra โžก๏ธ ScyllaDB +๋ชฝ๊ณ DB โžก๏ธ ์นด์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ผ โžก๏ธ ์‹ค๋ผDB -In 2015, the first version of Discord was built on top of a single MongoDB replica. Around Nov 2015, MongoDB stored 100 million messages and the RAM couldnโ€™t hold the data and index any longer. The latency became unpredictable. Message storage needs to be moved to another database. Cassandra was chosen. +2015๋…„, Discord์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฒ„์ „์€ ๋‹จ์ผ MongoDB ๋ ˆํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์นด ์œ„์— ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 11์›”๊ฒฝ, MongoDB์— 1์–ต ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ €์žฅ๋˜์ž RAM์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์ƒ‰์ธ์„ ์ €์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -In 2017, Discord had 12 Cassandra nodes and stored billions of messages. +2017๋…„, Discord์—๋Š” 12๊ฐœ์˜ ์นด์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ผ ๋…ธ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ €์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -At the beginning of 2022, it had 177 nodes with trillions of messages. At this point, latency was unpredictable, and maintenance operations became too expensive to run. +2022๋…„ ์ดˆ์—๋Š” 177๊ฐœ์˜ ๋…ธ๋“œ์™€ ์ˆ˜์กฐ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์šด์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -There are several reasons for the issue: +์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Cassandra uses the LSM tree for the internal data structure. The reads are more expensive than the writes. There can be many concurrent reads on a server with hundreds of users, resulting in hotspots. -- Maintaining clusters, such as compacting SSTables, impacts performance. -- Garbage collection pauses would cause significant latency spikes +- Cassandra๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— LSM ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฒ„์—์„œ ๋™์‹œ ์ฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ซ์ŠคํŒŸ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- SSTable์„ ์••์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ๊ฐ€๋น„์ง€ ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜ ์ผ์‹œ ์ค‘์ง€๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -ScyllaDB is Cassandra compatible database written in C++. Discord redesigned its architecture to have a monolithic API, a data service written in Rust, and ScyllaDB-based storage. +ScyllaDB๋Š” C++๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ์นด์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ผ ํ˜ธํ™˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Discord๋Š” ๋ชจ๋†€๋ฆฌ์‹ API, Rust๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค, ScyllaDB ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋„๋ก ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์žฌ์„ค๊ณ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -The p99 read latency in ScyllaDB is 15ms compared to 40-125ms in Cassandra. The p99 write latency is 5ms compared to 5-70ms in Cassandra. +ScyllaDB์˜ p99 ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 15ms์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด Cassandra๋Š” 40-125ms์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. p99 ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 5ms์ธ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด Cassandra๋Š” 5-70ms์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### How do video live streamings work on YouTube, TikTok live, or Twitch? - -Live streaming differs from regular streaming because the video content is sent via the internet in real-time, usually with a latency of just a few seconds. - -The diagram below explains what happens behind the scenes to make this possible. +### ๋™์˜์ƒ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์€ YouTube, TikTok ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ, Twitch์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? + +๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์€ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๊ฐ€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช‡ ์ดˆ์˜ ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋งŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-Step 1: The raw video data is captured by a microphone and camera. The data is sent to the server side. +1๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๋กœ์šฐ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ์™€ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ ์บก์ฒ˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฒ„ ์ธก์œผ๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 2: The video data is compressed and encoded. For example, the compressing algorithm separates the background and other video elements. After compression, the video is encoded to standards such as H.264. The size of the video data is much smaller after this step. +2๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๋™์˜์ƒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์••์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์••์ถ• ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์••์ถ• ํ›„ ๋™์˜์ƒ์€ H.264์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ‘œ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด ๋™์˜์ƒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ž‘์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 3: The encoded data is divided into smaller segments, usually seconds in length, so it takes much less time to download or stream. +3๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ช‡ ์ดˆ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ๋‚˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์งง์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 4: The segmented data is sent to the streaming server. The streaming server needs to support different devices and network conditions. This is called โ€˜Adaptive Bitrate Streaming.โ€™ This means we need to produce multiple files at different bitrates in steps 2 and 3. +4๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธํ™”๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค์™€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ 'โ€˜Adaptive Bitrate Streaming'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, 2๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ 3๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋น„ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 5: The live streaming data is pushed to edge servers supported by CDN (Content Delivery Network.) Millions of viewers can watch the video from an edge server nearby. CDN significantly lowers data transmission latency. +5๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” CDN(Content Delivery Network)์ด ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฃ์ง€ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ ํ‘ธ์‹œ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์—ฃ์ง€ ์„œ๋ฒ„์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CDN์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค„์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Step 6: The viewersโ€™ devices decode and decompress the video data and play the video in a video player. +6๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค๋Š” ๋™์˜์ƒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋””์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋ฐ ์••์ถ• ํ•ด์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™์˜์ƒ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์žฌ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Steps 7 and 8: If the video needs to be stored for replay, the encoded data is sent to a storage server, and viewers can request a replay from it later. +7, 8๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ €์žฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Standard protocols for live streaming include: +๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- RTMP (Real-Time Messaging Protocol): This was originally developed by Macromedia to transmit data between a Flash player and a server. Now it is used for streaming video data over the internet. Note that video conferencing applications like Skype use RTC (Real-Time Communication) protocol for lower latency. -- HLS (HTTP Live Streaming): It requires the H.264 or H.265 encoding. Apple devices accept only HLS format. -- DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP): DASH does not support Apple devices. -- Both HLS and DASH support adaptive bitrate streaming. +- RTMP (Real-Time Messaging Protocol): ์›๋ž˜๋Š” Macromedia์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋ž˜์‹œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์™€ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Skype์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™”์ƒ ํšŒ์˜ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์€ ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด RTC(Real-Time Communication) ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. +- HLS (HTTP Live Streaming): H.264 ๋˜๋Š” H.265 ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Apple ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” HLS ํฌ๋งท๋งŒ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP): DASH๋Š” Apple ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- HLS์™€ DASH๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋น„ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ## License From c1ee72f83cd35e59192455dc010dfedc67ce5c54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Deadintegral Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 22:38:45 +0900 Subject: [PATCH 14/16] docs: translate missing parts --- translations/README-kr.md | 90 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------- 1 file changed, 45 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-) diff --git a/translations/README-kr.md b/translations/README-kr.md index a6e5225..a64f6c2 100644 --- a/translations/README-kr.md +++ b/translations/README-kr.md @@ -20,21 +20,21 @@ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋””์ž์ธ ๋ฉด์ ‘์„ ์ค€๋น„ ์ค‘์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹  ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -# Table of Contents +# ๋ชฉ์ฐจ - [Communication protocols](#communication-protocols) - - [REST API vs. GraphQL](#rest-api-vs-graphql) + - [REST API vs GraphQL](#rest-api-vs-graphql) - [gRPC๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#grpc๋Š”-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”) - - [webhook์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#what-is-a-webhook) + - [webhook์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#webhook์ด๋ž€-๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”) - [API ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#api-์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„-๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”-๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€-๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”) - [HTTP 1.0 -\> HTTP 1.1 -\> HTTP 2.0 -\> HTTP 3.0 (QUIC)](#http-10---http-11---http-20---http-30-quic) - [SOAP vs REST vs GraphQL vs RPC](#soap-vs-rest-vs-graphql-vs-rpc) - - [Code First vs. API First](#code-first-vs-api-first) + - [Code First vs API First](#code-first-vs-api-first) - [HTTP status codes](#http-status-codes) - - [API gateway๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#what-does-api-gateway-do) - - [ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ API๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?](#how-do-we-design-effective-and-safe-apis) + - [API gateway๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#api-gateway๋Š”-๋ฌด์—‡์„-ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”) + - [ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ API๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?](#ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ -์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ-api๋ฅผ-์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-ํ•ด์•ผ-ํ• ๊นŒ์š”) - [TCP/IP encapsulation](#tcpip-encapsulation) - [์™œ Nginx๋ฅผ "reverse" ํ”„๋ก์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋‚˜์š”?](#์™œ-nginx๋ฅผ-reverse-ํ”„๋ก์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ -๋ถ€๋ฅด๋‚˜์š”) - [์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์‹ฑ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ-๋กœ๋“œ-๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์‹ฑ-์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€-๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”) @@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ - [๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์Šคํƒ (CI/CD Pipeline)](#๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค-๊ธฐ์ˆ ์Šคํƒ-cicd-pipeline) - [์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ ํŒจํ„ด](#์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜-ํŒจํ„ด) - [MVC, MVP, MVVM, MVVM-C, VIPER](#mvc-mvp-mvvm-mvvm-c-and-viper) - - [18 Key Design Patterns Every Developer Should Know](#18-key-design-patterns-every-developer-should-know) -- [Database](#database) + - [๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  18๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋””์ž์ธ ํŒจํ„ด](#๋ชจ๋“ -๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๊ฐ€-์•Œ์•„์•ผ-ํ• -18๊ฐ€์ง€-ํ•ต์‹ฌ-๋””์ž์ธ-ํŒจํ„ด) +- [๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค](#๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค) - [ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์น˜ํŠธ์‹œํŠธ](#ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ-์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜-๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ-๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—-๊ด€ํ•œ-์น˜ํŠธ์‹œํŠธ) - [๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” 8๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ](#๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ-๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”-8๊ฐ€์ง€-๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ-๊ตฌ์กฐ) - [๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ SQL ๋ฌธ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋‚˜์š”?](#๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ-SQL-๋ฌธ์€-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋‚˜์š”) @@ -69,14 +69,14 @@ - [์ƒ์ ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ธ์„ ๋•Œ, VISA๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#์ƒ์ ์—์„œ-์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€-์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ-๊ธ์„-๋•Œ-visa๋Š”-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”) - [์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ(1๋ถ€): ์ธ๋„์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค(UPI)](#์„ธ๊ณ„์˜-๊ฒฐ์ œ-์‹œ์Šคํ…œ-์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ1๋ถ€-์ธ๋„์˜-ํ†ตํ•ฉ-๊ฒฐ์ œ-์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šคupi) - [DevOps](#devops) - - [DevOps vs. SRE vs. Platform Engineering. ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#devops-vs-sre-vs-platform-engineering-what-is-the-difference) + - [DevOps vs SRE vs Platform Engineering ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#devops-vs-sre-vs-platform-engineering-๋ฌด์—‡์ด-๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ฐ€์š”) - [k8s(Kubernetes)๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#k8skubernetes๋ž€-๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”) - - [Docker vs. Kubernetes. ์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#docker-vs-kubernetes-์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์„-์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ-ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”) + - [Docker vs Kubernetes. ์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#docker-vs-kubernetes-์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์„-์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ-ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”) - [Docker๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#docker๋Š”-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”) - [GIT](#git) - [Git Commands ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹](#git-commands-์ž‘๋™-๋ฐฉ์‹) - [Git์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?](#git์€-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”) - - [Git merge vs. Git rebase](#git-merge-vs-git-rebase) + - [Git merge vs Git rebase](#git-merge-vs-git-rebase) - [ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค](#ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ-์„œ๋น„์Šค) - [๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์น˜ํŠธ์‹œํŠธ(2023๋…„ํŒ)](#๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ-ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ-์„œ๋น„์Šค์—-๋Œ€ํ•œ-์œ ์šฉํ•œ-์น˜ํŠธ์‹œํŠธ2023๋…„ํŒ) - [cloud native๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?](#cloud-native๋ž€-๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”) @@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ - [๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์Šคํƒ](#๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค-๊ธฐ์ˆ -์Šคํƒ) - [ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ 2022](#ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ-์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜-2022) - [์ง€๋‚œ 15๋…„๊ฐ„ ์—์–ด๋น„์•ค๋น„ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •](#์ง€๋‚œ-15๋…„๊ฐ„-์—์–ด๋น„์•ค๋น„-๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค-์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์˜-์ง„ํ™”-๊ณผ์ •) - - [๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ vs. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ ˆํฌ](#๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ-vs-๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ ˆํฌ) + - [๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ vs ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ ˆํฌ](#๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ-vs-๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ ˆํฌ) - [์Šคํƒ ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ”Œ๋กœ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋””์ž์ธํ•  ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?](#์Šคํƒ-์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ”Œ๋กœ-์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-๋””์ž์ธํ• -๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”) - [์•„๋งˆ์กด ํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์ด ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์Šค์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋†€๋ฆฌ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ 90%์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?](#์•„๋งˆ์กด-ํ”„๋ผ์ž„-๋น„๋””์˜ค-๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์ด-์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์Šค์—์„œ-๋ชจ๋†€๋ฆฌ์‹์œผ๋กœ-์ „ํ™˜๋œ-์ด์œ ๋Š”-๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-90์˜-๋น„์šฉ์„-์ ˆ๊ฐํ• -์ˆ˜-์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”) - [๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ํ•ซ์Šคํƒ€๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ 50์–ต ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋ชจํ‹ฐ์ฝ˜์„ ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?](#๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ-ํ•ซ์Šคํƒ€๋Š”-์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ-ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ-๊ธฐ๊ฐ„-๋™์•ˆ-50์–ต-๊ฐœ์˜-์ด๋ชจํ‹ฐ์ฝ˜์„-ํš๋“ํ• -์ˆ˜-์žˆ์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”) @@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์•Œ๋ฆผ -### REST API vs. GraphQL +### REST API vs GraphQL API ์„ค๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ REST์™€ GraphQL์€ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์žฅ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ RPC(Remote Procedure Call)๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค 12-14๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์ฃผ๋ฌธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋””์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### What is a webhook? +### webhook์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ํด๋ง๊ณผ ์›นํ›…์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ QUIC์€ UDP๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ „์†ก ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์„

-### Code First vs. API First +### Code First vs API First ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ฝ”๋“œ ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ API ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. API ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? @@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ Redirection (300-399) Client Error (400-499) Server Error (500-599) -### What does API gateway do? +### API gateway๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ Server Error (500-599) 9-12๋‹จ๊ณ„: API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.(circuit break) ๋˜ํ•œ ๋กœ๊น…๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ELK(Elastic-Logstash-Kibana) ์Šคํƒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์บ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### How do we design effective and safe APIs? +### ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ API๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”? ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์นดํŠธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ API ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ Continuous Delivery(CD)๋Š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ๋ฐฐํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ - ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์—๋Š” ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ 'model'(M)์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - "Controller", " presenter", "view-model"์€ ๋ทฐ์™€ ๋ชจ๋ธ(VIPER ํŒจํ„ด์˜ "entity") ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### 18 Key Design Patterns Every Developer Should Know +### ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  18๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋””์ž์ธ ํŒจํ„ด ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณด๋‹ค ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒจํ„ด์€ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒญ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -564,26 +564,26 @@ Continuous Delivery(CD)๋Š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ๋ฐฐํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ

-- Abstract Factory: Family Creator - Makes groups of related items. -- Builder: Lego Master - Builds objects step by step, keeping creation and appearance separate. -- Prototype: Clone Maker - Creates copies of fully prepared examples. -- Singleton: One and Only - A special class with just one instance. -- Adapter: Universal Plug - Connects things with different interfaces. -- Bridge: Function Connector - Links how an object works to what it does. -- Composite: Tree Builder - Forms tree-like structures of simple and complex parts. -- Decorator: Customizer - Adds features to objects without changing their core. -- Facade: One-Stop-Shop - Represents a whole system with a single, simplified interface. -- Flyweight: Space Saver - Shares small, reusable items efficiently. -- Proxy: Stand-In Actor - Represents another object, controlling access or actions. -- Chain of Responsibility: Request Relay - Passes a request through a chain of objects until handled. -- Command: Task Wrapper - Turns a request into an object, ready for action. -- Iterator: Collection Explorer - Accesses elements in a collection one by one. -- Mediator: Communication Hub - Simplifies interactions between different classes. -- Memento: Time Capsule - Captures and restores an object's state. -- Observer: News Broadcaster - Notifies classes about changes in other objects. -- Visitor: Skillful Guest - Adds new operations to a class without altering it. - -## Database +- Abstract Factory: Family Creator - ๊ด€๋ จ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Builder: Lego Master - ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„๋กœ ๋นŒ๋“œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Prototype: Clone Maker - ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ค€๋น„๋œ ์˜ˆ์ œ์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Singleton: One and Only - ์ธ์Šคํ„ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฟ์ธ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ํด๋ž˜์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Adapter: Universal Plug - ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Bridge: Function Connector - ๊ฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Composite: Tree Builder - ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Decorator: Customizer - ๊ฐ์ฒด์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์„ ์†์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Facade: One-Stop-Shop - ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋‹จ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Flyweight: Space Saver - ์ž‘๊ณ  ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Proxy: Stand-In Actor - ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ๋˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Chain of Responsibility: Request Relay - ์š”์ฒญ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์ฒด ์ฒด์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Command: Task Wrapper - ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘์—… ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Iterator: Collection Explorer - ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜์˜ ์š”์†Œ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ์•ก์„ธ์Šคํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Mediator: Communication Hub - ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํด๋ž˜์Šค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™์…˜์„ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Memento: Time Capsule - ๊ฐ์ฒด์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์บก์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Observer: News Broadcaster - ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์ฒด์˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํด๋ž˜์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Visitor: Skillful Guest - ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +## ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ### ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์น˜ํŠธ์‹œํŠธ @@ -591,11 +591,11 @@ Continuous Delivery(CD)๋Š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ๋ฐฐํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ

-ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ์ฆˆ์ผ€์ด์Šค์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์˜ต์…˜์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉด ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋กœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ์ฆˆ์ผ€์ด์Šค์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์˜ต์…˜์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉด ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋กœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -์ด ์น˜ํŠธ์‹œํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋งž๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ํ•จ์ •์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +์ด ์น˜ํŠธ์‹œํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋งž๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ํ•จ์ •์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -์ฐธ๊ณ : Google์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์œ ์ฆˆ์ผ€์ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +์ฐธ๊ณ : Google์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์œ ์ฆˆ์ผ€์ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” 8๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ @@ -1014,7 +1014,7 @@ UPI = ๊ฒฐ์ œ ๋งˆํฌ์—… ์–ธ์–ด + ์ƒํ˜ธ ์šด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ํ‘œ์ค€ ## DevOps -### DevOps vs. SRE vs. Platform Engineering. What is the difference? +### DevOps vs SRE vs Platform Engineering ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ฐ€์š”? ๋ฐ๋ธŒ์˜ต์Šค, SRE, ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -1074,7 +1074,7 @@ k8s ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆํ™”๋œ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋“œ Kube-proxy๋Š” ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ ๋…ธ๋“œ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํ”„๋ก์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์„ ๋ผ์šฐํŒ…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์—… ์š”์ฒญ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### Docker vs. Kubernetes. ์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? +### Docker vs Kubernetes ์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?

@@ -1164,7 +1164,7 @@ Git์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ฒ„์ „ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ชจํŠธ ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ์— ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋กœ์ปฌ ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### Git merge vs. Git rebase +### Git merge vs Git rebase ์–ด๋–ค ์ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ฐ€์š”? @@ -1565,7 +1565,7 @@ Google ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ธฐ ์—์–ด๋น„์•ค๋น„๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ ๋งคํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ API ํ†ตํ•ฉ์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -### ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ vs. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ ˆํฌ +### ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ vs ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ ˆํฌ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์„๊นŒ์š”? ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? From fb0fc45374b3c159ccd82207ef02ece0dc755f14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Deadintegral Date: Mon, 5 Feb 2024 00:01:28 +0900 Subject: [PATCH 15/16] docs: Proofread spacing, vocabulary, and more --- translations/README-kr.md | 214 +++++++++++++++++++------------------- 1 file changed, 107 insertions(+), 107 deletions(-) diff --git a/translations/README-kr.md b/translations/README-kr.md index a64f6c2..be66c11 100644 --- a/translations/README-kr.md +++ b/translations/README-kr.md @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ Modern, high-performance, Protocol Buffersย  - ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์— ์ ํ•ฉ + ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์— ์ ํ•ฉ - WebSocket:ย  @@ -174,13 +174,13 @@ GraphQL - ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ์—”๋“œํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ฒฉ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํ•„๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด ์„œ๋ฒ„๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ํ•„๋“œ๋งŒ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ํŽ˜์ด๋กœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฎคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•Œ๋ฆผ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋…์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์†Œ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‘์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋ŸฐํŠธ์—”๋“œ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ์ž˜ ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์†Œ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‘์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋ก ํŠธ์—”๋“œ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ์ž˜ ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์„ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ์ธก์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์•…์˜์ ์ธ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ์บ์‹ฑ ์ „๋žต์€ REST๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํŒ€์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ REST์™€ GraphQL ์ค‘ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. GraphQL์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๋Š” ํ”„๋ŸฐํŠธ์—”๋“œ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, REST๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ์„ ํ˜ธ๋˜๋Š” ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํŒ€์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ REST์™€ GraphQL ์ค‘ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. GraphQL์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๋Š” ํ”„๋ก ํŠธ์—”๋“œ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, REST๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ์„ ํ˜ธ๋˜๋Š” ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -๋‘ API ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์€์ด์•Œ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ๊ณผ ์žฅ๋‹จ์ ์„ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. REST์™€ GraphQL์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋…ธ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์‹  ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์œ ํšจํ•œ ์˜ต์…˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +๋‘ API ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์€์ด์•Œ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ๊ณผ ์žฅ๋‹จ์ ์„ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. REST์™€ GraphQL์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋…ธ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์‹  ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์œ ํšจํ•œ ์˜ต์…˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### gRPC๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? @@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ RPC(Remote Procedure Call)๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํด๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‚ญ๋น„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -PSP๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? ๋งค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์šฐ์Šคํ‚คํ•‘ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +PSP๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? ๋งค ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์šฐ์Šคํ‚คํ•‘ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›นํ›…์€ ์„œ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์— HTTP ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„์Šค API ๋˜๋Š” ํ‘ธ์‹œ API๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›นํ›…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ์ฃผ์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ Server Error (500-599) 8๋‹จ๊ณ„ - API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๊ฐ€ ์š”์ฒญ์„ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -9-12๋‹จ๊ณ„: API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.(circuit break) ๋˜ํ•œ ๋กœ๊น…๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ELK(Elastic-Logstash-Kibana) ์Šคํƒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์บ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +9-12๋‹จ๊ณ„: API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.(circuit break) ๋˜ํ•œ ๋กœ๊น…๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ELK(Elastic-Logstash-Kibana) ์Šคํƒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์บ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ API๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”? @@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ Server Error (500-599)

-API ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ URL path ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค ์ด๋ฆ„, ์‹๋ณ„์ž, path ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ์ ˆํ•œ HTTP ํ—ค๋” ํ•„๋“œ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ rate limit ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +API ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ URL path ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค ์ด๋ฆ„, ์‹๋ณ„์ž, path ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ์ ˆํ•œ HTTP ํ—ค๋” ํ•„๋“œ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํŠธ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### TCP/IP encapsulation @@ -391,11 +391,11 @@ API ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ URL path ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. 1๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค A๊ฐ€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์ƒ์˜ HTTP ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฅ์น˜ B๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•  ๋•Œ, ๋จผ์ € ์‘์šฉ ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ HTTP ํ—ค๋”๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -2๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ TCP ํ˜น์€ UDP ํ—ค๋”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ—ค๋”๋Š” ์ „์†ก ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ TCP ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ๋กœ ์บก์Šํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—ค๋”์—๋Š” ์†Œ์Šค ํฌํŠธ, ๋ฐ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋„ค์ด์…˜ ํฌํŠธ, ์‹œํ€€์Šค ๋„˜๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +2๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ TCP ํ˜น์€ UDP ํ—ค๋”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ—ค๋”๋Š” ์ „์†ก ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ TCP ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ๋กœ ์บก์Šํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—ค๋”์—๋Š” ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ง€ ํฌํŠธ, ๋„์ฐฉ์ง€ ํฌํŠธ, ์‹œํ€€์Šค ๋„˜๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -3๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ IP ํ—ค๋”๋กœ ์บก์Šํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. IP ํ—ค๋”์—๋Š” ์†Œ์Šค/๋ฐ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋„ค์ด์…˜ IP ์ฃผ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +3๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ IP ํ—ค๋”๋กœ ์บก์Šํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. IP ํ—ค๋”์—๋Š” ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ง€/๋„์ฐฉ์ง€ IP ์ฃผ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -4๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋งํฌ ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ IP ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์†Œ์Šค/๋ฐ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋„ค์ด์…˜ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ MAC ํ—ค๋”๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +4๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋งํฌ ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ IP ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ง€/๋„์ฐฉ์ง€ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ MAC ํ—ค๋”๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 5๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์บก์Šํ™”๋œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„์ธต์œผ๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋˜๊ณ  ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 2์ง„์ˆ˜ ๋น„ํŠธ๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ URL์€ Uniform Resource Locator์˜ ์•ฝ์ž๋กœ, HTTP์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ฐœ๋…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. URN์€ Uniform Resource Name์˜ ์•ฝ์ž๋กœ, urn ์Šคํ‚ค๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. URN์€ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ๋„ค์ž„์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค์™€ ๋„ค์ž„์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค ํŠน์ • ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. [W3Cโ€™s clarification](https://www.w3.org/TR/uri-clarification/). +์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด [W3Cโ€™s clarification](https://www.w3.org/TR/uri-clarification/)์„ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ## CI/CD @@ -499,9 +499,9 @@ URN์€ Uniform Resource Name์˜ ์•ฝ์ž๋กœ, urn ์Šคํ‚ค๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. URN ์„น์…˜ 1 - CI/CD๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ฃผ๊ธฐ -์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ฃผ๊ธฐ(SDLC)๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ, ๋ฐฐํฌ, ์œ ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CI/CD๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ž๋™ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ฃผ๊ธฐ(SDLC)๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ, ๋ฐฐํฌ, ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CI/CD๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ž๋™ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ git ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ์— ํ‘ธ์‹œ๋˜๋ฉด ์ž๋™ํ™”๋œ ๋นŒ๋“œ ๋ฐ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—”๋“œํˆฌ์—”๋“œ(e2e) ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ์ผ€์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง•/ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐํฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์Šˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋ฉด ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฒ„๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž๋™ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ ์†ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ„๊ทธ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ git ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ์— ํ‘ธ์‹œ๋˜๋ฉด ์ž๋™ํ™”๋œ ๋นŒ๋“œ, ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—”๋“œํˆฌ์—”๋“œ(e2e) ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ์ผ€์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง•/ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐํฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์Šˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋ฉด ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฒ„๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž๋™ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ ์†ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ„๊ทธ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„น์…˜ 2 - CI์™€ CD์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์  @@ -515,10 +515,10 @@ Continuous Delivery(CD)๋Š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ๋ฐฐํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ - ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”๋“œ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์†Œ์Šค ์ปจํŠธ๋กค์— ์ปค๋ฐ‹ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - CI ์„œ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋นŒ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ๋˜๊ณ  ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(๋‹จ์œ„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ, ํ†ตํ•ฉ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ). -- ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„ํ‹ฐํŒฉํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง• ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋ฐฐํฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ „์— ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง• ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- CD ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์Šน์ธํ•œ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜์— ๋ฐฐํฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- CD ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์Šน์ธ๋œ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜์— ๋ฐฐํฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์Šคํƒ (CI/CD Pipeline) @@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ Continuous Delivery(CD)๋Š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ๋ฐฐํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง•: ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ฐ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์€ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•„๋งˆ์กด ๋จธ์‹  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€(AMI)์— ํŒจํ‚ค์ง•๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -ํ…Œ์ŠคํŒ…: Testing emphasizes the production culture's focus on building chaos tools. +ํ…Œ์ŠคํŒ…: ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ์นด์˜ค์Šค ํˆด(์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ์žฅ์• ๋‚˜ ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ)์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐํฌ: ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค๋Š” ์นด๋‚˜๋ฆฌ ๋กค์•„์›ƒ ๋ฐฐํฌ์— ์ž์ฒด ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•œ Spinnaker๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -552,13 +552,13 @@ Continuous Delivery(CD)๋Š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ๋ฐฐํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ

- ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ํŒจํ„ด์ธ MVC๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ 50๋…„ ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- ๋ชจ๋“  ํŒจํ„ด์—๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ž…๋ ฅ์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” 'view'(V)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์—๋Š” ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ 'model'(M)์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- "Controller", " presenter", "view-model"์€ ๋ทฐ์™€ ๋ชจ๋ธ(VIPER ํŒจํ„ด์˜ "entity") ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ๋ชจ๋“  ํŒจํ„ด์—๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ž…๋ ฅ์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” view(V)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์—๋Š” ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ model(M)์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Controller, presenter, view-model์€ ๋ทฐ์™€ ๋ชจ๋ธ(VIPER ํŒจํ„ด์˜ entity) ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  18๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋””์ž์ธ ํŒจํ„ด -ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณด๋‹ค ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒจํ„ด์€ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒญ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณด๋‹ค ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒจํ„ด์€ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„๋„(blueprint) ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ Continuous Delivery(CD)๋Š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ๋ฐฐํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ - Proxy: Stand-In Actor - ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ๋˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Chain of Responsibility: Request Relay - ์š”์ฒญ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์ฒด ์ฒด์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Command: Task Wrapper - ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘์—… ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Iterator: Collection Explorer - ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜์˜ ์š”์†Œ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ์•ก์„ธ์Šคํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Iterator: Collection Explorer - ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜ ์š”์†Œ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ์•ก์„ธ์Šคํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Mediator: Communication Hub - ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํด๋ž˜์Šค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™์…˜์„ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Memento: Time Capsule - ๊ฐ์ฒด์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์บก์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Observer: News Broadcaster - ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์ฒด์˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํด๋ž˜์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -595,11 +595,11 @@ Continuous Delivery(CD)๋Š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ๋ฐฐํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ ์ด ์น˜ํŠธ์‹œํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋งž๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ํ•จ์ •์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -์ฐธ๊ณ : Google์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์œ ์ฆˆ์ผ€์ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +์ฐธ๊ณ : ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์œ ์ฆˆ์ผ€์ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” 8๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ -์ •๋‹ต์€ ์œ ์ฆˆ์ผ€์ด์Šค์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํฌ๋งท๋„ ๋„˜๋ฒ„, ์ŠคํŠธ๋ง, ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์ขŒํ‘œ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค ํฌ๋งท ์„ ํƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +์ •๋‹ต์€ ์œ ์ฆˆ์ผ€์ด์Šค์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํฌ๋งท๋„ ๋„˜๋ฒ„, ์ŠคํŠธ๋ง, ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์ขŒํ‘œ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„, ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค ํฌ๋งท ์„ ํƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

@@ -608,8 +608,8 @@ Continuous Delivery(CD)๋Š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ๋ฐฐํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ธ๋ฑ์‹ฑ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Skiplist: ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค ํƒ€์ž…์œผ๋กœ, Redis์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ. -- Hash index: "Map" ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ(๋˜๋Š” "Collection")์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ตฌํ˜„. -- SSTable: ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ์ด๋ฎคํ„ฐ๋ธ” 'Map' ๊ตฌํ˜„ +- Hash index: Map ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ(๋˜๋Š” Collection)์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ตฌํ˜„. +- SSTable: ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ์ด๋ฎคํ„ฐ๋ธ” Map ๊ตฌํ˜„ - LSM tree: Skiplist + SSTable. ๋†’์€ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰. - B-tree: ๋””์Šคํฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜. ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ์ฝ๊ธฐ/์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ. - Inverted index: ๋„ํ๋จผํŠธ ์ธ๋ฑ์‹ฑ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ. ๋ฃจ์”ฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ. @@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ CAP ์ •๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณด์žฅ ์ค‘ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ 3. ์ด ์ •๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ฝ 100%์˜ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์…˜์ด ์—†์„ ๋•Œ ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ ˆ์ถฉ์•ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ PACELC ์ •๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”. -**Is the CAP theorem actually useful?** +**CAP์ •๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ๊ฐ€์š”?** ์ ˆ์ถฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -706,11 +706,11 @@ SQL ์‹คํ–‰์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ํฌ SQL ์–ธ์–ด์—๋Š” 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- DDL: data definition language. ์˜ˆ: CREATE, ALTER, DROP -- DQL: data query language. ์˜ˆ: SELECT -- DML: data manipulation language. ์˜ˆ: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE -- DCL: data control language. ์˜ˆ: GRANT, REVOKE -- TCL: transaction control language. ์˜ˆ: COMMIT, ROLLBACK +- DDL: ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ •์˜ ์–ธ์–ด. ์˜ˆ: CREATE, ALTER, DROP +- DQL: ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์–ธ์–ด. ์˜ˆ: SELECT +- DML: ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์กฐ์ž‘ ์–ธ์–ด. ์˜ˆ: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE +- DCL: ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ œ์–ด ์–ธ์–ด. ์˜ˆ: GRANT, REVOKE +- TCL: ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜ ์ œ์–ด ์–ธ์–ด. ์˜ˆ: COMMIT, ROLLBACK ๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€๋ผ๋ฉด DQL์„ ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์„ธ์š”. @@ -725,21 +725,21 @@ SQL ์–ธ์–ด์—๋Š” 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-ํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ **multiple layers** ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +ํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ **์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด** ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1. Client apps: HTTP ์‘๋‹ต์€ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์ €์— ์˜ํ•ด ์บ์‹œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. HTTP๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๋ฉด HTTP ํ—ค๋”์— ๋งŒ๋ฃŒ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๋ฉด ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ์•ฑ์ด ๋จผ์ € ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์ € ์บ์‹œ์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2. CDN: CDN์€ ์ •์  ์›น ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์บ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๋Š” ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ CDN ๋…ธ๋“œ์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3. Load Balancer: ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๋„ ์บ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -4. Messaging infra: Message brokers๊ฐ€ ๋จผ์ € ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ, consumers๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์†๋„์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌํ…์…˜ ํด๋ฆฌ์‹œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ผ์ • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์นดํ”„์นด ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์— ์บ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -5. Services: ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ์บ์‹œ ๊ณ„์ธต์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CPU ์บ์‹œ์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์บ์‹œ์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์บ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -6. Distributed Cache: Redis์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์บ์‹œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‚ค-๊ฐ’ ์Œ์„ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์ฝ๊ธฐ/์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -7. Full-text Search: ๋„ํ๋จผํŠธ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์ด๋‚˜ ๋กœ๊ทธ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด Elastic Search์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ’€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ณธ๋„ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ์—”์ง„์—์„œ ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +4. Messaging infra: ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ๋ธŒ๋กœ์ปค๊ฐ€ ๋จผ์ € ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์ปจ์Šˆ๋จธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์†๋„์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌํ…์…˜ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ผ์ • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์นดํ”„์นด ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์— ์บ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +5. Services: ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ์บ์‹œ ๊ณ„์ธต์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CPU ์บ์‹œ์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์บ์‹œ์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์บ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +6. Distributed Cache: Redis์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์บ์‹œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ key-value ์Œ์„ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์ฝ๊ธฐ/์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +7. Full-text Search: ๋„ํ๋จผํŠธ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์ด๋‚˜ ๋กœ๊ทธ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด Elastic Search์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ’€ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ณธ๋„ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ์—”์ง„์—์„œ ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 8. Database: ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์˜ ์บ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - WAL(Write-ahead Log): ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” B ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋จผ์ € WAL์— ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Bufferpool: ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์บ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ• ๋‹น๋œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์˜์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Materialized View: ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์— ์ €์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Transaction log: ๋ชจ๋“  ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Replication Log: ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ณต์ œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Transaction log: ๋ชจ๋“  ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Replication Log: ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ณต์ œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### Redis๋Š” ์™œ ๋น ๋ฅธ๊ฐ€์š”? @@ -835,7 +835,7 @@ Redis๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ ์‚ฌ - CDN (Content Delivery Network): CDN์€ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ „์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •์  ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € CDN์—์„œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - API Gateway: ์ˆ˜์‹  ์š”์ฒญ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ จ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ๋ผ์šฐํŒ…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ID ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž์™€ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Identity Provider: ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ฆ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Service Registry & Discovery: ์ด ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋“ฑ๋ก ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ , API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๋Š” ์ด ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•  ๊ด€๋ จ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Service Registry & Discovery: ์ด ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋“ฑ๋ก ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ , API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๋Š” ์ด ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ์—์„œ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•  ๊ด€๋ จ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Management: ์ด ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Microservices: ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์—์„œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์—๋Š” ์ž์ฒด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๋Š” REST API ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค์™€ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” RPC(Remote Procedure Call)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋กœ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -847,7 +847,7 @@ Redis๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ ์‚ฌ ### ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ชจ๋ฒ”์‚ฌ๋ก€ -์‚ฌ์ง„ ํ•œ ์žฅ์ด ์ฒœ ๋งˆ๋”” ๋ง๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ 9๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฒ” ์‚ฌ๋ก€. +์‚ฌ์ง„ ํ•œ ์žฅ์ด ์ฒœ ๋งˆ๋”” ๋ง๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ 9๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฒ” ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

@@ -857,7 +857,7 @@ Redis๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ ์‚ฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ๋ฒ” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ๊ฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ -2. ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ์™„์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ +2. ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ์™„์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ 3. ๊ฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ๋นŒ๋“œ 4. ๊ฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋‹จ์ผ ์ฑ…์ž„ ํ• ๋‹น 5. ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ์— ๋ฐฐํฌ @@ -879,21 +879,21 @@ Redis๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ ์‚ฌ - Define API - ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ”„๋ก ํŠธ์—”๋“œ์™€ ๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ ๊ฐ„์— ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด Postman, OpenAPI๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Development - ํ”„๋ก ํŠธ์—”๋“œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—๋Š” Node.js๋‚˜ react๊ฐ€, ๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—๋Š” ์ž๋ฐ”/ํŒŒ์ด์ฌ/go๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ API ์ •์˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ API ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Continuous Integration - ์ž๋™ํ™”๋œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด JUnit๊ณผ Jenkins๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” Docker ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง•๋˜์–ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Continuous Integration - ์ž๋™ํ™”๋œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด JUnit๊ณผ Jenkins๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” ๋„์ปค ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง•๋˜์–ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ–ถ๏ธ ๐๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฎ๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง - ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ์—๋Š” NGinx๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Cloudflare๋Š” CDN(Content Delivery Network)์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- API Gateway - ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด์—๋Š” ์Šคํ”„๋ง ๋ถ€ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์—๋Š” Eureka/Zookeeper๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- API Gateway - ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด์—๋Š” ์Šคํ”„๋ง ๋ถ€ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์—๋Š” ์œ ๋ ˆ์นด/์ฃผํ‚คํผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ์— ๋ฐฐํฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google GCP ์ค‘์—์„œ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Cache and Full-text Search - Redis๋Š” key-value ์Œ์„ ์บ์‹ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ’€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์„œ์น˜์—๋Š” Elasticsearch๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Communications - ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง• ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋กœ Kafka ํ˜น์€ RPC๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +Cache and Full-text Search - Redis๋Š” key-value ์Œ์„ ์บ์‹ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ’€ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์—๋Š” Elasticsearch๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- Communications - ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง• ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋กœ ์นดํ”„์นด ํ˜น์€ RPC๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Persistence - ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ˜• ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—๋Š” MySQL ๋˜๋Š” PostgreSQL์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์ฒด ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€์—๋Š” Amazon S3์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ wide-column ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋กœ Cassandra๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Management & Monitoring - ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์šด์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ Prometheus, Elastic Stack, Kubernetes๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### ์นดํ”„์นด๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ด์œ  -์นดํ”„์นด์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +์นดํ”„์นด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

@@ -958,7 +958,7 @@ Cache and Full-text Search - Redis๋Š” key-value ์Œ์„ ์บ์‹ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ - ์นด๋“œ ์†Œ์œ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰์‚ฌ๋Š” ํŒ๋งค์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ์นด๋“œ ์†Œ์ง€์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํŒ๋งค์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ๋จผ์ € ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- ๋ฐœํ–‰์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ขŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ๋ช…์„ธ์„œ ์ œ๊ณต, ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ํƒ์ง€, ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์ฒญ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ๋“ฑ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์šด์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ขŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ๋ช…์„ธ์„œ ์ œ๊ณต, ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ํƒ์ง€, ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์ฒญ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ๋“ฑ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์šด์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### ์ƒ์ ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ธ์„ ๋•Œ, VISA๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? @@ -969,7 +969,7 @@ Cache and Full-text Search - Redis๋Š” key-value ์Œ์„ ์บ์‹ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ ๋น„์ž, ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ์นด๋“œ, ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ์ต์Šคํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ์ž๊ธˆ ์ฒญ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์ •์‚ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์นด๋“œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋“œ ๋งค์ž… ์€ํ–‰๊ณผ ์นด๋“œ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰ ์€ํ–‰์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋„ ์ข…์ข… ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์€ํ–‰์ด ์ค‘๊ฐœ์ž ์—†์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ •์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ฐ ์€ํ–‰์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ–‰๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ •์‚ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์‹ ์šฉ ์นด๋“œ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์—์„œ VISA์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šน์ธ ํ๋ฆ„์€ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ด ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์Šค์™€์ดํ”„ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์บก์ฒ˜์™€ ์ •์‚ฐ ํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ๋Š” ์ƒ์ ์ด ํ•˜๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +์œ„ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์‹ ์šฉ ์นด๋“œ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์—์„œ VISA์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šน์ธ ํ๋ฆ„์€ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ด ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์Šค์™€์ดํ”„ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์บก์ฒ˜์™€ ์ •์‚ฐ ํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ๋Š” ์ƒ์ ์ด ํ•˜๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์Šน์ธ ํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐAuthorization Flow @@ -981,7 +981,7 @@ Cache and Full-text Search - Redis๋Š” key-value ์Œ์„ ์บ์‹ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ 3, 4๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๋งค์ž… ์€ํ–‰์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์นด๋“œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์นด๋“œ ์Šคํ‚ด์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋“œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ์Šน์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰ ์€ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -4.1, 4.2, 4.3๋‹จ๊ณ„: ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜์ด ์Šน์ธ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์€ํ–‰์€ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ๋™๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šน์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งค์ž… ์€ํ–‰์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ „์†ก๋˜๊ณ  POS ๋‹จ๋ง๊ธฐ๋กœ๋„ ์ „์†ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +4.1, 4.2, 4.3๋‹จ๊ณ„: ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜์ด ์Šน์ธ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰ ์€ํ–‰์€ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ๋™๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šน์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งค์ž… ์€ํ–‰์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ „์†ก๋˜๊ณ  POS ๋‹จ๋ง๊ธฐ๋กœ๋„ ์ „์†ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ์บก์ฒ˜์™€ ์ •์‚ฐ ํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐCapture and Settlement Flow @@ -989,7 +989,7 @@ Cache and Full-text Search - Redis๋Š” key-value ์Œ์„ ์บ์‹ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ 3๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์นด๋“œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋งค์ž… ์€ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์‚ฐ ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰ ์€ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -4๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์€ํ–‰์€ ์ •์‚ฐ ํŒŒ์ผ์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ จ ๋งค์ž… ์€ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์ด์ฒดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +4๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰ ์€ํ–‰์€ ์ •์‚ฐ ํŒŒ์ผ์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ จ ๋งค์ž… ์€ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์ด์ฒดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 5๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋งค์ž… ์€ํ–‰์ด ํŒ๋งค์ž์˜ ์€ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์†ก๊ธˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -1032,7 +1032,7 @@ SRE(Site Reliability Engineering)๋Š” 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ### k8s(Kubernetes)๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? -K8s๋Š” ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ฐฐํฌ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” Google์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ธ Borg์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +K8s๋Š” ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ฐฐํฌ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ธ Borg์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

@@ -1058,17 +1058,17 @@ k8s ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆํ™”๋œ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋“œ 4. Etcd - etcd๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฟ ๋ฒ„๋„คํ‹ฐ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฑ์—… ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ‚ค-๋ฐธ๋ฅ˜ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + etcd๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฟ ๋ฒ„๋„คํ‹ฐ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฑ์—… ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” key-value ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - Nodes -1. Pods +1. Pod - ํŒŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ, k8์ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ๋‹จ์œ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋“œ์—๋Š” ํŒŒ๋“œ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ์— ๋‹จ์ผ IP ์ฃผ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + ํŒŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ, k8s๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ๋‹จ์œ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋“œ์—๋Š” ํŒŒ๋“œ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ์— ๋‹จ์ผ IP ์ฃผ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2. Kubelet - ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ ๋…ธ๋“œ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ. ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๋“œ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋„๋ก ๋ณด์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ ๋…ธ๋“œ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๋“œ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋„๋ก ๋ณด์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3. Kube Proxy @@ -1083,7 +1083,7 @@ k8s ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆํ™”๋œ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋“œ ๋„์ปคDocker๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? -Docker๋Š” ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ๋œ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ์—์„œ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง•, ๋ฐฐํฌ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜คํ”ˆ ์†Œ์Šค ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆํ™”์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘์–ด ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ข…์†์„ฑ์„ ์บก์Šํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +๋„์ปค๋Š” ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ๋œ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ์—์„œ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง•, ๋ฐฐํฌ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜คํ”ˆ ์†Œ์Šค ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆํ™”์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘์–ด ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ข…์†์„ฑ์„ ์บก์Šํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Kubernetes๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? @@ -1133,7 +1133,7 @@ Kubernetes: ์ฟ ๋ฒ„๋„คํ‹ฐ์Šค๋Š” ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ### Git Commands ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹ -์šฐ์„  ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์— ์ €์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ €์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜๋Š” Github๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆฌ๋ชจํŠธ ์„œ๋ฒ„์™€ ๋กœ์ปฌ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋‘ ๊ณณ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Git์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋กœ์ปฌ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋„ค ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +์šฐ์„  ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์— ์ €์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ €์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜๋Š” Github๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆฌ๋ชจํŠธ ์„œ๋ฒ„์™€ ๋กœ์ปฌ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋‘ ๊ณณ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Git์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋กœ์ปฌ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋„ค ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

@@ -1173,13 +1173,13 @@ Git์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ฒ„์ „ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

-ํ•œ Git ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜๋กœ **merge changes** ํ•  ๋•Œ 'git merge' ๋˜๋Š” 'git rebase'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๋‘ ์ปค๋งจ๋“œ์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +ํ•œ Git ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜๋กœ **merge changes** ํ•  ๋•Œ git merge ๋˜๋Š” git rebase๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๋‘ ์ปค๋งจ๋“œ์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. **Git merge** -๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜์— ์ƒˆ ์ปค๋ฐ‹ G'๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. G'๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜์™€ ํ”ผ์ฒ˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜์˜ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +์ด ์ž‘์—…์€ ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜์— ์ƒˆ ์ปค๋ฐ‹ G'๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. G'๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜์™€ ํ”ผ์ฒ˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜์˜ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Git ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ์€ **non-destructive**์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜๋‚˜ ํ”ผ์ฒ˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. +Git ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ์€ **non-destructive**์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜๋‚˜ ํ”ผ์ฒ˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. **Git rebase** @@ -1187,9 +1187,9 @@ Git ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋Š” ํ”ผ์ฒ˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜์˜ ํ—ค๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์˜ ์žฅ์ ์€ ์„ ํ˜•์ ์ธ **commit history**๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -"git ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์˜ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๋ฅ "์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +"git ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๋ฅ "์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -**The Golden Rule of Git Rebase** +**git ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๋ฅ ** ํผ๋ธ”๋ž™ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”! @@ -1217,13 +1217,12 @@ Git ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋Š” ํ”ผ์ฒ˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜์˜ ํ—ค๋“œ ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์—๋Š” 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1. Development process - - This has progressed from waterfall to agile to DevOps. + ์›Œํ„ฐํด์—์„œ ์• ์ž์ผ, ๋ฐ๋ธŒ์˜ต์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2. Application Architecture - ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋†€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ์˜ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์กฐ์ •๋˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋†€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ์˜ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์กฐ์ •๋˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3. Deployment & packaging @@ -1258,7 +1257,7 @@ JSON ํŒŒ์ผ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”? - Python ์ฝ”๋“œ๋กœ ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ฃผํ”ผํ„ฐ ๋…ธํŠธ๋ถ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ Œ๋”๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ฃผํ”ผํ„ฐ ๋…ธํŠธ๋ถ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ Œ๋”๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ๋””์ž์ธ ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ๋‹ค์Œ ํ”„๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด๋”๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: AWS, Azure, GCP, Kubernetes, ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”๋ฐ” ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ, ์˜ค๋ผํด ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ๋“ฑ. @@ -1279,7 +1278,7 @@ JSON ํŒŒ์ผ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ### ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” 18๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค ์ปค๋งจ๋“œ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ -Linux ์ปค๋งจ๋“œ๋Š” ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋Ÿญ์…˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ผ, ๋””๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฆฌ, ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Linux ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ปค๋งจ๋“œ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +Linux ์ปค๋งจ๋“œ๋Š” ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋Ÿญ์…˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ผ, ๋””๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฆฌ, ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Linux ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ปค๋งจ๋“œ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” Linux ์ปค๋งจ๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -1300,7 +1299,7 @@ Linux ์ปค๋งจ๋“œ๋Š” ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋Ÿญ์…˜ - tar - tarball ์•„์นด์ด๋ธŒ ํŒŒ์ผ ์กฐ์ž‘ - vi - ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์—๋””ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒŒ์ผ ํŽธ์ง‘ - cat - ํŒŒ์ผ์˜ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ํ‘œ์‹œ -- top - ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ํ‘œ์‹œ +- top - ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ํ‘œ์‹œ - ps - ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ ์ •๋ณด ํ‘œ์‹œ - kill - ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ์ข…๋ฃŒ - du - ํŒŒ์ผ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ถ”์ • @@ -1344,13 +1343,13 @@ OAuth 2.0์€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ๋กœ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด

-OAuth์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž, ์„œ๋ฒ„, ID ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž(Identity Provider, IDP)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +OAuth์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž, ์„œ๋ฒ„, ID ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž(Identity Provider, IDP)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. OAuth ํ† ํฐ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”? OAuth๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹ ์› ๋ฐ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” OAuth ํ† ํฐ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ† ํฐ์€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Single Sign-On(SSO): OAuth ํ† ํฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋‚˜ ์•ฑ์— ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๋”์šฑ ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ™œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +Single Sign-On(SSO): OAuth ํ† ํฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋‚˜ ์•ฑ์— ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๋”์šฑ ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ™œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Authorization Across Systems: ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐ„ ์ธ์ฆ: OAuth ํ† ํฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ธ์ฆ ๋˜๋Š” ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -1366,7 +1365,7 @@ OAuth 2.0์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” 1. SSH Keys: - ์•”ํ˜ธํ™” ํ‚ค๋Š” ์›๊ฒฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„์— ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•ก์„ธ์Šคํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + ์•”ํ˜ธํ™” ํ‚ค๋Š” ์›๊ฒฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„์— ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•ก์„ธ์Šคํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1. OAuth Tokens: @@ -1409,13 +1408,13 @@ OAuth 2.0์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š”

-**ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค** +**ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค** - ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ข‹์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ ํ•ด์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ ˆ์ธ๋ณด์šฐ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- precomputation attacks์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์†”ํŠธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ์‚ฌ์ „ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์†”ํŠธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. **salt๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?** @@ -1452,9 +1451,9 @@ JWT๋ฅผ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ ค๋ฉด ํ—ค๋”, ํŽ˜์ด๋กœ๋“œ, ์„œ๋ช…์„ ์ƒ์ž ์•ˆ์— ๋„ฃ ### Google authenticator(๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ 2 factor authenticator)๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? -2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ฆ์ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ Google ์ธ์ฆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์ • ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์•ˆ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? +2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ฆ์ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ์ธ์ฆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์ • ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์•ˆ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? -Google ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

@@ -1463,25 +1462,26 @@ Google ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ธฐ ๋‘ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€ 1 - ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ Google 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ฆ์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€ 1 - ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ฆ์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€ 2 - ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธ ๋“ฑ์— ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -**์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€1** +**์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€1** -๋‹จ๊ณ„ 1,2: Bob์ด ์›น ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ด์–ด 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ฆ์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ก ํŠธ์—”๋“œ์—์„œ ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ Bob์˜ ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์— ์ €์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +1,2 ๋‹จ๊ณ„: Bob์ด ์›น ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ด์–ด 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ฆ์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ก ํŠธ์—”๋“œ์—์„œ ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ Bob์˜ ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์— ์ €์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -๋‹จ๊ณ„ 3: ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ํ”„๋ก ํŠธ์—”๋“œ์— URI๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. URI๋Š” ํ‚ค ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰์ž, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ด๋ฆ„, ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ํ‚ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. URI๋Š” ์›น ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— QR ์ฝ”๋“œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +3 ๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ํ”„๋ก ํŠธ์—”๋“œ์— URI๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. URI๋Š” ํ‚ค ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰์ž, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ด๋ฆ„, ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ํ‚ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. URI๋Š” ์›น ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— QR ์ฝ”๋“œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -๋‹จ๊ณ„ 4: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ Bob์€ Google ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ QR ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์Šค์บ”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ํ‚ค๋Š” ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ์— ์ €์žฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +4 ๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ Bob์€ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ QR ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์Šค์บ”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ํ‚ค๋Š” ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ์— ์ €์žฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. **์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€2** -๋‹จ๊ณ„ 1, 2: ๋ฐฅ์€ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Google ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” 30์ดˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค TOTP(Time-based One Time Password) ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 6์ž๋ฆฌ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฅ์€ ์ด ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + +1, 2 ๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๋ฐฅ์€ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” 30์ดˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค TOTP(Time-based One Time Password) ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 6์ž๋ฆฌ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฅ์€ ์ด ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -๋‹จ๊ณ„ 3, 4: ํ”„๋ก ํŠธ์—”๋“œ๋Š” ์ธ์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฅ์ด ์ž…๋ ฅํ•œ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ณ  ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ TOTP ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 6์ž๋ฆฌ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +3, 4 ๋‹จ๊ณ„: ํ”„๋ก ํŠธ์—”๋“œ๋Š” ์ธ์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฅ์ด ์ž…๋ ฅํ•œ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ณ  ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ TOTP ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 6์ž๋ฆฌ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -๋‹จ๊ณ„ 5: ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์™€ ์„œ๋ฒ„์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ”„๋ก ํŠธ์—”๋“œ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Bob์€ ๋‘ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +5 ๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์™€ ์„œ๋ฒ„์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ”„๋ก ํŠธ์—”๋“œ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Bob์€ ๋‘ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ธ์ฆ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ๊ฐ€์š”? @@ -1542,7 +1542,7 @@ Google ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ธฐ ์—์–ด๋น„์•ค๋น„๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ๊ฒŒ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋งˆ์ผ“ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋†€๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” Ruby on Rails ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -๋„์ „ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? +์ฑŒ๋ฆฐ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? - ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ํŒ€ ์˜ค๋„ˆ์‹ญ + ์˜ค๋„ˆ์‹ญ ์—†๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ - ๋Š๋ฆฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ @@ -1555,9 +1555,9 @@ Google ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ธฐ - Business logic data service - Write workflow service - UI aggregation service -- Each service had one owning team +- ๊ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ „๋‹ด ํŒ€ ๋‘๊ธฐ -๋„์ „ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? +์ฑŒ๋ฆฐ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์™€ ์ข…์†์„ฑ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -1574,24 +1574,24 @@ Google ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ธฐ

-๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Linux์™€ Windows ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™•์žฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋นŒ๋“œ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Google์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ „์šฉ ํˆด์ฒด์ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ํ‘œ์ค€์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Linux์™€ Windows ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™•์žฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋นŒ๋“œ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ „์šฉ ํˆด์ฒด์ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ํ‘œ์ค€์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ์กด๊ณผ ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํ™๋ณด๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™•์žฅ ์†๋„๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํด๋”์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋“  ํด๋”์—๋Š” ๋นŒ๋“œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์†Œ์œ ์ž ๊ถŒํ•œ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํด๋”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -๋ฐ˜๋ฉด Microrepo์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋นŒ๋“œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์„ค์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ ˆํฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋นŒ๋“œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์„ค์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Monorepo์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์ „์ฒด ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ์ข…์†์„ฑ์ด ๊ณต์œ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฒ„์ „ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์ „์ฒด ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ์ข…์†์„ฑ์ด ๊ณต์œ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฒ„์ „ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Microrepo์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ข…์†์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์ž์ฒด ์ผ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œํ•  ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ ˆํฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋ฆฌํฌ์ง€ํ† ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ข…์†์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์ž์ฒด ์ผ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œํ•  ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ์—๋Š” ์ฒดํฌ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Google์˜ ์ฝ”๋“œ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋Š” ๋†’์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด Monorepo์˜ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ํ‘œ์ค€์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ์—๋Š” ์ฒดํฌ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์˜ ์ฝ”๋“œ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋Š” ๋†’์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆํฌ์˜ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ํ‘œ์ค€์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Microrepo๋Š” ์ž์ฒด ํ‘œ์ค€์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋ฒ” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์œ  ํ‘œ์ค€์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฝ”๋“œ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -Google ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋Š” Bazel์„, Meta๋Š” Buck์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„ Nx, Lerna ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜คํ”ˆ ์†Œ์Šค ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ ˆํฌ๋Š” ์ž์ฒด ํ‘œ์ค€์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋ฒ” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์œ  ํ‘œ์ค€์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฝ”๋“œ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋Š” Bazel์„, Meta๋Š” Buck์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„ Nx, Lerna ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜คํ”ˆ ์†Œ์Šค ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -์ˆ˜๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ Microrepo๋Š” Java์šฉ Maven๊ณผ Gradle, NodeJS์šฉ NPM, C/C++์šฉ CMake ๋“ฑ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +์ˆ˜๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ ˆํฌ๋Š” Java์šฉ Maven๊ณผ Gradle, NodeJS์šฉ NPM, C/C++์šฉ CMake ๋“ฑ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### ์Šคํƒ ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ”Œ๋กœ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋””์ž์ธํ•  ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”? @@ -1628,7 +1628,7 @@ Google ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋Š” Bazel์„, Meta๋Š” Buck์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—

-Amazon ํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? +์•„๋งˆ์กด ํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์„ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ธ”๋ก ์†์ƒ, ๋™์˜์ƒ ์ •์ง€, ๋™๊ธฐํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋งŒ์กฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -1636,11 +1636,11 @@ Amazon ํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? - ๊ธฐ์กด ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? - ์ด์ „ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋Š” Amazon Lambda๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ์ข‹์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž‘์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. + ์ด์ „ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ์กด ๋žŒ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ์ข‹์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž‘์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์›Œํฌํ”Œ๋กœ - AWS ์Šคํ… ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ ์ „ํ™˜๋ณ„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ๋งค์ดˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒํƒœ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -2. ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „๋‹ฌ - ์ธํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋””์–ดํŠธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€์˜ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด Amazon S3์— ์ €์žฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์ด ํฌ๋ฉด ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +2. ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „๋‹ฌ - ์ธํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋””์–ดํŠธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€์˜ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•„๋งˆ์กด S3์— ์ €์žฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์ด ํฌ๋ฉด ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ๋ชจ๋†€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋กœ 90% ๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ๊ฐ @@ -1663,9 +1663,9 @@ Ex Amazon VP Sustainability Adrian Cockcroft: "ํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ํŒ€์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ 1. ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ HTTP ์š”์ฒญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ชจํ‹ฐ์ฝ˜์„ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋žญ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์›น ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋žญ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์„ฑ์„ ์ž˜ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋žญ์˜ ์Šค๋ ˆ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ณ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -2. ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— Kafka(๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ํ)๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ„ํผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +2. ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์นดํ”„์นด(๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ํ)๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ„ํผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -3. ์ด๋ชจํ‹ฐ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” Spark๋ผ๋Š” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ด๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” 2์ดˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์–ด๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„ค์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์˜คํ”„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์ด ์งง์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์— ์ด๋ชจํ‹ฐ์ฝ˜์ด ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +3. ์ด๋ชจํ‹ฐ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” Spark๋ผ๋Š” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ด๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” 2์ดˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์–ด๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„ค์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์žฅ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์ด ์งง์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์— ์ด๋ชจํ‹ฐ์ฝ˜์ด ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 4. ์–ด๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์นดํ”„์นด์— ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -1684,23 +1684,23 @@ Ex Amazon VP Sustainability Adrian Cockcroft: "ํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ํŒ€์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€

-๋ชฝ๊ณ DB โžก๏ธ ์นด์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ผ โžก๏ธ ์‹ค๋ผDB +MongoDB โžก๏ธ Cassandra โžก๏ธ ScyllaDB -2015๋…„, Discord์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฒ„์ „์€ ๋‹จ์ผ MongoDB ๋ ˆํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์นด ์œ„์— ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 11์›”๊ฒฝ, MongoDB์— 1์–ต ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ €์žฅ๋˜์ž RAM์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์ƒ‰์ธ์„ ์ €์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +2015๋…„, ๋””์Šค์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฒ„์ „์€ ๋‹จ์ผ MongoDB ๋ ˆํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์นด ์œ„์— ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 11์›”๊ฒฝ, MongoDB์— 1์–ต ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ €์žฅ๋˜์ž RAM์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์ƒ‰์ธ์„ ์ €์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์นด์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -2017๋…„, Discord์—๋Š” 12๊ฐœ์˜ ์นด์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ผ ๋…ธ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ €์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +2017๋…„, ๋””์Šค์ฝ”๋“œ์—๋Š” 12๊ฐœ์˜ ์นด์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ผ ๋…ธ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ €์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ ์ดˆ์—๋Š” 177๊ฐœ์˜ ๋…ธ๋“œ์™€ ์ˆ˜์กฐ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์šด์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- Cassandra๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— LSM ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฒ„์—์„œ ๋™์‹œ ์ฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ซ์ŠคํŒŸ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- ์นด์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— LSM ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฒ„์—์„œ ๋™์‹œ ์ฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ซ์ŠคํŒŸ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - SSTable์„ ์••์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ๊ฐ€๋น„์ง€ ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜ ์ผ์‹œ ์ค‘์ง€๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -ScyllaDB๋Š” C++๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ์นด์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ผ ํ˜ธํ™˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Discord๋Š” ๋ชจ๋†€๋ฆฌ์‹ API, Rust๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค, ScyllaDB ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋„๋ก ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์žฌ์„ค๊ณ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +ScyllaDB๋Š” C++๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ์นด์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ผ ํ˜ธํ™˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋””์Šค์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋†€๋ฆฌ์‹ API, Rust๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค, ScyllaDB ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋„๋ก ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์žฌ์„ค๊ณ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -ScyllaDB์˜ p99 ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 15ms์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด Cassandra๋Š” 40-125ms์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. p99 ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 5ms์ธ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด Cassandra๋Š” 5-70ms์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +ScyllaDB์˜ p99 ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 15ms์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์นด์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ผ๋Š” 40-125ms์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. p99 ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 5ms์ธ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ์นด์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ผ๋Š” 5-70ms์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ### ๋™์˜์ƒ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์€ YouTube, TikTok ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ, Twitch์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? @@ -1719,7 +1719,7 @@ ScyllaDB์˜ p99 ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 15ms์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด Cassandra๋Š” 40-125ms์ž… 3๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ช‡ ์ดˆ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ๋‚˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์งง์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -4๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธํ™”๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค์™€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ 'โ€˜Adaptive Bitrate Streaming'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, 2๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ 3๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋น„ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +4๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธํ™”๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค์™€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ 'Adaptive Bitrate Streaming'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, 2๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ 3๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋น„ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 5๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” CDN(Content Delivery Network)์ด ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฃ์ง€ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ ํ‘ธ์‹œ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์—ฃ์ง€ ์„œ๋ฒ„์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CDN์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค„์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. @@ -1731,7 +1731,7 @@ ScyllaDB์˜ p99 ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 15ms์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด Cassandra๋Š” 40-125ms์ž… - RTMP (Real-Time Messaging Protocol): ์›๋ž˜๋Š” Macromedia์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋ž˜์‹œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์™€ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Skype์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™”์ƒ ํšŒ์˜ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์€ ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด RTC(Real-Time Communication) ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. - HLS (HTTP Live Streaming): H.264 ๋˜๋Š” H.265 ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Apple ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” HLS ํฌ๋งท๋งŒ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP): DASH๋Š” Apple ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +- DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP): DASH๋Š” Apple ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - HLS์™€ DASH๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋น„ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ## License From e35c7f3c6b5b72758fa3ba11ede5f78202f58946 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=EC=98=A4=EB=B3=91=EC=A7=84?= <64676070+sunrabbit123@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 27 Feb 2024 12:16:09 +0900 Subject: [PATCH 16/16] =?UTF-8?q?fix:=20enhance=20expression(=EC=9E=A0?= =?UTF-8?q?=EA=B8=88=20=EC=97=86=EB=8A=94=20=EB=B2=84=ED=8D=BC=20->=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=EB=9D=BD=ED=94=84=EB=A6=AC=20=EB=B2=84=ED=8D=BC)?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- translations/README-kr.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translations/README-kr.md b/translations/README-kr.md index be66c11..782c1fa 100644 --- a/translations/README-kr.md +++ b/translations/README-kr.md @@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ Pagination Asynchronous Logging -๋™๊ธฐ์‹ ๋กœ๊น…์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ˜ธ์ถœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋””์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ ค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋™๊ธฐ ๋กœ๊น…์€ ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ž ๊ธˆ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฒ„ํผ๋กœ ๋จผ์ € ์ „์†กํ•œ ํ›„ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ I/O ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ—ค๋“œ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค„์–ด๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. +๋™๊ธฐ์‹ ๋กœ๊น…์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ˜ธ์ถœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋””์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ ค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋™๊ธฐ ๋กœ๊น…์€ ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฝํ”„๋ฆฌ(lock-free) ๋ฒ„ํผ๋กœ ๋จผ์ € ์ „์†กํ•œ ํ›„ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ I/O ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ—ค๋“œ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค„์–ด๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Caching